lEx  ICtbrta 


SEYMOUR  DURST 


When  you  leave,  please  leave  this  hook 

Because  it  has  been  said 
"Ever  thing  comes  t'  him  who  waits 

Except  a  loaned  hook." 


Avery  Architectural  and  Fine  Arts  Library 
Gift  of  Seymour  B.  Durst  Old  York  Library 


HISTORY 

OF 

THE  CITY  OF  NEW  YORK: 

BY 

DAVID   T.  VALENTINE, 

CLERK  OF  THE  COMMON"  COUXCIL. 


NEW  YORK: 

G .  P.  PUTNAM  &  COMPANY,   No.  10  PARK  PLACE. 

1853. 


Entered  according  to  act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  one  thousand  eight  hundred 

and  fifty-three, 

By  DAVID  T.  VALENTINE, 

in  the  Clerk's  office  of  the  District  Court  of  the  United  States  for  tho  Southern 
District  of  New  York. 


McSpkdon  &  Baker,  Printers,  25  Pr.sK  strekt. 
Vincent  DiU,  Stereotyper,  29  &  31  Beekman  street 


INTRODUCTION. 


The  design  of  the  author  of  this  volume  has  been  to  trace  the 
progress  of  the  city  of  New  York  in  such  a  manner  as  to  illustrate, 
to  the  reader  of  the  present  day,  its  gradual  development,  from  a 
wilderness  condition,  through  the  maturing  stages  of  a  hamlet,  a  village 
and  a  city.  It  has  been  his  study  to  follow,  with  minute  attention, 
the  different  paths  pursued  in  extending  the  habitations  of  the  town, 
and  to  note  the  circumstances  which  operated  to  establish  the  lines  of  the 
early  thoroughfares,  and  the  laying  out  of  the  plan  of  that  part  of  the 
city  originally  settled.  The  names,  family  circumstances,  and  many 
biographical  facts  connected  with  the  inhabitants  of  the  town,  in  very 
early  times,  will  be  found  amply  referred  to  in  the  body  of  the  work, 
and  also  in  the  Appendix. 

The  author  has  availed  himself  of  extensive  private  memoranda, 
gathered  through  the  course  of  several  years ;  and  also  acknowledges 
his  indebtedness  to  the  principal  historical  works  on  this  subject* 
Among  others,  to  the  valuable  History  of  Xew  Xetherland,  by  Dr. 
O'Callaghan ;  Dunlap's  History ;  Smith's  History  of  Xew  York ; 
Watson's  Annals,  &c.  He  is  also  indebted  to  John  Paulding,  Esq., 
for  minute  information  respecting  early  titles ;  and  to  Edward  De  Witt, 
Esq.,  for  the  use  of  a  valuable  map  of  old  farms,  compiled  in  his 
office.  The  other  maps  and  engravings  are  also  furnished  from  authentic 
sources. 

The  author  is  engaged  in  pursuing  the  subsequent  history  of  the 
city,  in  a  full  and  ample  manner. 

DAVID  T.  VALENTINE, 

CLERK.  OF  COMMON  COUNCIL. 


*  The  History  of  New  York,  by  John  R.  Brodhead,  Esq.,  which  has  obtained  such  high  celebrity  as  an  author  • 
Uative  and  standard  work,  was  issued  from  the  press  at  too  late  a  period  to  be  used  by  the  author  in  compiling 
the  early  part  of  this  work. 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 
in  2013 


http://archive.org/details/historyofcityofnOOvale_0 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


CHAPTER  I. 

THE  ABORIGINAL  INHABITANTS  OF  THIS    ISLAND    AND    OF    THE  ADJACENT 

COUNTRY. 

CHAPTER  II. 

THE  DISCOVERY  AND  SETTLEMENT  OF  MANHATTAN  ISLAND. 

CHAPTER  HI 

THE  EARLY  PROGRESS  OF  THE  CITY. 

CHAPTER  IV. 

THE  FIRST  INDIAN  WAR  (1642.) 

CHAPTER  V. 

the  organization  of  municipal  institutions,  and  the  events  of  the 
years  1653.  1654  and  1655. 

CHAPTER  VI. 

THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  CITY. 

CHAPTER  VII. 

THE  CONDITION  OF  THE  CITY  AT  THE  TIME  OF  THE  CAPITULATION  TO  THE 
ENGLISH,  IN  1664. 

CHAPTER  VIII. 

THE  SAME  SUBJECT  CONTINUED. 


CHAPTER  IX. 

THE  SAME  SUBJECT  CONTINUED. 


» 


VI  CONTENTS. 

CHAPTER  X. 

THE  SAME  SUBJECT  CONTINUED. 

CHAPTER  XL 

BIOGRAPHICAL    SKETCHES  OF  SEVERAL  OF  THE  EARLY  RESIDENTS  OF  NEW 
AMSTERDAM,  NOT  ENUMERATED  IN  THE  FOREGOING  CHAPTERS. 

CHAPTER  XII. 

THE  SURRENDER  OF  THE  CITY  TO  THE  ENGLISH,  IN  1664,  AND  THE  SUBSE- 
QUENT EVENTS,  UNTIL  ITS  RECAPTURE  IN  1673. 

CHAPTER  XIII. 

THE  RECAPTURE  OF  THE  CITY  BY  THE  DUTCH,  IN    1673,  AND    ITS  FINAL 
CESSION  TO  ENGLAND,  BY  TREATY,  IN  1674. 

CHAPTER  XIV. 

THE  AFFAIRS  AND  CONDITION   OF    THE    CITY    BETWEEN    THE    YEARS  1674 

AND  1694. 

CHAPTER  XV. 

REVOLUTION  AND  AFFAIR  OF  LEISLER,  IN  1689. 

CHAPTER  XVI. 

AFFAIRS  OF  THE  CITY,  FROM  THE  YEAR  1691  TO  THE  CLOSE  OF  THE  CENTURY. 

CHAPTER  XVII. 

BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES  OF  PROMINENT  MEN  IN  THIS  CITY,  TOWARD  THE 
CLOSE  OF  THE  SEVENTEENTH  CENTURY. 

CHAPTER  XVI1T. 

PUBLIC  AFFAIRS  FROM  1700  TO  1728. 

CHAPTER  XIX. 

PUBLIC  AFFAIRS  FROM  THE  YEAP   1728  TO  1750. 


CHAPTER  XX. 

PROGRESS  OF  THE  CITY  IN  THE  EARLY  PART  OF  THE  LAST  CENTURY. 


CONTENTS  OF  THE  APPENDIX. 


Page 

Descriptive  parts  of  early  grants  and  deeds  on  this  island,  specifying  the  local- 
ities to  which  they  applied   307 

List  of  inhabitants  who  offered  loans  for  erecting  the  city  palisades  in  1653. .  313 

Tax  and  contribution  list  raised  in  1655,  to  defray  the  debt  for  constructing 

the  city  defences   315 

List  of  the  owners  of  houses  and  lots  in  the  city  about  the  year  1674,  at  the 
final  cession  to  the  English  ;  the  property  being  classified  according  to 
its  relative  value,  with  the  rational  descent  of  the  persons  named,  and 
their  estimated  wealth   319 

List  of  members  of  the  Dutch  Church  in  this  city  in  the  year  1686    331 

List  of  the  inhabitants  in  the  year  1703    344 

List  of  citizens  admitted  as  freemen  of  the  city,  between  the  years  16S3  and 

1740  i  366 

Map  of  farms  on  the  Island,  and  explanatory  key   379 

List  of  freemen  continued  from,  and  including  the  year  1740,  to  and  includ- 
ing 1748  *'   385 

Names  of  attorneys  practicing  in  the  city  of  New  York,  between  the  year 

1695  and  the  Revolutionary  war   394 

Names  of  physicians  and  surgeons  practicing  in  the  city,  between  the  year 

1695  and  the  Revolutionary  war   396 

Names  of  schoolmasters  teaching  in  the  city,  between  the  year  1695,  and  the 

Revolutionary  war   398 


HISTORY  OF  THE  CITY  OF  NEW  YORK. 


CHAPTER  I. 

THE  ABORIGINAL  INHABITANTS  OF  THIS  ISLAND   AND   OF    THE  ADJACENT 

COUNTRY. 

The  character  of  the  Indians  who  occupied  this  country 
previous  to  the  settlement  of  Europeans,  will  be  regarded, 
in  future  times,  as  one  of  the  most  interesting  topics  con- 
nected with  its  history.  Their  appearance,  customs  and 
manners  were  so  far  distinct  from  those  of  other  nations 
known  to  the  civilized  world,  and  their  individual  charac- 
ter had  so  little  in  common  with  the  more  restrained  and 
law-abiding  European,  that  ,  they  were,  in  the  first  stages 
of  their  acquaintance  wifS  the  whites,  classed  by  the  latter 
among  those  wild  and  lawless  races  known  as  savages, 
who,  it  was  supposed,  had  few,  if  any,  of  the  affections 
and  higher  emotions  of  humanity,  but  rather  were  bound, 
by  some  mysterious  link,  to  the  lower  and  baser  passions 
of  the  animal  creation.  Later  experience,  however,  has 
shown,  that  under  the  advantages  of  education  and  moral 
culture,  the  American  Indian  is  capable  of  high  attainments 


8  HABITATIONS  OF  THE  INDIANS. 

in  all  that  distinguishes  the  best  traits  of  human  character, 
whether  in  a  mental  or  a  moral  point  of  view. 

The  Indians  lived  in  villages  containing  from  thirty  to 
several  hundred  inhabitants,  commonly  situated  on  spots 
of  ground  naturally  clear  of  wood,  and  having  a  fertile 
soil.  To  form  their  houses,  they  placed  in  the  ground  two 
rows  of  upright  saplings,  adjoining  each  other,  and  brought 
their  tops  together.  Upon  this  frame-work  was  fastened 
a  lathing  of  boughs,  covered  on  the  inside  by  strips  of  bark, 
with  such  nicety  as  to  afford  a  good  defence  against  the 
weather.  The  interior  of  their  huts  was  without  flooring, 
the  winter  fires  being  constructed  upon  the  ground,  in  the 
centre  of  the  apartment,  the  smoke  escaping  through  an 
opening  in  the  roof.  The  width  of  the  houses  was  invari- 
ably twenty  feet,  but  their  length  was  greater  or  less,  ac- 
cording to  the  number  of  families  they  were  designed  to 
accommodate ;  some  of  them  being  live  hundred  feet  in 
length,  and  occupied  by  twenty  or  thirty  families,  each 
having  its  allotted  space;  none  were  over  one  story  in 
height.  In  time  of  war,  their  villages  were  surrounded  by 
a  fence  or  stockade  of  palisades,  rising  ten  or  fifteen  feet 
from  the  ground,  and  fastened  close  together. 

These  habitations  were  certainly  sufficiently  rude  to  have 
classed  their  builders  among  the  most  primitive  architects; 
but  they  must  not  be  regarded  as  affording  the  best  indica- 
tion of  the  mechanical  genius  of  the  Indians.  There  being 
no  individual  ownership  of  landed  property  among  them, 
and  the  exigences  of  their  mode  of  life  compelling  them  to 
change  the  location  of  their  villages  at  certain  intervals, 
these  edifices  must  be  considered  as  of  a  temporary  charac- 
ter. It  was  a  common  occurrence  among  them,  when  their 
corn-grounds  gave  out,  from  over  cultivation,  to  remove 


DRESS  OF  THE  INDIANS. 


9 


their  settlements  to  some  unoccupied  and  more  fertile 
section. 

The  Indians  were  fond  of  display  in  their  dress,  both 
sexes  indulging  in  this  taste  to  an  extravagant  degree.  It 
is  said,  by  the  early  Dutch  settlers,  that  some  of  the  highly 
ornamented  petticoats  of  the  Indian  women  were  worth 
eighty  dollars,  in  the  currency  of  the  present  day.  This 
garment  hung  from  a  belt  or  waist  girdle,  made  of  whale 
fins  or  of  the  Indian  money  called  sewant.  It  was  made 
of  dressed  deer  skin,  highly  ornamented  with  sewant.  A 
mantle  of  skins  was  sometimes  worn  over  the  shoulders. 
The  hair  of  the  women  was  long,  plaited  and  rolled  up 
behind,  secured  by  bands  of  sewant;  pendants  hung  upon 
their  foreheads,  necks  and  arms,  and  handsomely  trimmed 
moccasins  adorned  their  feet. 

The  men  wore  upon  their  shoulders  a  mantle  of  deer- 
skin, with  the  fur  next  their'  bodies,  the  opposite  side  of 
the  garment  displaying  a  variety  of  designs  in  paint.  The 
edges  of  the  mantles  were  trimmed  with  swinging  points 
of  fine  workmanship.  The  heads  of  the  men  were  vari- 
ously ornamented;  some  wearing  feathers,  and  others  dif- 
ferent articles  of  a  showy  character.  Their  hair  was 
straight,  coarse,  and  of  a  jet-black  color,  being  sometimes 
shaven  close,  except  upon  the  top  of  the  head.  Around 
their  necks  and  arms  were  ornaments  of  elaborate  work- 
manship. They  were  accustomed  to  paint  themselves  in  a 
variety  of  colors  and  patterns,  according  to  the  peculiar 
taste  of  the  individual.  Their  appearance.  "  in  full  paint," 
struck  the  eye  of  the  European  as  grotesque  and  frightful. 

With  respect  to  their  physical  proportions,  they  are  de- 
scribed as  being  tall,  small-waisted,  having  black  or  dark 
brown  eyes,  snow-white  teeth,  a  cinnamon  complexion. 


10 


EMPLOYMENTS  OF  THE  INDIANS. 


and  as  being  active  and  sprightly,  though  probably  of  less 
average  strength  than  Europeans  of  the  same  size. 

The  principal  employment  of  the  Indian,  in  time  of  peace, 
was  the  procurement  of  food.  This  consisted  of  several 
varieties  of  the  fruits  of  the  earth,  in  addition  to  the  more 
substantial  returns  of  the  chase  or  of  fishing.  The  country 
abounded  with  game,  among  which  may  be  enumerated,  in 
addition  to  the  varieties  still  common  in  the  country,  several 
which  have  entirely  disappeared,  such  as  wild  turkeys  and 
elk.  The  waters  furnished  an  abundance  of  fish,  and  the 
shore-  of  the  bay  were  full  of  oysters  and  other  shell-fish. 
The  cultivated  fields  produced  corn,  beans  and  other  vege- 
tables, and  wild  fruits  were  abundant  in  the  woods. 

The  bow  and  arrow  were  used  in  hunting,  with  which,  it 
is  said,  they  could  bring  down  the  swiftest  animals  in  their 
flight.  The  singular  expertness  displayed  by  the  Indian  in 
the  use  of  this  instrument,  was  a  wonder  to  the  white  set- 
tlers, who  would  sometimes  excite  emulation  among  the 
young  Indians  by  making  up  a  purse  to  be  shot  for.  It  is 
said  the  lads  could  hit  a  shilling  at  forty  to  fifty  feet  distance, 
five  out  of  ten  shots.  The  Indians  used  various  methods 
of  fishing.  They  sometimes  had  hooks  made  either  of  fish 
bones  or  of  thorns,  which  were  attached  to  lines  made  of 
grass  or  sinews;  they  also  sometimes  fished  after  dark, 
after  the  manner  called  by  them  wigwass,  which  is  described 
as  somewhat  similar  to  that  called  "  bobbing"  at  the  present 
day.  Their  custom  was  to  build  a  fire  upon  a  platform  laid 
across  a  canoe;  and  having  persuaded  their  game  toward 
the  surface  of  the  water  by  the  bait  which  it  had  seized 
upon,  the  fish  was  secured  by  spearing.  The  effect  upon 
the  beholder,  of  the  half-naked  Indians,  in  the  lights, 
shadows  and  smoke  of  the  pitch  fire  by  which  the  wigwass 


FOOD  OF  THE  INDIANS. 


11 


was  carried  on,  is  described  by  European  observers  as  being 
of  a  singularly  wild  character.  The  Indians  also  employed 
a  great  part  of  their  time  in  gathering  oysters  and  other 
shell-fish,  to  lay  up  in  store  for  winter  provender.  These 
were  carried,  in  their  canoes,  to  points  nearest  their  habi- 
tations, where  the  business  of  opening  the  shells,  drying 
the  bodies  and  stringing  them  for  preservation,  was  carried 
on  by  the  women.  It  is  within  the  observation  of  persons 
at  the  present  day,  that  considerable  spots  of  land,  remote 
from  the  shore,  are  found  covered  with  shells  of  various 
kinds.  This  fact  may,  without  doubt,  be  traced  to  the  In- 
dian times ;  and  it  may  be  considered  that  where  such 
deposits  are  found,  an  Indian  village  has  at  one  time  been 
in  the  neighborhood.  Among  other  localities  on  this  island 
where  extensive  deposits  of  shells  were  found,  at  the  com- 
ing of  the  whites,  was  one  on  the  westerly  side  of  the 
ancient  M  Collect,"  (or  the  fresh  water  pond,  occupying  sev- 
eral acres,  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  present  Halls  of 
Justice,  in  Centre  street.)  Among  the  Dutch,  this  point 
of  land  was  called  the  "  Kalch-hook,"  or  Shell  Point,  from 
the  quantity  of  decomposed  shells  found  there.  The  In- 
dians dwelt  upon  the  shores  of  this  pond,  which  formed  a 
convenient  harbor  for  their  canoes,  having  access  to  the 
tide- waters  through  the  outlet  which  ran  toward  the  North 
river,  nearly  on  the  present  line  of  Canal  street.  The 
name  of  the  Kalch-hook  was  afterward  applied  to  the 
fresh  water  pond  itself,  being  abbreviated  into  the  ';  Kaleh" 
or  i;  Colleen/'  as  it  was  afterward  called. 

There  were  likewise  several  edible  roots  used  by  the  In- 
dians as  food;  among  them  were  the  hopness  (glycine  apros;) 
the  katniss  (sagittaria  sagittifolia;)  the  tawho  (arum  vir- 
ginicum;)  the  tawkee  (orantium  aquaticum.)    These  roots 


12 


FOOD  OF  THE  INDIANS. 


generally  grew  in  low,  damp  ground,  with  a  kind  of  pota- 
toes to  them,  and  were  roasted  in  the  fire.  The  huckle- 
berries, found  abundantly  in  the  woods,  were  dried  and 
preserved;  hickory  nuts  and  walnuts  were  pounded  to  a 
fine  pulp,  and  being  mixed  with  water,  formed  a  pleasant 
drink,  not  unlike  milk  in  sight  and  taste. 

The  Indians  were  extensive  cultivators  of  corn,  beans, 
peas  and  pumpkins.  Around  their  villages  have  been  ob- 
served three  or  four  hundred  acres,  bearing  luxuriant 
products  of  these  grains  and  vegetables.  Hudson,  in  his 
account  of  his  first  visit  to  the  shores  of  the  North  river, 
states  that  he  saw,  at  one  of  the  Indian  villages,  a  quantity 
of  corn  and  beans  sufficient  to  fill  three  ships,  and  that  the 
neighboring  fields  were  burdened  with  luxuriant  crops. 
The  grounds  cultivated  by  the  Indians,  were  unfenced,  as 
they  kept  no  cattle  against  which  to  guard;  the  field  labor 
was  generally  performed  by  the  women,  their  implement 
being  simply  a  wooden  hoe.  A  variety  of  dishes  were  made 
from  their  field  products,  among  which  was  yoekeg,  a  mush 
formed  of  pounded  parched  corn,  mixed  with  the  juice  of 
wild  apples:  suckatash,  made  from  corn  and  beans  boiled 
together.  Their  corn  was  sometimes  roasted  upon  the 
ears,  and  sometimes  beaten  up  with  pestles  and  boiled  with 
water,  which  latter  preparation  was  called  suppaen.  A 
variety  of  cakes  were  also  made  by  them,  said  by  Europeans 
to  be  very  palatable. 

In  eating,  they  sat  upon  the  ground,  without  a  table, 
using  neither  knives  or  forks;  a  wooden  spoon  was,  how- 
ever, used  for  some  kinds  of  food.  This  style  of  eating 
gave  their  meals  an  appearance  of  voracity  and  uncleanli- 
ness,  which  was  not  suited  to  the  tastes  of  their  European 
neighbors.    It  is  said  they  were  capable  of  extreme  absti- 


SUPERSTITIONS  OF  THE  INDIAN'S. 


18 


nence  from  food:  and  that  oftentimes,  when  setting  out 
upon  a  journey  of  several  days'  duration,  a  small  bag  of 
parched  corn,  at  their  girdle,  was  their  sole  provision. 

The  Indians  were  very  superstitious,  believers  in  dreams 
and  observers  of  omens.  The  signs  of  the  weather  were 
objects  of  much  attention  among  them;  and  the  influence 
of  the  moon,  with  respect  to  the  proper  time  to  plant,  was 
thought  to  be  worthy  of  serious  consideration.  They  be- 
lieved that  the  spirits  of  the  dead  visited  the  neighborhood 
of  their  villages  during  the  hours  of  night,  and  that  they 
could  distinguish  their  voices,  when  they  heard  the  wind 
whistling  through  the  forests,  or  the  cries  of  wild  animals 
which  approached  the  villages  in  search  of  food.  The  cry 
of  the  animal,  commonly  called  the  M  painter,''  or  wild  cat, 
— which  is  an  exceedingly  mournful  sound,  resembling  the 
crying  of  a  child — was  heard  by  them  with  a  sense  of  awe 
and  foreboding.  But  on  the  other  hand,  pleasant  impres- 
sions were  drawn  from  the  cheering  voices  of  the  birds, 
which  migrated  toward  the  north,  with  the  coming  on  of 
summer,  as  they  then  recognized  the  spirits  of  their  best 
beloved  friends,  who  were  favored  with  a  pleasant  resi- 
dence among  the  good  spirits  in  the  regions  of  the  south. 

When  an  Indian  died,  they  placed  the  body  in  its  grave, 
in  a  sitting  posture,  defending  it  from  contact  with  the 
earth  by  a  siding  of  boughs,  and  also  by  a  covering  which 
was  made  secure  against  wild  animals  by  a  weight  of  stones 
and  earth.  At  the  side  of  the  deceased,  they  placed  vari- 
ous articles,  to  serve  the  traveler  on  the  journey  to  the 
land  of  spirits.  These  were  commonly  a  pot,  kettle,  plat- 
ter, spoons,  some  money  and  food.  The  men  made  no  noise 
over  the  dead;  but  the  women  were  loud  in  their  lamenta- 


14 


MEDICINE  OF  THE  INDIANS. 


tions,  and  frequently  visited  the  graves  of  their  friends  to 
testify  their  sorrow. 

A  common  remedy  for  sickness  among  them  was  the  use 
of  vapor,  or  hot  air  sweating,  and  the  cold  bath.  Con- 
nected with  every  village  was  a  small  arched  cabin,  en- 
tirely closed,  except  an  opening  sufficient  to  admit  the 
body.  Into  this  the  patient  crept,  and  was  then  brought 
to  a  state  of  high  perspiration  by  means  of  heated  stones 
laid  around  the  cabin,  to  produce  a  hot  vapor.  Upon 
emerging,  he  was  immediately  plunged  into  cold  water. 
There  were  also  divers  roots  and  herbs  of  medicinal  proper- 
ties, the  preparation  of  which  was  a  matter  of  great  study 
among  the  "  medicine  men"  and  elderly  females.  When 
all  the  appliances  of  medical  skill  failed,  it  was  considered 
that  the  evil  one  had  so  fastened  his  toils  upon  his  victim, 
that  nothing  less  than  assailing  the  enemy  with  his  own 
arts  could  prove  efficacious.  The  preparations  for  this 
extreme  procedure,  were  formal  and  serious,  while  the 
performance  consisted  mainly  of  violent  exhortations  and 
threats  against  the  tormentor,  accompanied  by  contortions 
of  the  body,  and  personal  infliction  upon  the  doctors  them- 
selves. These  final  remedies  being  only  resorted  to  in 
extreme  cases,  were  commonly  followed  by  the  death  of  the 
patient,  leaving,  however,  to  his  friends  the  consciousness 
of  having  done  all  within  their  power  to  overcome  the 
mighty  conqueror  of  all. 

The  science  of  warfare  was  the  highest  accomplishment 
of  the  Indian,  but,  as  with  all  other  people,  a  spirit  of 
aggression  was  only  indulged  by  the  stronger  nations,  to 
whom  alone  it  was  of  any  advantage.  Like  hunted  deer, 
the  poorer  and  less  powerful  tribes  were  sometimes  forced 


INDIAN  CUSTOMS  OF  WARFARE. 


15 


to  leave  their  villages  as  plunder  to  some  marauding  band, 
on  a  foray  from  some  distant  locality.  The  preparation 
for  the  war  path  was  commonly  opened  by  a  feast  and  a 
dance,  in  which  the  whole  tribe  took  part.  The  march 
itself  was  conducted  in  single  file,  the  chief  taking  the 
lead.  This  form  of  march,  which  was  the  only  one  adapted 
to  the  narrow  trail  through  the  woods,  has  been,  from  this 
circumstance,  commonly  known  as  "Indian  file."  The 
approach  toward  the  enemy  was  made  with  extreme  care  to 
avoid  discovery,  and  the  first  signal  of  the  assault  was  a 
general  war-whoop,  followed  by  an  immediate  onslaught. 
The  extermi  °tion  which  commonly  attended  Indian  fights, 
gave  thr  ioufl  character  to  the  whites,  whose  prin- 

ciples of  warfare  were  based  upon  circumstances  widely 
different  from  those  of  the  Indians.  It  was  a  theory  com- 
mon to  both,  to  inflict  the  greatest  possible  punishment 
upon  the  enemy,  but  with  the  Indians  the  difficulty  of 
escorting  a  large  number  of  helpless  prisoners,  occasioned 
an  indiscriminate  slaughter,  in  many  instances,  of  even 
women  and  children.  This  practice,  however,  was  not 
without  exceptions,  and  frequently  persons  of  the  other 
tribe  were  taken  and  adopted  by  the  conquerors,  being 
afterward  treated,  in  all  respects,  as  those  of  their  own 
nation.  In  cases  of  prisoners,  upon  whom  policy  or 
revenge  dictated  the  infliction  of  punishment,  death  by 
torture  was  sometimes  resorted  to. 

To  die  without  displaying  weakness  or  fear,  was  one  of 
the  highest  virtues  in  the  eye  of  the  Indian,  and  was  early 
inculcated  in  the  minds  of  the  children.  An  account  given 
by  an  early  writer,  of  an  assault  by  a  party  of  Dutch  from 
this  city,  upon  an  Indian  village  in  Westchester  county, 
strikingly  illustrates  this  characteristic.     It  was  in  the 


16 


FORTITUDE  OF  TIIE  INDIANS. 


depth  of  winter,  and  the  Christians,  being  led  by  a  guide, 
came  upon  the  town  lying  in  a  valley,  sheltered  from  the 
north-west  wind.  The  houses  were  built  in  three  rows  in 
street  fashion.  The  narrator  goes  on  to  say:  "The  moon 
was  then  at  the  full,  and  threw  a  strong  light  against  the 
mountain,  so  that  many  winter  days  were  not  brighter  than 
it  then  was.  On  arriving  there,  the  Indians  were  wide 
awake,  and  on  their  guard,  so  that  our  people  determined 
to  surround  the  houses,  with  sword  in  hand.  They  de- 
meaned themselves  as  soldiers,  and  deployed  in  small 
bands,  so  that  we  got  in  a  short  time  one  killed  and  twelve 
wounded,  but  they  were  so  hard  pressed  that  it  was  impos- 
sible for  one  to  escape.  In  a  brief  space  of  time  there 
were  counted  one  hundred  and  eighty  dead  outside*  of  the 
houses.  Presently  none  dared  come  forth,  keeping  within 
the  houses,  and  discharging  arrows  through  the  holes.  It 
was  then  resolved  to  fire  the  houses,  whereupon  the  Indians 
tried  every  means  to  escape;  not  succeeding  in  which,  they 
returned  back  to  the  houses,  preferring  to  perish  in  the 
flames,  rather  than  die  by  our  hands.  What  is  most  won- 
derful, is  that  among  the  vast  collection  of  men,  women 
and  children  destroyed,  (some  five  or  six  hundred  in  num- 
ber,) not  one  was  heard  to  utter  a  cry." 

It  is  well  known  that  the  art  of  public  speaking  was 
highly  cultivated  among  the  Indians.  Their  discourse  on 
public  occasions,  was  grave,  powerful  and  impressive,  inso- 
much that  many  Europeans,  who  have  heard  them,  have 
considered  their  oratory  as  distinguished  for  style  and 
effect  as  any  known  in  history.  The  Indian  language 
differed  in  many  respects  in  the  various  tribes,  but  its  char- 
acteristics were  generally  similar.  It  was  distinguished 
by  sonorous  and  weighty  phrases,  several  words  being 


LANGUAGE  OF  THE  INDIANS. 


IT 


joined  together  to  complete  a  sentence  in  one  expression. 
As  an  illustration  of  the  sound  of  their  language,  arranged 
according  to  modern  prosody,  the  following  translation  of 
the  Lord's  Prayer  into  the  Indian  tongue,  has  been  handed 
down  to  us. 

"Soungwauneka,  caurounkyawga,  tekseetaroan,  sauksoneyousat,  esa. 
sawaneyou.  okettauhsela,  ehneaiiwoung,  na,  caurounkyawga,  nugkwon- 
skaugua,  neattewehnesalaiiga,  taugwaunautoronoantougsick,  toantaugwel- 
eewheyoustaimg,  ckeneeyeut,  chaquatautehwkeyoustaunna,  tougksau, 
taugwaussarenek,  tawautottenaugalougktoungga,  nasawne,  sackeautaug- 
wass,  coauteksalokaungaeckaw,  esa.  sawaunneyou,  esa,  saskautzta,  esa, 
soungwasoung,  chenneaukaungwa,  auwen." 

While  the  orator  addressed  his  audience,  there  was  no 
interruption  on  their  part,  excepting  a  sound  expressing 
their  satisfaction,  at  points  in  the  speech,  resembling  a 
gutteral  pronunciation  of  the  word  "yah."  The  gestures 
of  the  speaker  were  animated,  his  voice  loud,  and  the  effect 
upon  an  observer,  of  the  erect  figure,  naked  arm  and  flow- 
ing mantle  of  the  orator  is  described  as  very  impressive. 
The  matter  of  the  discourse  is  found,  in  all  the  speeches 
which  have  been  transmitted  to  us,  to  have  been  well 
adapted  to  the  subject,  embracing  every  style  that  might 
readily  touch  the  heart  or  affect  the  reason. 


CHAPTER  II. 


THE  DISCOVERY  AND  SETTLEMENT  OF  MANHATTAN  ISLAND. 

After  the  discovery  of  the  Western  Continent,  by  Chris 
topher  Columbus,  the  attention  of  Europe  seemed  to  be 
turned  toward  the  southern  part  of  the  new  world,  where 
the  gold  was  found  emblazoning  the  garments  of  the  abo- 
riginal inhabitants,  holding  a  glittering  temptation  to  the 
enterprise  of  adventurous  spirits.  Thus  the  cold  regions 
of  the  north  lay  unvisited  for  more  than  a  hundred  years 
by  any  other  than  passing  vessels,  sailing  along  the  coast, 
and  making  formal  discoveries  of  its  shores,  to  be  mapped 
as  the  property  of  their  royal  employers. 

One  of  these  vessels  of  discovery,  commanded  by  Yerre- 
zano,  in  the  service  of  the  French,  is  believed  to  have 
entered  the  south  bay  of  New  York,  in  the  year  1525,  and 
thus  may  have  had  a  distant  glimpse  of  the  island  which 
is  the  subject  of  our  history;  but  by  some  it  is  doubted 
if  his  description  of  the  harbor,  which  is  not  very  explicit, 
is  applicable  to  the  bay  of  New  York. 

The  first  discovery  has  been  generally  ascribed  to  Henry 
Hudson,  an  Englishman  by  birth,  who,  in  the  year  1609, 
being  then  in  the  service  of  the  Dutch,  sailed  westward 
from  the  shores  of  Europe,  in  search  of  a  north-west  pas- 
sage to  the  East  Indies.  The  vessel,  commanded  by  Hudson, 
was  a  small  yacht,  called  the  "  Half  Moon,"  manned  by 


Hudson's  discovery  of  this  island. 


19 


from  sixteen  to  twenty  men,  partly  of  Dutch  and  partly 
of  English  birth.  This  vessel  was  not  over  eighty  tons 
burthen,  being  designed  for  coasting.  After  traversing 
the  American  coasts,  between  Newfoundland  and  the 
Chesapeake  bay,  he  turned  his  course  northward  again, 
designing  to  explore,  leisurely,  the  extent  of  country  thus 
passed  by.  On  the  1st  of  September,  1609,  he  discovered 
the  Highlands  of  Neversink,  described  by  him  as  a  "  very 
good  land  to  fall  in  with,  and  a  pleasant  land  to  see."  The 
next  day  he  rounded  Sandy  Hook,  and  the  second  day  fol- 
lowing he  anchored  under  the  Jersey  shore,  in  the  south 
bay. 

The  Indians  nocking  to  the  shore  in  great  numbers, 
appear  at  once  to  have  understood  the  designs  of  their 
visitors,  for,  whether  by  tradition  or  rumor  from  other 
lands,  they  seem  to  have  been  acquainted  with  the  articles 
of  trade,  most  in  use,  between  the  whites  and  the  Indians, 
and  were  apt  at  driving  a  bargain.  They  offered  tobacco 
and  other  products,  in  exchange  for  knives  and  beads. 
Their  disposition  seemed  friendly,  and  the  women  presented 
such  articles  of  food  as  they  had  prepared  in  that  season. 

On  the  6th  of  September,  a  boat's  crew,  dispatched  by 
Hudson,  to  explore  the  coast  further  inland,  entered  the 
Narrows,  and  came  in  sight  of  Manhattan  Island.  They 
described  the  land,  encircling  the  bay,  as  covered  with 
trees,  grass  and  flowers,  and  the  air  .as  filled  with  delightful 
fragrance.  The  return  of  this  small  party  was  unfortu- 
nate, as,  from  some  unexplained  reason,  the  boat  was 
attacked  by  two  canoes  filled  with  Indians,  and  one  of  the 
crew,  named  John  Coleman,  was  killed  by  an  arrow  pierc- 
ing his  throat.  It  seems  probable,  from  the  course  taken 
by  Hudson,  after  this  disaster,  that  the  assault  by  the 


20 


HIS  RETURN  TO  HOLLAND,  AND  REPORT. 


natives  was  not  without  provocation,  as  friendly  inter- 
course was  still  kept  up  between  the  parties. 

On  the  11th  of  September,  Hudson  weighed,  and  sailed 
up  through  the  Narrows.  Having  anchored  in  New  York 
harbor,  he  was  visited  by  the  neighboring  Indians,  who 
made  great  show  of  love,  giving  presents  of  tobacco  and 
Indian  corn.  He  remained  at  anchor  but  one  day,  and  on 
the  12th  of  September,  took  his  course  up  the  river,  which 
has  since  borne  his  name.  In  his  exploration  to  the  head 
of  navigation,  near  the  present  site  of  Albany,  he  was 
engaged  about  three  weeks,  and  finally  put  to  sea  on  the 
4th  of  October,  making  directly  Tor  Holland,  with  news 
of  his  discovery  of  this  fine  river  and  its  adjacent  country, 
which  he  described  as  olfering  every  inducement  for  settlers 
or  traders  that  could  be  desired. 

Beside  the  fertility  of  the  soil,  which  was  satisfactorily 
shown  by  the  great  abundance  of  grain  and  vegetables 
found  in  the  possession  of  the  Indians,  a  still  more  enticing 
prospect  was  held  out  to  the  view  of  the  merchant,  in  the 
abundance  of  valuable  furs  observed  in  the  country,  which 
were  to  be  had  at  a  very  little  cost.  Hudson  had,  there- 
fore, scarcely  made  publicly  known  the  character  of  the 
country  visited  by  him,  when  several  merchants  of  Amster- 
dam fitted  out  trading  vessels  and  dispatched  them  to  this 
river.  Their  returns  were  highly  satisfactory,  and  ar- 
rangements were  immediately  made  to  establish  a  settled 
agency  here  to  superintend  the  collection  of  the  furs  and 
the  trade  with  the  Indians,  while  the  ships  should  be  on 
their  long  journey  between  the  two  hemispheres.  The 
agents  thus  employed,  pitched  their  cabins  on  the  south 
point  of  Manhattan  Island.  The  head  man  being  Hend- 
rick  Corstiaensen,  who  was  still  the  chief  of  the  settle- 


TRADERS  ESTABLISH  THEMSELVES  HERE.  21 

merit  in  1613,  at  which  period,  an  English  ship,  sailing 
along  the  coast  from  Virginia,  entered  the  harbor  on  a 
visit  of  observation.  Finding  Corstiaensen  here,  with  his 
company  of  traders,  the  English  captain  summoned  him  to 
acknowledge  the  jurisdiction  of  Virginia  over  the  country 
or  else  to  depart.  The  former  alternative  was  chosen  by 
the  trader,  and  he  agreed  to  pay  a  small  tribute  to  th 
Governor  of  Virginia,  in  token  of  his  right  of  dominion. 
The  Dutch  were  thereupon  left  to  prosecute  their  trade 
without  further  molestation. 

The  government  of  Holland  did  not.  however,  recognize 
the  claims  of  England  to  jurisdiction  over  the  whole  Amer- 
ican coast,  and  took  measures  to  encourage  the  discovery 
and  appropriation  of  additional  territory,  by  a  decree, 
giving  to  any  discoverers  of  new  countries  the  exclusive 
privilege  of  trading  thither  for  four  successive  voyages,  to 
the  exclusion  of  all  other  persons.  This  enactment  induced 
several  merchants  to  fit  out  five  small  ships,  for  coasting 
along  the  American  shores  in  this  vicinity.  One  of  these 
vessels,  commanded  by  Captain  Block,  soon  after  its  arrival 
on  the  coast,  was  accidentally  destroyed  by  fire.  Block 
immediately  began  the  construction  of  another,  of  thirty- 
eight  feet  keel,  forty-four  and  a  half  feet  on  deck,  and 
eleven  and  a  half  feet  beam,  which  was  the  first  vessel 
launched  in  the  waters  of  New  York,  She  was  called  the 
"  Unrest.'7  or  Restless,  and  ploughed  her  keel  through  the 
waters  of  Hell  Gate  and  the  Sound,  the  pioneer  of  all 
other  vessels,  except  the  bark  canoes  of  the  aboriginal 
inhabitants. 

The  several  ships  dispatched  on  this  exploring  expedi- 
tion, having  returned  to  Holland,  from  their  journals  and 
surveys  a  map  of  a  large  extent  of  country  was  made,  over 


22 


CONDITION  OF  THE  FIKST  SETTLEMENT. 


which  the  Dutch  claimed  jurisdiction,  and  to  which  they 
gave  the  name  of  "New  Netherlands  The  owners  of 
these  vessels,  as  the  reward  of  their  enterprise,  were 
granted  the  promised  monopoly  of  trade  hither  for  four 
voyages,  to  be  completed  within  three  years,  commencing 
on  the  1st  of  January,  1615. 

These  merchants  seemed  to  have  been  composed  in  part 
of  those  who  had  established  the  first  trading  post  here, 
but  having  increased  their  number  and  capital,  and  en- 
larged their  former  designs  of  trade,  formed  themselves 
into  a  company  under  the  name  of  the  "United  Xew  Xeth- 
erland  Company."  Corstiaensen  was  continued  the  princi- 
pal agent  here,  and  they  likewise  established  a  post  at  the 
head  of  the  river,  on  an  island  opposite  the  present  site  of 
Albany.  Forts,  of  a  rude  description,  (being  merely 
inclosures  of  high  palisades.)  were  erected  at  both  places. 

The  privileges  granted  to  the  "  United  New  Netherland 
Company,"  being,  however,  limited  in  respect  to  time,  their 
establishment  on  this  island,  can  hardly  be  considered  as 
a  permanent  settlement;  the  cabins  of  the  settlers  were 
nearly  of  equal  rudeness  with  those  of  their  Indian  neigh- 
bors; and  but  few  of  the  luxuries  of  civilization  found 
their  way  into  their  habitations.  The  great  object  of  the 
settlement  was,  however,  successfully  carried  on,  and  stores 
of  furs  were  in  readiness  to  freight  the  ships  on  their  pe- 
riodical visits  from  the  fatherland.  No  interruption  of  the 
friendly  intercourse  carried  on  with  the  Indians  took  place, 
but  on  the  contrary,  the  whites  were  abundantly  supplied 
by  the  natives  with  food  and  most  other  necessaries  of  life, 
without  personal  labor  and  at  trifling  cost. 

The  Indian  tribes  in  the  neighborhood  of  this  trading 
post,  were  the  "Manhattans."  occupying  this  island;  the 


PREPARATIONS  FOR   AX  EXTENSIVE  COLONIZATION. 


J3 


"  Pachainies,"  the  M  Tankiteks,"  and  the  "  Wickqueskeeks," 
occupying  the  country  on  the  east  side  of  Hudson  river, 
south  of  the  Highlands;  the  "  Hackingsacks,"  and  the 
N  Raritans,"  on  the  west  side  of  the  river  and  the  Jersey 
shore  ;  the  "  Canarsees."  the  "  Rockways,"  the  M  Merri- 
kokes."  the  ;i  Marsapeagues."  the  "  Mattinecocks,''  the 
Nissaquages/'  the  "  Corekaugs,"  the  "  Secataugs,"  and  the 
,:  Shineeoeks."  on  Long  Island. 

The  trade  of  this  colony  of  settlers  was  sufficiently 
profitable  to  render  its  permanency  desirable  to  the  M  Unit- 
ed Xew  Xetherland  Company.'7  as  it  is  found  that  at  the 
termination  of  their  grant,  in  the  year  1618,  they  endeavored 
to  procure  from  the  government,  in  Holland,  an  extension 
of  their  term,  but  did  not  succeed  in  obtaining  more  than 
a  special  license,  expiring  yearly,  which  they  held  for  two 
or  three  subsequent  years. 

In  the  mean  time,  a  more  extensive  association  had  been 
formed  among  the  merchants  and  capitalists  in  Holland, 
which  in  the  year  1621,  having  matured  its  plans  and 
projects,  received  a  charter  under  the  title  of  the  H  West 
India  Company."  Their  charter  gave  them  the  exclusive 
privilege  of  trade  on  the  whole  American  coast,  both  of 
the  northern  and  southern  continents,  so  far  as  the  juris- 
diction of  Holland  extended. 

This  great  company  was  invested  with  most  of  the 
functions  of  a  distinct  and  separate  government.  They 
were  allowed  to  appoint  governors  and  other  officers;  to 
settle  the  forms  of  administering  justice;  to  make  Indian 
treaties,  and  to  enact  laws. 

Having  completed  their  arrangements  for  the  organiza- 
tion of  their  government  in  New  Netherland,  the  West 
India  Company  dispatched  their  pioneer  vessel  hither  in 


24 


ARRIVAL  OF  COLONISTS. 


the  year  1623.  This  was  the  ship  "  New  Netherlands  a 
staunch  vessel,  which  continued  her  voyages  to  this  port,  as 
a  regular  packet,  for  more  than  thirty  years  subsequently. 
On  board  the  "  New  Netherland  "  were  thirty  families  to 
begin  the  colony — this  colony  being  designed  for  a  settle- 
ment at  the  head  of  the  river,  the  vessel  landed  her 
passengers  and  freight  near  the  present  site  of  Albany, 
where  a  settlement  was  established.  The  return  cargo 
of  the  New  Netherland  was  five  hundred  otter  skins,  one 
thousand  five  hundred  beavers,  and  other  freight  valued  at 
about  twelve  thousand  dollars. 

It  having  been  determined  that  the  head  quarters  of  the 
company's  establishment  in  New  Netherland,  should  be 
fixed  on  Manhattan  island,  preparations  for  a  more  exten- 
sive colony  to  be  planted  here  were  made,  and  in  1625  two 
ships  cleared  from  Holland  for  this  place.  On  board  of 
these  vessels  were  shipped  one  hundred  and  three  head 
of  cattle,  together  with  stallions,  mares,  hogs  and  sheep 
in  a  proportionate  number.  Accompanying  these  were  a 
considerable  number  of  settlers,  with  their  families,  sup- 
plied with  agricultural  implements,  and  seed  for  planting; 
household  furniture,  and  the  other  necessaries  for  establish- 
ing the  colony.  Other  ships  followed  with  similar  freight, 
and  the  number  of  emigrants  amounted  to  about  two  hun- 
dred souls. 

On  the  arrival  of  the  ships  in  the  harbor,  the  cattle 
were  landed,  in  the  first  instance,  on  the  island  now  called 
Governor's  Island,  where  they  were  left  on  pasturage  until 
convenient  arrangements  could  be  made  on  the  main- 
land, to  prevent  their  straying  in  the  woods.  The  want 
of  water,  however,  compelled  their  speedy  transfer  to 
Manhattan  Island,  where,  being  put  on  the  fresh  grass, 


ACT  OF  FREEDOMS  AND  EXEMPTIONS. 


25 


they  generally  throve  well,  although  about  twenty  died,  in 
the  course  of  the  season,  from  eating  some  poisonous  vege- 
table. 

The  settlers  commenced  their  town  by  staking  out  a 
fort  on  the  south  point  of  the  island  under  the  direction 
of  one  Kryn  Frederick,  an  engineer  sent  along  with  them 
for  that  purpose;  and  a  horse-mill  having  been  erected,  the 
second  story  of  that  building  was  so  constructed  as  to 
afford  accommodation  for  the  congregation  for  religious 
purposes.  The  habitations  of  the  settlers  were  of  the 
simplest  construction,  little  better,  indeed,  than  those  of 
their  predecessors.  A  director-general  had  been  sent  to 
superintend  the  interests  of  the  company  in  this  country, 
in  the  person  of  Peter  Minuit,  who,  in  the  year  1626,  pur- 
chased Manhattan  Island  from  the  Indian  proprietors  for 
the  sum  of  sixty  guilders  or  twenty-four  dollars,  by  which 
the  title  to  the  whole  island,  containing  about  twenty-two 
thousand  acres,  became  vested  in  the  West  India  Com- 
pany. 

The  success  of  the  company  proved  itself,  for  a  short 
period,  by  the  rise  in  the  value  of  their  stock,  which  soon 
stood  at  a  high  premium  in  Holland.  Various  interests, 
however,  were  at  work  in  the  company  to  turn  its  advan- 
tages to  individual  account,  and  in  1628  an  act  was  passed 
under  the  title  of  "  Freedoms  and  Exemptions  granted  to 
all  such  as  shall  plant  Colonies  in  New  Netherlands  This 
edict  gave  to  such  persons  as  should  send  over  a  colony 
of  fifty  souls,  above  fifteen  years  old,  the  title  of  "  patroons," 
and  the  privilege  of  selecting  any  land,  (except  on  the 
island  of  Manhattan,)  for  a  distance  of  eight  milse  on  each 
side  of  any  river,  and  so  far  inland  as  should  be  thought 
convenient.    The  company  stipulating,  however,  that  all 


26 


INCREASE  OF  IMMIGRATION. 


the  products  of  the  plantations  thus  established  should  be 
first  brought  to  the  Manhattans,  before  being  sent  else- 
where, for  trade.  They  also  reserved  to  themselves  the 
sole  trade  with  the  Indians  for  peltries,  in  all  places  where 
they  had  an  agency  established. 

With  respect  to  such  private  persons  as  should  emigrate 
at  their  own  expense,  they  were  allowed  as  much  land  as 
they  could  properly  improve,  upon  satisfying  the  Indians 
therefor. 

These  privileges  gave  an  impetus  to  emigration,  and 
assisted,  in  a  great  degree,  in  permanently  establishing  the 
settlement  of  the  country.  But  from  this  era  commenced 
the  decay  of  the  profits  of  the  company,  as  with  all  their 
vigilance,  they  could  not  restrain  the  inhabitants  from 
surreptitiously  engaging  in  the  Indian  trade,  and  drawing 
thence  a  profit  which  would  otherwise  have  gone  into  the 
public  treasury. 
• 


CHAPTER  III. 


THE  EARLY  PROGRESS  OF  THE  CITY. 

As  the  affairs  of  the  city  began  to  assume  a  settled  con- 
dition, the  public  authorities  and  citizens  turned  their 
attention  to  the  building  of  public  and  privi  Ufices 
adapted  to  the  wants  of  the  colony. 

The  fort  was  probably  the  first  perma  acture 
raised  by  the  company  on  this  island;  the  building  erected 
for  this  purpose  being  a  block-house,  surrounded  by  red 
cedar  palisades,  constructed  in  1626.  In  1633,  Van  Twil- 
ler,  then  the  Director  General,  commenced  the  erection  of 
a  new  fort,  on  a  larger  scale,  being  about  three  hundred 
feet  long  and  two  hundred  and  fifty  feet  wide,  which  was 
finished  in  1635,  at  an  expense  of  one  thousand  six  hundred 
and  eighty-eight  dollars. 

The  site  of  this  edifice  was  on  the  blocks  now  inclosed 
by  the  streets  called  Bowling  Green,  Whitehall,  Bridge 
and  State  streets.  This  extensive  structure  was,  for  the 
most  part,  a  mere  bank  of  earth,  except  the  points,  or  ex- 
tended corners,  which  were  of  stone.  It  was  at  first  occu- 
pied as  the  Governor's  quarters  and  inclosed  his  residence, 
and  the  several  offices  connected  with  the  government;  the 
soldiers  were  also  quartered  there. 

The  first  church  edifice,  built  exclusively  as  a  place  of 


2c< 


ERECTION  OF  THE  FIRST  CHURCH. 


worship,  was  also  commenced  in  the  year  1633.  This 
building  was  situated  on  the  shore  of  the  East  river,  at  a 
short  distance  from  the  fort;  its  precise  locality  being  on 
the  present  north  side  of  Pearl  street,  about  midway  be- 
tween Whitehall  and  Broad  streets.  This  structure  was 
of  wood,  and  without  pretension  to  ornament.  It  was 
occupied  as  a  place  of  worship  for  about  ten  years;  but  in 
the  time  of  the  Indian  war,  in  the  year  1642,  it  was  con- 
sidered an  unsafe  place  of  meeting,  from  the  well  known 
practice  of  the  Indians,  in  other  exposed  settlements,  of 
attacking  the  settlers,  while  assembled  in  their  churches, 
when  the  presence  and  affright  of  the  females  subjected  the 
citizens  to  a  battle  at  great  disadvantage.  Added  to  these 
cogent  reasons,  there  seem  to  have  been  others  of  a  differ- 
ent nature,  as  we  are  told  by  an  ancient  author  that  the 
proposition  was  discussed,  in  his  presence,  by  some  of  the 
citizens,  in  the  following  manner :  "  It  was  a  shame,"  said 
they,  "  that  the  English  should  see.  when  they  passed,  no- 
thing but  a  mean  barn,  in  which  public  worship  is  per- 
formed. The  first  thing  they  did,  in  New  England,  when 
they  raised  some  dwellings,  was  to  build  a  fine  church;  we 
ought  to  do  the  same.  We  have  good  materials,  fine  oak 
wood,  fine  building  stone,  and  good  lime,  made  from  oyster 
shells." 

-\  contract  was  made  to  erect  this  edifice  within  the 
>valls  of  the  fort;  the  church  to  be  of  rock  stone,  seventy- 
two  feet  long,  fifty-two  feet  broad,  and  sixteen  feet  over 
the  ground,  at  a  cost  of  about  one  thousand  dollars.  John 
and  Richard  Ogden,  of  Stamford,  Connecticut,  were  the 
contractors.  A  marble  slab  was  placed  in  the  front  of  the 
building,  with  this  inscription :  "  Anno  1642.  William 
Kieft,  Directeur  General;  Heeft  de  gemeente  Desen  Tempel 


ERECTION  OF  OTHER  PUBLIC  BUILDINGS. 


29 


doen  bouwen" — the  translation,  in  English,  being  thus  : — 
M  Anno  16^2.  William  Kieft,  Director  General;  Hath  the 
commonalty  caused  this  Temple  to  be  built. "  This  tablet 
was  discovered,  buried  in  the  ground  upon  the  site  of  the 
fort,  at  the  close  of  the  last  century.  It  was  removed  to 
the  Dutch  church,  then  in  Garden  street  (Exchange  place,) 
and  placed  in  the  belfry,  for  preservation.  On  the  destruc- 
tion of  the  latter  building  by  the  great  fire,  in  1835,  this 
ancient  relic  was  lost  or  destroyed  in  the  general  ruin. 

The  expense  of  erecting  the  church  in  the  fort,  was  borne 
partly  by  the  citizens ;  a  desirable  opportunity  having 
occurred  for  procuring  subscriptions,  on  the  occasion  of  a 
marriage  of  a  daughter  of  Domine  Bogardus.  While  the 
festivities  were  at  their  height,  the  list  was  handed  round, 
and  a  considerable  amount  subscribed. 

The  "  Old  Kirke,M  before  mentioned,  on  the  East  river 
shore,  continued  in  existence  nearly  a  century  after  its 
abandonment  as  a  place  of  worship,  and  was  occupied  as  a 
place  of  merchandize  and  dwelling. 

Several  other  buildings,  of  a  public  character,  were  like- 
wise erected  by  the  company,  at  an  early  period,  among 
which  were  the  Company's  Bakery,  which  was  erected  near 
the  fort,  on  the  present  Pearl  street,  near  Whitehall;  the 
Company's  Brewery,  on  the  present  Bridge  street,  north  side, 
between  Broad  and  Whitehall  streets;  a  house  for  the 
preacher,  Domine  Bogardus,  on  the  present  Whitehall  street, 
near  Bridge  street;  a  dwelling-house  for  the  Fiscal,  in  the 
same  neighborhood.  The  first  church-yard,  (to  be  referred 
to  hereafter,  more  particularly,)  was  established  on  the  west 
side  of  the  present  Broadway,  a  short  distance  above  Morris 
street,  on  the  level  ground  above  the  hill  at  the  Bowling 
Green. 


30 


BROADWAY. 


In  the  year  1642,  it  was  considered  desirable  to  afford 
increased  accommodation  to  travelers  on  their  way  from 
New  England  and  other  places,  for  which  purpose  "  a  fine 
stone  tavern"  was  erected,  fronting  the  East  river.  This 
building,  which  was  among  the  first  constructed  east  of  the 
present  Broad  street,  was  located  on  the  present  north-west 
corner  of  Pearl  street  and  Coenties  alley.  After  the 
organization  of  a  city  magistracy  in  1653,  it  was  ceded  to 
the  city,  to  be  used  for  the  purposes  of  a  "  stadt  huys,"  or 
city  hall,  and  was  thus  occupied  until  the  year  1700. 

Among  the  most  substantial  buildings  erected  at  an 
early  period,  were  the  store-houses  of  the  company.  These 
were  five  in  number,  constructed  of  stone,  adjoining  each 
other,  in  a  permanent  and  durable  manner.  These  build- 
ings occupied  a  position  facing  westward  toward  the  fort; 
an  open  space  of  over  a  hundred  feet  in  width,  originally 
lying  between  them  and  the  fort.  A  part  of  this  space 
was,  however,  afterward  built  upon,  leaving  a  small  street 
in  front  of  the  store  houses,  called  the  "  Winkle  street," 
or  Store  street,  extending  between  the  present  Bridge 
and  Stone  streets. 

Two  principal  roads  were  established  on  this  island  at 
an  early  period.  One  extending  from  the  fort  northwards, 
through  the  interior  of  the  island.  For  this,  a  space  was 
left  in  front  of  the  sally-port,  or  front  gate  of  the  fort,  as 
a  place  for  deploying  and  forming  the  soldiers,  (occupied 
at  present  by  the  Bowling  Green,)  thence  ascending  the  hill 
on  the  present  line  of  Broadway,  it  pursued  a  northerly 
course,  on  a  ridge,  to  the  south  point  of  the  present  Park, 
whence  it  followed  the  line  of  the  present  Chatham  street 
to  nearly  the  corner  of  Duane  street.  To  avoid  the  steep 
descent  there  encountered — for  a  heavy  hill  thence  de- 


THE  ROAD  TO  THE  FERRY. 


31 


scended  to  a  brook  at  the  present  Roosevelt  street — it 
wound  around  to  the  right,  making  a  circuit  nearly  on  the 
present  lines  of  Duane,  William  and  Pearl  streets  and 
thence  again  ascended  up  the  present  Chatham  square, 
which  was  formed  by  the  necessity  of  leaving  a  wide 
space  for  a  circuitous  ascent  of  the  hill.  A  handsome  and 
nearly  level  road-way,  thence  continued  on  the  present  line 
of  the  Bowery. 

The  other  road  was  that  originally  leading  from  the 
ferry  landing,  between  Long  Island  and  this  island.  This 
ferry,  from  the  earliest  settlement,  and  for  many  years 
afterward,  was  from  the  present  landing  on  the  Brooklyn 
side,  at  Fulton  Ferry,  to  the  nearest  point  on  this  island, 
which  was  at  the  present  Peck  slip.  Cornelius  Dircksen, 
was  the  earliest  ferryman  of  whom  the  records  speak,  and 
was,  probably,  the  first  person  who  regularly  followed  that 
calling.  He  owned  considerable  land  near  Peck  slip  in 
the  year  1642.  From  the  ferry,  the  road  ran  along  the 
East  river  shore,  on  the  present  line  of  Pearl  street,  as  far 
as  Hanover  square.  It  continued  its  course,  on  the  line 
of  the  present  Stone  street,  to  the  fort. 

The  west  side  of  the  road  along  the  shore,  was  a  favor- 
ite locality  for  out-of-town  residences,  it  being  an  elevated 
hill,  with  a  fine  river  prospect,  and  tolerable  soil.  Among 
the  original  grantees  of  land  along  this  section,  were  the 
following  :  Henry  Brazier,  thirty-three  acres  near  Franklin 
square,  adjoining  to  Wolphert's  marsh,  which  occupied  the 
parts  adjacent  to  the  present  Roosevelt  street.  Cornelius 
Dircksen,  the  ferryman,  land  near  the  present  Peck  slip. 
David  Provoost,  Philip  De  Truy,  Cornelius  Van  Tienhoven, 
Laurens  Cornelisen  Van&erwel  and  Govert  Loockermans,  all 
these,  who  were  prominent  men  in  early  times,  were 


32 


FIRST  GRANTS  OF  TOWN  LOTS. 


grantees  of  the  lands  between  the  ferry  and  the  present 
Maiden  lane,  along  the  west  side  of  Pearl  street. 

It  was  not  until  the  year  1642,  that  any  deeds  or  grants 
were  made  of  town  lots,  and  probably  no  title  for  lots 
below  Wall  street  will  date  further  back,  through  individ- 
ual proprietors,  than  that  date.  Previously,  the  settlers 
had  been  permitted  to  occupy  building  localities  by  un- 
written sanction,  and  these  had  been  established  with  little 
respect  to  uniformity,  except  such  as  the  natural  geography 
of  the  island,  at  its  southern  extremity,  suggested.  Cir- 
cumstances, however,  led  to  the  adoption  of  certain  lines 
of  thoroughfares,  which  afterward,  upon  the  survey  and 
regulation  of  the  town,  became  adopted  as  permanent 
streets,  and  have  since  remained  so. 

Lots  on  the  lower  part  of  Broadway,  then  called  the 
"  Great  Highway,"  began  to  be  laid  out  and  granted  to 
individuals  in  the  year  1643.  In  that  year,  Martin  Crigier 
received  the  grant  of  a  lot  on  the  west  side  of  the  street, 
opposite  the  present  Bowling  Green.  The  successive 
grantees  of  property  on  the  same  road,  below  the  present 
Wall  street,  about  the  same  period,  were  the  following:  To 
Jlllerton  §*  Loockerman,  merchants,  a  lot  on  the  east  side 
of  the  road,  above  the  present  Beaver  street.  This  lot 
contained  one  hundred  feet  in  front,  and  two  hundred  and 
twenty -five  feet  in  depth,  the  rear  being  bounded  by  a  marsh, 
covering  the  present  Broad  street  and  adjacent  parts.  To 
Andreas  Hudde,  an  officer  of  the  company,  sixty-two  feet  in 
front,  on  the  same  side  of  the  road,  and  about  two  hundred 
and  twenty-five  feet  in  depth.  To  Rutger  Arentsen  Van  Seyl, 
also  in  the  employ  of  the  company,  on  the  same  side  of  the 
road,  fifty  feet  front,  same  depth  as  above.  To  Cornelius  Vol- 
kertsen,  also  in  the  service  of  the  company,  on  the  same  side 


ORIGINAL  GRANTS  OX  BROADWAY. 


33 


of  the  road,  and  adjoining  Yan  Seyl,  one  hundred  and 
twelve  feet  front,  same  depth  as  above.  To  Thomas  Sand- 
erson, on  same  side  of  the  road,  and  next  above  Hudde, 
fifty  feet  front,  same  depth  as  the  others.  To  Philip 
Geraerdy,  a  trader,  a  lot  on  the  same  side  of  the  road,  next 
above  Yolkertsen,  one  hundred  feet  front,  and  about  the 
same  depth.  To  Jan  Jansen  Van  Jorcum,  on  same  side  of 
the  road,  about  one  hundred  feet  front.  To  Leendert 
JErdm,  also  in  the  service  of  the  company,  on  the  same 
side  of  the  road,  about  fifty  feet  front  and  two  hundred 
feet  in  depth.  To  Arien  Pietersen  Van  Alkmaar,  also  in  the 
service  of  the  company,  on  the  west  side  of  the  road,  oppo- 
site the  present  Bowling  Green,  about  one  hundred  and 
thirty  feet  front,  and  ninety-eight  feet  in  depth.  To  Cosyn 
Gerritsen,  a  lot  on  the  east  side  of  the  road,  adjoining 
Rutger  ^Ertsen,  about  fifty  feet  front. 

These  grants  were  the  first  on  Broadway,  and  some 
years  elapsed  before  they  were  generally  built  upon.  It  is 
evident,  however,  that  at  this  early  period,  the  speculative 
value  of  property  on  that  street  wras  fully  appreciated  by 
the  early  settlers,  as  not  more  than  one  or  two  of  the 
original  grantees  ever  occupied  the  property  themselves, 
or  did  more  toward  improving  than  fencing  them  in,  but 
in  after  years  sold  them  to  persons  for  building  purposes. 
The  grants  above-mentioned  were  made  prior  to  Stuyve- 
sant's  arrival  in  1647;  previous  to  which  period,  the  west 
side  of  the  road,  above  the  present  Bowling  Green  and 
below  Trinity  church,  was  occupied  solely  by  the  burial- 
ground,  and  by  the  gardens  and  dwellings  of  Mr.  Yande- 
grist  and  Mr.  Yan  Dyck.  Two  lots  above  Yan  Dyck  were 
granted  by  Stuyvesant  to  his  sons  Baltalazar  and  Nicholas 
William,  each  about  one  hundred  feet  front,  running  to  the 
3 


34 


GRANTS  ON  PEARL  STREET. 


North  river  shore.  We  may  consider  the  grants  above 
enumerated,  as  the  beginning  of  Broadway  in  its  character 
of  a  public  street,  it  having  previously  been  no  more  than 
a  road  through  fields  owned  by  the  West  India  Company, 
under  their  Indian  title  to  the  island. 

It  was  before  suggested,  that  the  favorite  building  local- 
ities in  the  outset  of  this  city,  were  those  immediately 
adjacent  to  the  fort;  and  one  of  the  earliest  being  on  the 
present  line  of  Pearl  street,  between  Whitehall  and 
State  streets.  This  had  been  occupied  from  the  time  that 
the  fort  was  first  laid  out.  The  situation  was  convenient 
for  the  kind  of  buildings  then  customary,  as  some  protec- 
tion was  afforded  from  the  cold  northerly  winds  by  the 
walls  of  the  fort.  Among  the  early  occupants,  ranging 
between  the  years  1643  and  1647,  were  the  following,  on 
the  north  side  of  the  street,  commencing  at  the  present 
Whitehall  street:  Lamert  Van  Valkenbergh,  Jan  Evertsen 
Bout,  Barent  Jansen,  Michael  Pauluzen,  Jlnthony  Jansen, 
Jochem  Pietersen,  Cors  Pietersen,  Gillis  Pietersen,  Claes  Jan- 
sen, Joris  Rapelje,  Hans  Hansen,  Jan  Snediger,  Jacob  Con- 
stable, Tryntje  Jonas,  Francis  Doughty,  and  Paulus  Hey  mans. 
On  the  south  side  of  the  street  were  Rem  Jansen,  The 
Company's  Bakery,  Jan  Cornelisen  Coster,  Claes  Jansen  Van 
Naerden,  Claes  Jansen  Ruyter,  Cornelis  Tunizen.  Jan  Jansen 
Schepmoes,  Jurien  Blanch. 

The  early  settlers  upon  Whitehall  street,  were  as 
follows :  In  1645,  Tunis  Tomassen  Van  Naarden  was 
granted  the  lot  on  the  present  south-east  corner  of  White- 
hall and  Marketfield  streets,  having  a  front  on  Whitehall 
street  of  about  one  hundred  feet,  and  depth  on  Marketfield 
street  of  about  seventy  feet.  In  the  following  year,  a 
grant  was  made  to  Roelof  Jansen  Haes,  of  the  property^ 


GKANTS  ON  WHITEHALL   A  XL)  BKIDGE  STREETS. 


35 


fronting  on  the  present  Whitehall,  Beaver  and  Marketfield 
streets,  containing  about  ninety  feet  on  Whitehall  street, 
by  seventy-five  feet  in  depth  on  the  other  streets.  Between 
Stone  and  Bridge  streets,  several  lots  were  granted  in  1646, 
extending,  in  depth,  to  a  small  street  fronting  the  store- 
houses of  the  company.  The  occupants  were  Jan  Haes, 
George  Holmes,  Robert  Butler,  Everardus  Bogardus,  Sybout 
Clasen,  Isaac  de  Foreest.  The  western  side  of  this  street 
was  the  line  of  the  fort.  The  street  had,  at  this  time,  re- 
ceived no  distinctive  name,  the  property  being  described  as 
east  of  the  fort,  &c. 

The  present  Bridge  street,  between  Whitehall  and 
Broad  streets,  was  occupied  by  several  residents,  at  an 
early  period.  In  1642-3,  Hendrick  Hendricksen  Kip  re- 
ceived a  grant  on  the  north  side  of  the  street,  containing 
about  ninety  feet  front  and  seventy  feet  in  depth.  The  first 
private  deed,  on  record,  showing  the  value  of  property 
in  those  early  times,  was  executed,  in  the  year  1643,  by 
Abraham  Jacobsen  Van  Steenwyck,  conveying  to  Anthony 
Jansen  Van  Fees,  a  lot  next  to  Kip's,  containing  thirty 
feet  front  and  one  hundred  and  ten  feet  in  depth  ;  the  price 
paid  being  twenty-four  guilders,  equal  to  nine  dollars  and 
a  half  of  our  currency.  This  was  as  valuable  property  as 
any  in  the  town,  and  the  almost  nominal  value  of  land,  in 
those  times  may  may  be  thence  inferred.  Other  original 
grantees  of  lots  on  this  street,  were  Pieter  Van  Linden, 
Abraham  Verplanck,  Anthony  Jansen,  and  Hendrick,  the 
smith.    The  street  was  then  without  a  name. 

The  present  Stone  street,  as  has  been  before  mentioned, 
was  the  line  of  the  first  road  laid  out  from  the  fort  to  the 
ferry.    The  early  occupants  of  that  part  of  the  road  be- 


36 


GRANTS  ON  STONE  STREET. 


tween  the  present  Whitehall  and  Broad  streets,  were  the 
following,  their  property  being  generally  described  as  on 
"  the  road  :"  Mam  Rolantsen,  one  hundred  feet  front ; 
Jlrent,  the  smith  ;  Philip  Geraerdy,  a  trader  ;  Oloff  Sle vat- 
son  Van  Cortland,  commissary ;  Harman  Meyndertsen ; 
Isaac  Be  Foreest,  brewer ;  Gysbert  Opdyck,  commissary  ; 
Pieter  Cornelisen.  From  the  character  of  these  residents,  it 
is  to  be  inferred  that  this  was  one  of  the  best  streets  of  the 
town.  Crossing  the  inlet,  at  the  present  Broad  street,  by 
a  bridge,  the  part  of  the  road  between  the  latter  street 
and  the  present  Hanover  square,  was  vacant  on  the  south 
side,  until  the  erection  of  the  City  Tavern,  in  1642.  On 
the  north  side,  Jacob  Wolfertsen  Van  Couwenhoven,  a  prom- 
inent citizen,  established  a  large  brewery ;  his  lot  fronting 
on  the  road,  on  the  inlet  or  present  Broad  street,  and  on  a 
street  in  the  rear.  Beyond  him  lay  vacant  ground,  a  grant 
of  which  was  made,  in  1646,  to  Wessel  Evertsen,  containing 
a  front  of  two  hundred  and  twenty  feet  and  depth  of  ninety 
feet.  Beyond  Evertsen,  toward  Hanover  square,  was 
land  granted  to  Borger  Jorisen,  about  one  hundred  and 
forty  feet  front  and  one  hundred  and  thirty  feet  in  depth. 
This  individual  gave  a  name  to  the  present  Old  slip, 
which  was,  for  over  a  century  after  the  period  now  re- 
ferred to,  known  as  "  Borger  Jorisen's  Path,"  or  Burgher's 
Path. 

Among  the  other  thoroughfares,  occupied  at  an  early 
period,  was  the  present  Broad  street,  the  names  of  some 
of  the  early  inhabitants  being  as  follows  :  Cornelis  Melyn, 
on  the  east  side,  between  the  road  (Stone  street)  and  the 
river  shore  (about  the  present  line  of  Pearl  street)— his 
premises  being  about  ninety  feet  front  and  sixty-five  feet 


GRANTS  OX  BaOAD  AMU  OTHER  STREETS.  37 

deep  ;  Michael  Marshan,  one  hundred  and  forty  feet  front, 
seventy  feet  deep  ;  Martin  Ael,  seventy-five  feet  front ; 
Govert  Loockermans,  Gerrit  Douivman,  about  forty-five  feet 
front,  on  the  west  side  of  the  street ;  Willem  Cornelisen, 
sixty-eight  feet  front,  on  same  side ;  Abraham  Rycken,  on 
the  east  side,  extending  south  from  the  present  corner  of 
Beaver  street,  about  one  hundred  and  twenty  feet;  Adrian 
Vincent,  next  adjoinging  on  the  south,  about  ninety  feet 
front;  Tunis  Kraey,  on  the  west  side,  about  sixty  feet 
front ;  Mich  ad  Picket.  These  were  all  below  the  present 
Beaver  street;  above  the  latter  point,  the  street  was  a 
marsh.  A  more  particular  history  of  this  locality  will  be 
found  under  the  description  of  the  "  Heere  Graaft,"  in  a 
subsequent  part  of  this  book. 

On  the  present  Beaver  street,  between  Broadway  and 
Broad  street,  several  settlers  established  themselves,  at  an 
early  period,  viz :  Paulus  Vandcrbeek,  William  Bredenbe?it, 
a  tavern  called  the  "  Sign  of  the  Lion"  Evert  Jansen,  Pieter 
Mountfort,  Jan  Mountfort. 

The  present  Marketfield  street  was  also  occupied  as 
a  public  thoroughfare  at  a  very  early  period ;  one  of  the 
grantees  being  Clacs  Van  Elslant,  the  town  sexton,  who 
resided  there  for  many  years. 

The  North  side  of  the  present  Pearl  street,  between 
Broad  and  Whitehall  streets,  lay  fronting  the  river  shore; 
extending  out  into  the  river,  on  the  line  of  the  present 
Moore  street,  was  a  little  wharf,  built  at  a  very  early 
period.  It  was  the  only  landing  place  in  the  city,  but  ex- 
tended not  far  beyond  low  water  mark,  and  was  only  suit- 
able for  the  landing  of  goods,  by  means  of  scows  and  small 
boats,  from  vessels  anchored  in  the  stream. 


38 


THE  CITY  IN  1642. 


The  description  of  the  progress  of  the  town,  given  in 
this  chapter,  will,  it  is  supposed,  be  better  understood  from 
the  following  illustrative  map,  drawn  by  the  author,  from 
the  best  data  in  his  possession : 


Note. — The  upper  cross  road  is  the  present  Maiden  Lane,  then  called 
«'  T'Maagde  Paatje." 


CHAPTER  IV. 


THE  FIRST  INDIAN  WAR.  (1642.) 

It  was  suggested,  in  a  previous  chapter,  that  the  influx 
into  the  country  of  settlers  not  connected  with  the  West 
India  Company,  had  a  tendency  to  introduce  competition 
in  the  fur  trade,  which  the  company  had  designed  to 
monopolize  for  its  own  benefit.  The  private  traders,  by 
traversing  the  country  into  distant  localities  and  over- 
bidding the  company's  officers,  contrived  to  turn  this 
profitable  trade  from  the  coffers  of  the  government  into 
their  own  pockets.  After  years  of  fruitless  effort  to 
restrain  these  illegal  practices,  the  Directory  in  Holland, 
making  a  virtue  of  necessity,  threw  open  the  Indian  trade 
to  individual  competition,  simply  endeavoring  to  counter- 
balance the  sacrifices  thus  made,  by  increasing  their  duties 
on  imports  and  exports. 

The  effect  of  this  measure,  was  to  open  a  scene  in  the 
country  altogether  novel,  and  of  a  pernicious  tendency. 
For,  then,  nearly  the  whole  population  turned  their 
thoughts  toward  the  Indian  trade,  abandoning  their  former 
pursuits.  The  officers  and  agents,  in  the  service  of  the 
company,  resigned  their  places,  and  engaged  in  business 
on  their  own  account.  Mechanics  left  their  trades,  and  a 
general  competition  ensued  for  the  purchase  of  peltries. 
To  make  friends  among  the  Indians  was,  therefore,  the 


40 


INCIDENTS  OF  THE  INDIAN  TEADE. 


object  of  all ;  and  soon  the  natives  began  to  enter  as 
heartily  into  the  tricks  and  mysteries  of  barter  as  the 
most  expert  traders  among  the  whites.  Their  introduction 
into  the  families  of  the  citizens,  where  they  were  invited 
to  meals  and  lodgings;  the  common  use  of  guns  and  ammu- 
nition, procured  in  trade,  together  with  their  ripening 
experience  in  the  ways  and  customs  of  their  white  neigh- 
bors, gave  them  a  rising  notion  of  their  own  condition. 
They  became  exacting  and  close  in  their  bargains,  so  that 
Yan  Tienhoven  writes,  "  if  they  gave  you  a  herring,  they 
required  a  cod  in  return."  They  exacted  civilities  and 
attentions  to  an  exorbitant  degree,  and  were  offended,  if 
these  were  withheld. 

This  unnatural  and  constrained  condition  of  intercourse, 
could  not  last  longer  than  the  purpose  for  which  it  was 
originated  could  be  subserved,  and  accordingly  when  it 
was  no  longer  found  profitable  to  indulge  the  Indians  in 
these  delicate  attentions,  the  opposite  extreme  was  pur- 
sued; the  natives  were  reviled  and  thrown  back  with 
contempt;  and  in  place  of  the  former  unnatural  familiarity, 
a  mutual  hatred  grew  up  between  the  two  races.  "  Indian 
dog  "  became  the  common  term  of  reproach  of  the  whites 
upon  their  neighbors,  while  the  natives,  on  the  other  hand, 
were  equally  loud  in  their  expressions  of  derision  for  the 
Dutch.  "  They  might  be  something  on  the  water/7  said 
they,  but  are  of  no  account  on  land.  In  their  own  country 
they  have  neither  a  great  sachem  or  chief." 

The  first  Indian  war  gradually  grew  out  of  this  state  of 
feeling;  and  it  is  difficult  to  see  how  the  government, 
under  Kieft,  which  was  greatly  blamed,  and  finally  super- 
seded, in  consequence  of  the  war,  could  have  allayed  the 
causes  which  seem  to  have  been  the  preparatory  incite- 


PREPARATIONS  FOR  HOSTILITIES. 


41 


ments  to  hostilities.  It  is,  however,  apparent  that  addi- 
tional fuel  was  added  to  the  embers  thus  ignited,  by 
Kieft,  who,  desirous  of  participating,  on  behalf  of  his 
employers,  in  the  general  design  upon  the  property  of  the 
Indians,  undertook  to  enforce  a  contribution  from  the 
tribes  under  the  form  of  a  tax  upon  their  corn.  This 
movement  set  the  natives  in  an  uproar,  and  they  replied 
in  a  general  cry  of  contempt  and  sarcasm  at  this  novel 
proceeding.    "  He  must  be  a  mean  fellow,"  said  they,  for 

he  had  not  invited  them  to  come  and  live  here,  that  he 
should  now  take  away  their  corn." 

Matters  now  looked  so  serious  that  the  whites  began  to 
make  preparations  for  hostilities,  by  furnishing  themselves 
with  guns  and  ammunition,  and  fortifying  their  exposed 
settlements. 

The  first  expedition  from  this  city,  against  the  Indians, 
was  sent  out  in  1640,  against  the  Raritans  inhabiting  the 
main  behind  Staten  Island,  who  were  alleged  to  have 
stolen  some  hogs  from  a  settlement  on  Staten  Island,  an 
allegation  which  proved  afterward  to  have  been  a  mistake. 
This  party  of  whites  was  composed  of  seventy  men,  under 
the  command  of  Yan  Tienhoven,  the  secretary.  Arriving 
at  the  Indian  villages,  at  an  unexpected  time,  they  com- 
menced slaughtering  and  plundering  the  inhabitants,  and 
after  putting  several  to  death,  and  burning  the  crops  in 
the  Indian  fields,  they  returned  to  their  homes  without 
loss.  Smarting  under  this  foray,  the  Raritans  determined 
that  the  "  Swannekins,"  as  they  called  the  Europeans, 
should  have  dead  men  instead  of  dead  hogs  to  fight  for, 
and  accordingly  made  a  descent  upon  the  farm  belonging 
to  Captain  De  Tries,  on  Staten  Island,  killed  four  of  his 
planters,  and  burned  his  dwelling  and  tobacco  house. 


42  PROGRESS  OF  THE  INDIAN  WAB. 

Kieft  now  determined  to  wage  a  war  of  extermination 
against  the  Raritans,  and  offered  a  reward  of  ten  fathoms 
of  wampum  for  every  head  of  a  Raritan,  and  twenty 
fathoms  for  the  heads  of  those  engaged  in  the  murder  of 
the  people  on  Staten  Island.  This  measure  stimulated  the 
cupidity  of  some  Indians,  who  were  inimical  to  the  Rari- 
tans. and  one  of  the  Haverstraw  Indians  soon  after  made 
his  appearance  at  the  fort,  with  the  hand  of  a  dead  man 
dangling  on  a  stick.  It  belonged  to  a  chief  who  had  been 
concerned  in  the  Staten  Island  murder.  After  this,  the 
troubles  with  the  Raritan  tribe  ceased. 

Another  murder  in  a  different  quarter,  now  called  on 
the  Dutch  for  vengeance.  It  was  perpetrated  in  the  pres- 
ent Westchester  county,  by  a  young  Indian  of  the  Weck- 
quaaskeck  tribe,  whose  uncle  had  been  killed  nearly 
twenty  years  before,  by  the  whites.  Yengeance  is  con- 
sidered a  virtue  in  the  Indian  philosophy,  and  this  young 
man,  having  inherited  this  duty,  called  at  the  house  of  an 
aged  settler,  named  Cornelisen,  on  pretence  of  making 
some  purchases.  The  old  man  proceeded  to  get  the  goods 
from  his  chest,  and  the  moment  he  stooped  the  Indian 
struck  him  dead,  and  withdrew  after  rifling  the  house  of 
its  contents.  No  satisfaction  could  be  got  by  the  Dutch 
for  this  outrage,  and  it  became  evident  that  the  only  safety 
of  the  whites  lay  in  retaliatory  measures. 

Governor  Kieft,  viewing  the  important  nature  of  the 
step  now  proposed  to  be  taken,  sought  the  advice  of  the 
body  of  the  people,  whose  interests  and  safety,  were  so 
directly  concerned,  and  invited  all  the  citizens  to  assemble 
in  the  fort  to  consider  upon  the  proper  course  to  be  taken. 
This  meeting,  the  first  popular  assembly,  convened  in  this 
city,  took  place  on  the  28th  day  of  August,  1641.  Twelve 


PKOGRESS  OF  THE  INDIAN  WAR. 


43 


men  were  chosen  by  the  people  to  act  on  their  behalf,  who, 
on  the  following  day,  resolved  that  war  should  be  waged, 
if  the  murderer  were  still  refused  to  be  delivered  up;  that 
the  attack  should  be  made  on  the  Indians  in  the  harvest 
time,  when  the  warriors  were  absent  on  their  hunting 
expeditions ;  but  meanwhile  further  efforts  should  be  made 
by  kindness  to  obtain  justice,  which  was  accordingly  seve- 
ral times  sought  for  in  vain. 

The  harvest  time  being  come,  many  obstacles  arose,  and 
operations  were  postponed  until  the  year  1642,  when  it 
was  resolved  to  avenge  the  perpetrated  outrage.  There- 
upon spies  looked  up  the  Indians,  who  lay  in  their  villages, 
suspecting  nothing,  and  eighty  men  were  detailed  under 
Ensign  Hendrick  Van  Dyck,  and  sent  thither.  The  guide 
being  come  with  the  troops  in  the  neighborhood  of  the 
Indian  wigwams,  lost  his  way  in  consequence  of  the  dark- 
ness of  the  night.  The  ensign  became  impatient,  and 
turned  back  without  having  accomplished  any  thing.  The 
journey,  however,  was  not  without  effect,  for  the  Indians, 
who  observed,  by  the  trail,  that  they  had  narrowly  escaped 
destruction,  sought  for  peace,  which  was  granted  them  on 
condition  that  they  should  either  deliver  up  the  murderer, 
or  inflict  justice  themselves.  This  they  promised  to  do, 
but  without  any  result. 

Some  weeks  after  this,  Miantonimo,  principal  sachem  of 
the  Narragansets,  came  toward  this  city,  with  one  hundred 
men,  passing '  through  all  the  Indian  villages,  soliciting 
them  to  a  general  war  against  the  English  and  the  Dutch; 
thus  exciting  still  further  the  enmity  existing  in  the  breast 
of  the  Indians.  Hostilities  were  commenced  against 
exposed  settlements,  and  the  community  in  the  town  began 
to  be  greatly  alarmed,  having  the  Indians  daily  in  their 


44 


FLIGHT  OP  THE  INDIANS. 


houses.  The  demands  for  justice  for  the  repeated  murders 
and  depredations,  were  received  by  the  Indians  with  sneers 
and  laughter. 

It  happened  that  at  this  time  a  band  of  Mohawks,  the 
"  kings  of  the  forest,"  whose  hunting  grounds  were  toward 
Canada,  made  a  descent  upon  several  Indian  villages  on 
the  Hudson  river,  below  the  Highlands,  and  drove  the 
affrighted  population  from  their  homes,  so  that  running 
from  one  enemy  into  the  country  of  another,  already  pant- 
ing for  vengeance,  the  Weckquaaskecks,  hunted  through 
the  snow,  half  famished  with  cold  and  hunger,  came  for 
shelter  to  the  neighborhood  of  this  city,  and  built  their 
fires  on  the  outskirts  of  the  town. 

The  whites  furnished  them  with  provisions,  to  keep  them 
from  starving,  for  a  fortnight;  meanwhile,  however,  delib- 
erating upon  the  policy  of  availing  themselves  of  the  op- 
portunity thus  afforded  of  wreaking  their  vengeance,  so 
long  held  in  contemplation.  The  savages,  observing  the 
portents  of  this  design,  scattered  themselves  in  different 
directions  in  a  new  affright;  a  large  number,  however, 
settling  themselves  at  the  present  Corlaer's  Hook,  and  a 
still  ,more  considerable  number  on  the  opposite  shore  of 
the  North  river  at  Pavonia.  Although  a  generous  com- 
passion induced  many  of  those  among  the  Dutch  citizens, 
who  had  previously  counseled  retaliatory  measures,  to  take 
no  advantage  of  the  present  afflicted  condition  of  the 
Indians,  yet  the  councils  of  a  majority  determined  that  the 
moment  had  now  arrived  to  strike  the  blow  of  vengeance. 
Accordingly,  in  the  middle  of  the  night  of  the  25th 
of  February,  1643,  two  parties  set  out  from  the  city,  one 
headed  by  Maryn  Andriczen  and  G-overt  Loockermans, 
against  the  Indians  at  Corker's  Hook,  and  another 


MASSACRE  OF  THE  INDIANS. 


45 


against  the  camp  at  Pavonia.  "  I  remained  at  the  direct- 
or's/' says  an  eye-witness,  "  and  took  a  seat  in  the  kitchen, 
near  the  fire.  At  midnight  I  heard  loud  shrieks,  and  went 
out  to  the  parapet  of  the  fort  and  looked  toward  Pavonia. 
I  saw  nothing  but  the  flashing  of  the  guns.  I  heard  no 
more  the  cries  of  the  Indians."  After  the  first  cry  of  sur- 
prise, the  Indians,  as  was  their  custom,  made  no  exclama- 
tion in  the  process  of  their  destruction. 

Eighty  Indians  were  killed  at  Pavonia,  and  thirty  at 
Corlaer's  Hook.  These  were  of  all  ages  and  sexes,  and  no 
barbarity  was  too  shocking  to  be  inflicted  upon  them. 
Thirty  prisoners,  and  the  heads  of  several  of  the  enemy, 
who  had  been  killed,  were  brought  in  by  the  return 
parties. 

These  proceedings  aroused  the  neighboring  Indian  na- 
tions to  frenzy,  and  eleven  different  tribes  proclaimed  war 
against  the  Dutch.  Every  settler,  upon  whom  they  could 
lay  hands,  was  murdered;  the  farm-houses  and  cattle  were 
destroyed,  and  the  country  around  Fort  Amsterdam  laid 
completely  waste.  All  settlers,  in  exposed  places,  removed 
within  the  town,  and  the  condition  of  the  inhabitants 
became  distressing  in  the  extreme. 

In  these  circumstances,  the  whites  came  almost  to  open 
war  among  themselves.  Those  who  had  advised  and  con- 
ducted the  late  proceedings,  were  charged  with  having 
brought  immeasurable  evils  upon  the  whole  community, 
many  having  been  rendered  beggars  by  the  retaliatory  acts 
of  the  Indians,  and  each  inhabitant,  in  whatever  circumstan- 
ces he  may  hitherto  have  been,  being  now  compelled  to 
forego  all  other  interests  in  the  paramount  duty  of  guarding 
the  lives  of  the  members  of  his  family.  Crimination  fol- 
lowed recrimination;  each  tried  to  shift  the  responsibility 


46 


QUARRELS  AMONG  THE  CITIZENS. 


from  himself.  Among  others,  Andriezen,  one  of  the  lead- 
ers of  the  party  that  attacked  the  Indians  at  Corlaer'sHook, 
received  a  full  portion  of  the  obloquy.  Hearing  that 
Director  Kieft  joined  in  these  aspersions,  he  presented 
himself  at  the  fort,  armed  with  a  pistol  loaded  and  cocked, 
and  with  a  hanger  at  his  side.  Coming  unawares  into  the 
Director's  room,  he  presented  his  pistol  at  him,  exclaiming, 
"  what  devilish  lies  are  these  you  are  reporting  of  me  ?" 
his  pistol  was,  however,  seized  by  one  of  the  bystanders, 
and  himself  arrested  and  committed  to  prison.  Within  an 
hour  after,  the  prisoner's  son,  accompanied  by  another 
person,  entered  the  fort,  and  came  into  the  presence  of 
Kieft,  who  was  walking  up  and  down.  On  perceiving 
their  approach,  the  director  general  retired,  but  was  fired 
at  by  the  young  man,  without  effect.  Upon  this  a  sentinel, 
in  return,  discharged  his  gun  at  the  intruder,  and  brought 
him  down;  his  head  was  afterward  affixed  to  a  gibbet.  A 
large  crowd  now  collected  at  the  fort,  and  demanded  the 
release  of  Maryn  Andriezen.  This  Kieft  refused,  offering, 
however,  to  submit  the  case  to  the  citizens  at  large.  Fi- 
nally, owing  to  the  excitement  and  diversity  of  feeling  in 
the  community,  the  trial  of  Andriezen  was  transferred  to 
Holland.  It  is  not  certain  whether  he  was  actually  sent 
thither;  if  so,  however,  he  returned  and  engaged  in  busi- 
ness here  as  usual. 

As  the  spring  advanced,  it  became  for  the  interest  of 
both  parties  to  cease  hostilities,  and  accordingly  a  treaty 
of  peace  was  concluded  in  May,  1643.  But  this  was  a  hol- 
low truce,  as  the  Indians  still  took  every  opportunity  to 
rob  and  murder  those  whom  they  could  assail.  The  farms 
at  Pavonia,  four  in  number,  were  burnt,  not  by  open  force, 
but  by  stealthily  creeping  through  the  brush,  with  fire  in 


DESTRUCTION  OF  FARMS. 


47 


hand,  and  igniting  the  roofs  of  the  buildings,  which  were 
constructed  either  of  reed  or  straw.  Several  boats,  com- 
ing down  the  Hudson  river,  with  packs  of  furs,  were 
boarded,  and  the  traders  killed.  Nine  Christians,  in- 
cluding two  women,  were  murdered  in  these  captured 
vessels,  one  woman  and  two  children  remaining  prisoners. 

A  small  force,  consisting  of  five  boys  and  one  man. 
having  been  detailed  for  the  defence  of  the  colony  on  the 
present  Jersey  shore,  near  Elizabethtown,  was  attacked  by 
a  party  of  savages  on  the  night  of  the  17th  September, 
and  were  obliged,  after  some  resistance,  to  retreat,  and 
the  premises  were  burnt;  they  escaped  in  a  canoe,  saving 
nothing  but  their  arms.  Another  small  party,  which  had 
been  dispatched  to  the  same  quarter,  to  protect  another 
farm,  was  visited  by  the  Indians;  who,  finding  the  men 
unarmed,  murdered  all  but  one,  a  boy,  whom  they  took 
away  with  them  to  Tappan;  the  farm  buildings  were  de- 
stroyed. Aert  Thunisen,  a  planter  at  Hoboken,  having 
gone  out  on  a  trading  excursion,  was  killed  near  Sandy 
Hook.  At  the  eastward,  the  work  of  destruction  was  pros- 
ecuted with  equal  violence.  Among  the  more  conspicu- 
ous victims  was  the  celebrated  Mrs.  Anne  Hutchinson, 
who  had  taken  up  her  residence  near  the  present  Stamford, 
Connecticut.  All  the  members  of  her  family,  and  a  num- 
ber of  other  persons  residing  in  the  neighborhood,  were 
murdered. 

At  this  period  of  general  terror,  the  Dutch  settlers,  with 
women  and  children,  gathered  around  "  Fort  Amsterdam," 
and  lodged  under  its  walls,  in  huts  of  straw. 

In  this  condition  of  things,  the  citizens  having,  at  the 
request  of  Director  Kieft,  deputed  to  a  committee  the 
power  to  advise  and  act  for  the  best,  this  committee  re- 


48 


NEW  EXPEDITIONS. 


solved  to  seek  aid  from  the  English  settlements,  eastward, 
and  also  to  set  forth  their  condition  to  the  government  in 
Holland.  In  their  memorial,  dated  in  November,  1643,  to 
the  latter  power,  they  state  their  circumstances  in  these 
words  : 

"  The  inhabitants  of  New  Netherland  were  pursued,  in 
the  spring,  by  the  wild  heathen  and  barbarous  savages, 
with  fire  and  sword.  Daily  have  they  cruelly  murdered 
men  and  women  in  our  houses  and  fields;  and,  with  hatchets 
and  tomahawks,  struck  little  children  dead  in  their  parent's 
arms,  or  before  their  doors,  or  taken  them  far  away  into 
captivity.  Cattle,  of  all  descriptions,  are  destroyed  and 
killed,  and  such  as  remain  must  perish,  this  approaching 
winter,  for  want  of  fodder.  Every  place  almost  is  aban- 
doned." 

In  this  condition  things  remained  through  the  winter, 
the  most  strenuous  efforts  being  made,  in  the  mean  time, 
to  secure  aid  from  their  English  neighbors,  in  which  they 
were  successful  to  some  extent.  Several  expeditions  were 
sent  out,  at  an  early  period.  One  composed  of  forty 
Dutch,  under  Captain  Kuyter,  and  thirty-five  English,  un- 
der Lieutenant  Baxter — the  whole  under  the  command  of 
Councillor  La  Montagnie — went  out  against  some  Indians 
on  Staten  Island.  They  made  a  night  approach  to  the 
place  where  they  expected  to  come  upon  the  Indians,  but 
failed  in  their  purpose,  finding  the  village  abandoned  by 
its  inhabitants.  Their  only  booty  was  five  or  six  hundred 
skepels  of  corn,  with  which  they  returned  to  the  city,  after 
burning  the  Indian  village.  The  next  expedition  was 
directed  against  the  Indians  on  the  eastern  borders  of 
Westchester  county,  where  they  expected  to  find  the 
natives  unsuspicious  of  their  approach.    This  party  was 


RETURN  TO  THE  CITY. 


49 


sent  up  the  East  river  in  three  sailing  vessels,  and  landed, 
in  the  evening,  at  Greenwich.  They  forthwith  commenced 
their  march,  which  they  continued  through  the  night,  but 
missed  their  way  ;  upon  returning,  before  morning,  they 
were  met  by  some  Englishmen,  who  offered  to  guide  them 
to  a  place  where  they  could  find  Indians.  This  journey 
was  more  successful,  and  resulted  in  the  death  of  eighteen 
or  twenty  of  the  enemy,  and  the  capture  of  an  old  Indian 
and  several  women  and  children. 

The  old  Indian,  thus  made  captive,  promised,  as  the 
price  of  his  liberty,  to  lead  the  whites  to  Weckqueskeech, 
and  accordingly  conducted  a  party  of  sixty-five  men  to  the 
Indian  castles,  but  found  them  all  empty;  a  matter  of  much 
surprise  to  the  whites,  as  these  forts  were  of  very  strong 
construction,  of  plank  five  inches  thick,  nine  feet  high,  and 
braced  around  with  thick  balk,  full  of  port-holes.  Two  o£ 
these  were  burnt,  and  the  other  preserved  as  a  place  of  re- 
treat, if  the  necessities  of  the  campaign  reduced  them  to 
that  extremity.  The  party  returned,  having  killed  only 
one  or  two  Indians,  taken  some  women  and  children  pris- 
oners, and  burnt  a  quantity  of  corn.  This  detachment 
returned  to  Fort  Amsterdam,  without  further  operations 
at  that  time. 

The  next  expedition  was  sent  out  upon  Long  Island, 
where  it  was  understood  that  Pennawitz,  a  chief  who  had 
always  professed  friendship  for  the  settlers,  was  engaged 
in  secretly  concocting  a  design  to  introduce  his  people,  under 
the  guise  of  friendship,  into  the  houses  of  the  Dutch,  and, 
at  one  moment,  to  destroy  the  whole  community.  Against 
this  tribe  a  detachment  of  one  hundred  and  twenty  men 
was  dispatched,  composed  of  Dutch  citizens,  under  the 
command  of  Captain  Kuyter;  of  Englishmen,  under  Cap- 
4 


50 


SUCCESS  OF  THE  WHITES. 


tain  John  Under  hill;  and  of  soldiers,  under  Sergeant 
Pieter  Cock — the  whole  commanded  by  Councillor  La 
Montagnie.  This  party  proceeded,  in  three  vessels,  up  the 
Sound,  and  having  landed,  marched  to  Hempstead.  Having 
sent  forward  an  advance  party,  who  dextrously  killed  an 
Indian  spy,  the  main  body  advanced,  in  two  divisions,  and 
the  battle  resulted  in  the  death  of  one  hundred  and  twenty 
Indians;  the  loss,  on  the  part  of  the  whites,  being  but  one 
killed  and  three  wounded.  The  party  returned  with  several 
Indian  prisoners;  upon  whom,  in  imitation  of  the  barbarous 
custom  of  the  natives,  the  people  of  the  city  inflicted  their 
death  by  torture.  One  of  them  was  hacked  to  pieces  with 
knives,  while  the  other  was  flayed  alive,  strips  of  flesh  be- 
ing cut  from  his  living  body;  and  being  chased  into  the 
present  Beaver  street,  his  head  was  finally  cut  off. 

The  next  expedition  was  dispatched  under  Captain  Un- 
derhill,  who  had  shown  himself  to  be  an  efficient  ally. 
This  design  was  against  the  Indians  in  the  neighborhood, 
whence  the  party,  before  spoken  of,  had  recently  returned, 
on  the  eastern  borders  of  the  present  Westchester  county, 
information  having  been  received  that  the  camping-place 
of  the  Indians  could  now  be  found.  In  this  party,  one  hun- 
dred and  thirty  men  were  engaged,  the  second  in  command, 
under  Captain  Underhill,  being  Ensign  Yan  Dyck.  The 
party  having  landed  at  Greenwich,  commenced  their  march 
over  ground  covered  with  snow.  Being  led  by  a  trusty 
guide,  they  came  upon  the  Indian  village  upon  a  moonlight 
night,  finding  the  enemy,  however,  upon  the  alert.  They 
surrounded  the  village,  and  commenced  firing  upon  the 
people  as  they  showed  themselves,  and  finally  drove  the 
whole  within  the  houses,  whence  they  continued  the  battle. 
To  terminate  the  fight  the  habitations  were  fired,  and  the 


END  OP  THE  FIRST  INDIAN  WAR. 


51 


•whole  number,  not  already  killed  outside  the  houses,  were 
consumed  in  the  flames.  The  number  was  estimated  at  be- 
tween five  and  six  hundred,  including  men,  women  and 
children,  "  from  whom  not  a  cry  or  groan  escaped."  The 
expedition  returned  to  New  Amsterdam,  where  a  public 
thanksgiving  was  ordered  for  the  brilliant  success  attend- 
ing the  arms  of  the  Dutch.  This  battle  is  said  to  have 
taken  place  on  a  part  of  Horse  Xeck,  called  Strickland's 
Plain,  now  in  the  bounds  of  Greenwich,  Connecticut. 

This  decisive  event  put  an  end  to  the  war,  the  Indians 
having  concluded  to  ask  for  peace.  Accordingly,  in  April, 
1644,  Mamaranack,  chief  of  the  Indians  residing  on  the 
Kicktawank  or  Croton  river;  Mongackonon  Poppenohar- 
ron,  representing  the  Weckquaaskecks  and  Wockpeem; 
and  the  Wappings,  from  Stamford,  presented  themselves  at 
Fort  Amsterdam,  and  pledged  themselves  that  they  would 
not  henceforth  commit  any  injury  upon  the  white  people 
of  Xew  Netherland;  and  having  further  promised  to  de- 
liver up  Pachain,  a  chief  who  had  been  very  active  against 
the  Dutch,  peace  was  concluded,  the  Dutch  engaging,  on 
their  part,  not  to  trouble  the  Indians,  or  molest  them  in 
their  planting.  Several  of  the  Long  Island  tribes  soon 
after  appeared,  by  their  chiefs,  at  the  fort,  and  concluded 
a  similar  treaty.  Other  tribes  followed,  in  the  succeeding 
year,  at  which  period  the  first  open  war,  between  the  Dutch 
and  Indians,  may  be  said  to  have  closed. 


CHAPTER  Y. 


THE  ORGANIZATION  OF  MUNICIPAL  INSTITUTIONS,  AND  THE  EVENTS  OF  THE 
YEARS  1653,  1654  AND  1655. 

As  time  passed  on,  the  citizens,  whose  homes  had  become 
settled  in  New  Amsterdam;  whose  families  were  growing  up, 
and  many  of  whose  relatives  had  found  their  last  resting- 
place  within  its  limits,  began  to  feel  an  interest  in  the  well-be- 
ing of  the  place,  and  a  desire  for  its  advancement,  as  respects 
appearance  and  general  comfort.  These  sentiments,  how- 
ever, could  not  be  satisfactorily  manifested,  unless  the 
people  themselves  were  the  ministers  of  their  own  bounty, 
for  which  reason  it  was  desirable  that  the  town  should  be 
incorporated,  and  its  interests  subjected  to  the  management 
of  its  own  inhabitants.  Some  effort  toward  this  object 
had  been  made  as  early  as  the  year  1642,  by  an  application 
to  the  authorities  in  Holland  for  the  establishment  of  mu- 
nicipal institutions  in  this  town,  similar  to  those  of  the 
father-land.  No  definite  action,  however,  followed  the 
urgent  request  of  the  inhabitants  until  the  year  1652, 
when  a  separate  magistracy  was  allowed  to  the  city,  and 
the  town  received  a  quasi  incorporation,  under  the  govern- 
ment of  a  sellout,  two  burgomasters  and  five  schepens. 
This  organization,  though  not  sufficiently  independent  of 
the  general  administration  to  satisfy  the  desires  of  the 


City  Hall  of  New  Amsterdam,  in  which  the  Schout,  Burgomasters  and  Schepens 
held  their  sessions,  Fiuilt  in  the  year  1612.  Taken  down  in  the  year  1700. 
This  building  originally  faced  the  East  river,  but  at  the  period  when  this  view 
was  taken,  a  new  street  had  been  erected  along  the  river,  the  two  houses  on  the 
sides  of  the  above  view  facing  on  Cocnties  slip. 


The  residence  of  Governor  Stnyvesant  at  the  time  of  his  death,  situated  on  his 
farm  or  Bowery. 


• 


ORGANIZATION'  OF  THE  FIRST  MAGISTRACY. 


53 


people,  was  still  an  approach  toward  independence,  which 
at  once  gave  a  turn  to  the  affairs  of  the  town,  of  a  highly 
beneficial  nature. 

The  powers  of  the  magistrates  were  well-defined  with 
respect  to  their  judicial  functions,  having  original  juris- 
diction of  civil  and  criminal  cases,  arising  within  their 
limits,  subject  to  an  appeal  from  their  judgments,  to  the 
director  general  and  council.  Their  municipal  powers, 
however,  were  wholly  undefined,  and  being  created  under  a 
special  authority,  independent  of  the  general  government 
of  the  father-land,  they  cannot  be  said  to  have  had  any 
powers  whatever,  not  subject  to  the  controlling  voice  of 
the  director  general  and  his  council;  and  this  seems  to 
have  been  the  construction  put  upon  their  functions,  in 
some  cases  which  brought  the  subject  under  review. 
Nevertheless,  for  general  purposes,  it  was  conceded  that 
the  town  magistrates  were  invested  with  similar  powers  to 
those  of  the  like  officers  in  father-land;  and  were  au- 
thorized to  supervise  the  improvement  of  the  town,  to 
appoint  their  own  officers,  and  to  make  general  regulations 
for  their  observance. 

The  magistrates  were  to  be  appointed,  in  the  first 
instance,  by  the  director  general  and  his  council,  to  hold 
office  for  one  year;  and  in  course  of  time  they  were  privi- 
leged to  advise  the  government  as  to  the  appointment  of 
their  successors,  and  to  submit  a  nomination  for  his  consid- 
eration. 

The  separate  organization  of  the  town  being  thus  estab- 
lished, it  became  necessary  to  have  a  city-hall  or  town- 
house  for  the  use  of  the  magistrates,  to  which  purpose  the 
city  tavern,  which  had  been  built  by  the  government  in 
1642,  was  converted,  and  henceforth  became  known  as  the 


54 


CITY  MAGISTRACY. 


"stadt  huys."  The  magistrates  held  their  court  once  a 
fortnight,  the  bell  ringing  for  its  opening  at  nine  o'clock  in 
the  morning,  and  for  its  closing  at  12  o'clock.  If  business 
was  unfinished,  they  resumed  their  sessions  after  dinner, 
at  one  o'clock.  The  proceedings  of  the  court  were  of  a 
very  simple  character;  the  disputing  parties  generally 
appearing  in  person.  A  lawyer  from  Holland,  (Dirck  Yan 
Schelluyn)  settled  in  the  city,  soon  after  the  establishment 
of  this  court,  but  his  business  was  not  lucrative. 

Provision  had  been  made  to  compensate  the  Burgomas- 
ters, by  a  salary  of  three  hundred  and  fifty  guilders,  (one 
hundred  and  forty  dollars,)  and  the  Schepens  by  a  salary 
of  two  hundred  and  fifty  guilders,  (or  one  hundred  dollars) 
per  annum,  but  it  does  not  seem  that  they  ever  availed 
themselves  of  their  salary;  indeed,  it  would  appear  that 
there  were  no  funds  from  which  their  pay  could  be  drawn, 
as  the  "  chest,"  or  treasury,  was  but  poorly  supplied,  and 
the  current  expenditures  for  other  purposes  kept  it  at  a 
very  low  ebb.  At  some  seasons,  and  particularly  during 
the  progress  of  the  survey  of  the  town,  (to  be  afterward 
adverted  to,)  their  time  was  very  much  employed  in  city 
affairs,  to  the  detriment  of  their  personal  interests;  and 
looking  about  in  vain  for  remuneration,  they  conceived  the 
happy  thought  of  applying  to  the  general  government, 
respectfully  petitioning  "for  the  arrears  of  their  salary, 
so  long  forgotten,  in  order  that  once  seeing  the  fruits  of 
their  labors  they  may  be  encouraged  to  still  greater  zeal." 
Governor  Stuyvesant,  however,  gave  no  more  favorable 
reply  than  his  permission  that  they  should  draw  their 
salary  out  of  the  city  treasury,  as  he  had  nothing  to  do 
with  the  matter. 

Although  the  position  of  the  town  magistrates  was  one 


CITY  MAGISTRACY. 


55 


of  little  emolument,  it  was,  nevertheless,  deemed  a  place 
of  great  honor  and  respectability.  They  enjoyed  the  title 
of my  lord,"  and  an  elevated  place  on  all  ceremonious 
occasions.  On  Sundays,  they  occupied  a  separate  place  in 
church,  their  state  cushions  being  carried  by  the  bell- 
ringer,  from  the  city-hall,  and  placed  in  their  pew. 

The  first  entry  in  the  records  of  the  magistrates  of  this 
city  is  a  prayer,  which,  having  been  inserted  at  length  in 
their  minutes,  is  supposed  to  have  been  designed  by  them 
to  go  down  to  posterity,  and  is  therefore  given  in  full : 

"  0  God  of  Gods,  and  Lord  of  Lords,  Heavenly  and 
most  Merciful  Father  !  We  thank  thee  that  thou  hast  not 
only  created  us  in  thine  own  image,  but  that  thou  hast  re- 
ceived us  as  thy  children  and  guests  when  we  were  lost; 
and  in  addition  to  all  this,  it  has  pleased  thee  to  place  us 
in  the  government  of  thy  people  in  this  place. 

"  0  Lord,  our  God,  we,  thy  wretched  creatures,  acknowl- 
edge that  we  are  not  worthy  of  this  honor,  and  that  we 
have  neither  strength  nor  sufficiency  to  discharge  the  trust 
committed  to  us,  without  thine  assistance. 

"  We  beseech  thee,  oh  fountain  of  all  good  gifts,  qualify 
as  by  thy  grace,  that  we  may,  with  fidelity  and  righteous- 
ness, serve  in  our  respective  offices.  To  this  end  enlighten 
our  darkened  understandings,  that  we  may  be  able  to  dis- 
tinguish the  right  from  the  wrong;  the  truth  from  falsehood, 
and  that  we  may  give  pure  and  uncorrupted  decisions; 
having  an  eye  upon  thy  word,  a  sure  guide,  giving  to  the 
simple  wisdom  and  knowledge.  Let  thy  law  be  a  light 
unto  our  feet  and  a  lamp  to  our  path,  so  that  we  may  never 
turn  away  from  the  path  of  righteousness.  Deeply  impress 
on  all  our  minds  that  we  are  not  accountable  unto  men  but 
unto  God,  who  seeth  and  heareth  all  things.    Let  all 


56 


CITY  MAGISTRACY. 


respect  of  persons  be  far  removed  from  us,  that  we  may 
award  justice  unto  the  rich  and  the  poor,  unto  friends  and 
enemies  alike;  to  residents  and  to  strangers,  according  to 
the  law  of  truth;  and  that  not  one  of  us  may  swerve 
therefrom.  And  since  gifts  do  blind  the  eyes  of  the  wise, 
and  destroy  the  heart,  therefore  keep  our  hearts  aright. 
Grant  unto  us,  also,  that  we  may  not  rashly  prejudge  any 
one,  without  a  fair  hearing,  but  that  we  patiently  hear  the 
parties,  and  give  them  time  and  opportunity  for  defending 
themselves;  in  all  things  looking  up  to  thee  and  to  thy 
word  for  counsel  and  direction. 

"  Graciously  incline  our  hearts,  that  we  exercise  the 
power  which  thou  hast  given  us,  to  the  general  good  of  the 
community,  and  to  the  maintenance  of  the  church,  that  we 
may  be  praised  by  them  that  do  well,  and  a  terror  to  evil- 
doers. 

"  Incline,  also,  the  hearts  of  the  subjects  unto  due  obe- 
dience, so  that  through  their  respect  and  obedience  our 
burdens  may  be  made  the  lighter. 

"  Thou  knowest,  Oh  Lord,  that  the  wicked  and  ungodly 
do  generally  contemn  and  transgress  thine  ordinances, 
therefore  clothe  us  with  strength,  courage,  fortitude  and 
promptitude,  that  we  may,  with  proper  earnestness  and 
zeal,  be  steadfast  unto  the  death  against  all  sinners  and 
evil-doers. 

"  Oh,  good  and  gracious  God,  command  thy  blessing 
upon  all  our  adopted  resolutions,  that  they  may  be  ren- 
dered effectual,  and  redound  to  the  honor  of  thy  great  and 
holy  name,  to  the  greatest  good  of  the  trusts  committed  to 
us  and  to  our  salvation. 

"  Hear  and  answer  us,  Oh  gracious  God,  in  these  our  pe- 
titions, and  in  all  that  thou  seest  we  need,  through  the 


EXPECTED  ATTACK  FROM  THE  ENGLISH. 


57 


merits  of  Jesus  Christ  thy  beloved  son,  in  whose  name  we 
conclude  our  prayer." 

Events  happened  soon  after  the  organization  of  the  city 
magistracy,  which  for  a  time  delayed  the  promised  improve- 
ment of  the  town.  War  having  been  declared  between 
the  English  and  Dutch  nations  in  the  year  1652,  it  was 
expected  by  the  inhabitants  and  government  of  this  city, 
that  some  attempt  would  be  made  to  settle  the  long-dis- 
puted pretensions  of  the  English  to  the  country  occupied 
by  the  Dutch,  by  force  of  arms,  and  the  prudence  of  mak- 
ing needful  preparations  for  this  emergency  was  manifest 
to  all;  the  fort  was  therefore  repaired,  the  citizens  were 
enrolled  in  four  companies,  and  the  city  was  placed  under 
military  guard.  The  small  forces  of  the  Dutch  were, 
however,  so  inadequate  to  meet  the  superior  number  which 
could  be  mustered  in  the  New  England  colonies,  should 
an  assault  be  determined  upon,  that  it  was  evident  all 
attempt  at  defence  would  be  fruitless,  unless  some  artifi- 
cial defences  were  thrown  up,  to  maintain  the  town  against 
an  approach  on  the  land  side.  It  was  therefore  determined 
to  construct  a  line  of  works  along  the  outskirts  of  the 
town,  from  the  North  to  the  East  river.  About  forty  of 
the  principal  inhabitants  offered  a  loan  of  over  two 
thousand  dollars  for  carrying  on  this  work,  which  was 
commenced  about  the  1st  of  April,  1653. 

Commissioners  having  been  appointed  to  superintend 
the  work,  it  was  decided  to  build  it  in  the  following  man- 
ner :  posts  or  palisades,  twelve  feet  in  height  and  seven 
inches  in  diameter,  to  be  set  in  the  ground,  and  sided  up 
on  the  outside  with  boards;  on  the  inside  of  the  stockade 
a  ditch,  two  feet  wide  and  three  feet  deep,  to  be  dug,  the 
ground  being  thrown  up  against  the  fence — thus  making 


58 


ERECTION  OF  THE  FIRST  CITY  WALL. 


a  platform  of  sufficient  height  to  permit  the  assailed  to 
overlook  the  stockade.  The  work  was  completed  about 
the  1st  of  May,  1653.  It  extended  along  the  East  river 
shore,  from  near  the  present  head  of  Coenties  slip,  on  the 
line  of  Pearl  street,  and  crossed  the  cultivated  fields  to 
the  North  river,  its  line  being  marked  by  the  present  north 
side  of  Wall  street.  All  trade  and  business  was  at  a 
stand-still  during  its  progress,  every  citizen  lending  a 
helping  hand. 

During  the  whole  of  this  summer  (1653)  the  people  were 
under  arms,  not  knowing  the  moment  when  an  attempt 
would  be  made  against  the  city.  Rumors  from  New  Eng- 
land were  rife,  of  organizations  and  preparations  going  on 
there,  to  join  in  the  attempt.  It  would  seem,  however,  that 
the  energetic  measures  adopted  by  the  Dutch  Governor, 
and  the  attitude  assumed  by  his  people,  were  effectual  in 
deterring  the  inhabitants  of  New  England  from  pursuing 
their  designs  without  aid  from  their  home  government. 
The  year  1653,  therefore,  passed  over  without  any  attempt 
having  been  made  against  this  city. 

With  the  opening  of  the  following  year,  the  Dutch 
found  the  clanger  still  more  imminent  than  in  the  previ- 
ous season,  as  Cromwell,  who  was  then  in  power,  had 
been  persuaded  to  dispatch  a  fleet  to  America,  consisting 
of  four  ships,  the  avowed  destination  of  which  was  against 
this  city.  The  fleet,  touching  at  New  England  to  raise 
additional  forces,  remained  there  a  short  period,  and  in  the 
month  of  June  found  itself,  in  force,  nine  hundred  men  and 
a  troop  of  horse.  Their  arrival  at  New  England,  and  the 
extensive  preparations  going  on  there,  it  may  readily  be 
conceived,  caused  intense  excitement  in  this  city.  The 
commotion  was  very  great,  and  occasioned  not  the  less 


PEACE  BETWEEN"  ENGLAND  AND  HOLLAND. 


59 


disorder  from  the  circumstance  that  many  of  the  inhabit- 
ants counseled  the  surrender  of  the  town,  without  blood- 
shed; but  Governor  Stuyvesant  bore  clown  on  this  class  of 
citizens  the  whole  force  of  his  displeasure;  and  in  spite  of 
murmurs,  anxieties  and  misgivings,  the  preparations  for 
war  went  on,  amid  the  removal  of  women  and  non-combat- 
ants, goods  and  valuables,  beyond  the  reach  of  the  missiles 
of  destruction. 

By  a  providential  accident,  as  the  English  fleet  was 
about  to  set  sail  for  this  city,  a  vessel  was  observed  coming 
iato  their  harbor,  which  turned  out  to  be  the  bearer  of 
news  of  peace  concluded  between  England  and  Holland. 
On  receipt  of  this  intelligence  in  Xew  Amsterdam,  a  day 
of  thanksgiving  was  set  apart,  on  which  to  offer  up  thanks 
for  their  happy  deliverance  from  the  devastating  evils  of 
a  war. 

By  the  termination  of  these  difficulties,  the  people  of 
Xcw  Amsterdam  were  relieved  from  the  apprehensions  to 
which  they  had  been  subject,  and  were  left  to  arrange  the 
pecuniary  liabilities  in  which  they  had  become  involved. 
The  settlement  of  these  matters  went  further  toward 
alienating  the  minds  of  the  people  from  their  superiors 
than  any  which  had  previously  occurred.  The  West  India 
Company  had  originally  agreed  to  take  all  needful  measures 
for  the  defence  of  the  country  at  its  own  expense;  but 
Stuyvesant  caused  a  tax  to  be  laid  on  the  people,  to  defray 
the  debt  thus  incurred,  which  amounted  to  about  two 
thousand  five  hundred  dollars. 

The  people  of  this  city  were,  during  a  few  succeeding 
years,  relieved  from  the  apprehension  of  an  invasion  on 
the  part  of  the  English;  but  in  the  year  following  that  last 
spoken  of,  the  note  of  war  was  sounded  from  another 


60 


EXPEDITION  TO  THE  DELAWARE. 


direction.  A  colony  of  Swedes,  seeking  along  the  Ameri- 
can coast  a  spot  whereon  to  plant  themselves,  and  finding 
none  more  promising  than  the  head  of  Chesapeake  Bay, 
where  a  small  Dutch  colony  was  already  established,  ex- 
pelled that  colony  from  its  quarters,  and  settled  themselves 
in  its  place.  This  proceeding  having  been  communicated 
by  Stuyvesant  to  his  superiors  in  Holland,  he  received 
orders  to  move,  with  all  his  disposable  forces,  against  the 
intruders;  and  due  preparations  having  been  made,  on  the 
5th  of  September,  1655,  the  governor,  at  the  head  of  his 
forces,  set  out  on  this  expedition,  which  resulted  in  full 
success. 

But  while  the  city  was  thus  left  nearly  destitute  of  forces, 
and  slumbering  without  any  other  fear  than  that  which 
might  arise  for  the  welfare  of  their  friends  on  the  expedi- 
tion to  the  south,  the  amazement  and  dismay  of  the  inhab- 
itants may  be  imagined,  when,  on  the  morning  of  the  15th 
of  September,  before  day-break,  the  town  was  awakened  to 
find  itself  in  possession  of  the  Indians.  These,  to  the 
number  of  nearly  two  thousand  men,  in  sixty-four  canoes, 
having  drawn  up  on  the  shore,  spread  themselves  through 
the  streets  of  the  town,  offering,  however,  no  violence. 
Hastily  rising  from  their  slumbers,  the  inhabitants  gathered 
themselves  in  the  fort.  Messengers  were  sent,  to  learn 
from  the  Indians  the  occasion  of  their  visit;  but  they  gave 
little  satisfaction,  pretending  that  they  were  in  search  of 
some  Indians  from  the  north,  whom  they  supposed  to  be 
concealed  in  the  town.  This  answer,  however,  was  evi- 
dently evasive,  and  that  some  other  motive  induced  so 
strange  a  visit,  was  apparent.  It  soon  became  manifest 
that  they  had  come  hither  to  obtain  vengeance  for  the 
death  of  one  of  their  women,  who,  having  been  discovered 


FORAY  OF  INDIANS. 


61 


by  Hendrick  Yan  Dyck,  stealing  peaches  from  his  orchard, 
on  the  shore  of  the  North  river,  a  few  rods  below  the 
present  Rector  street,  had  been  shot  at  and  killed  by  him. 
Every  effort  was  now  made  to  pacify  the  natives,  and  to 
make  amends,  by  apology,  for  the  mishap;  and  finally,  to- 
ward evening,  the  Indians  were  persuaded  to  leave  the 
city,  and  take  quarters,  for  the  night,  on  Nutten  Island 
(now  Governor's  Island,)  whither  they  accordingly  de- 
parted. Soon  after  nightfall,  however,  the  fires  of  subdued 
passion  again  getting  the  mastery,  they  returned  in  a  body, 
and  seeking  out  their  victims,  they  wounded  Van  Dyck, 
in  the  breast,  with  an  arrow,  and  cut  down  his  neighbor, 
Captain  Yandiegrist,  with  an  axe.  But  the  citizens,  having 
congregated  in  the  fort,  made  a  desperate  assault  upon  the 
Indian  band,  and  drove  them  to  the  shore,  into  their  canoes, 
leaving  three  dead,  and  carrying  with  them  several  wound- 
ed; the  citizens  lost  two  killed  and  a  number  wounded. 
Passing  over  the  North  river,  the  Indians  killed  all'  the 
inhabitants  of  Pavonia  except  one  family;  on  Staten 
Island,  between  twenty  and  thirty  settlers  fell  victims.  In 
all,  twenty-eight  farms  were  destroyed,  with  their  cattle 
and  crops,  over  one  hundred  Christians  were  killed,  and 
one  hundred  and  fifty  taken  captive. 

The  whole  country  was  in  alarm,  and  the  country  people 
flocked  to  the  city  from  all  quarters.  The  Indians  were 
hovering  around  the  outskirts  of  the  town,  and  threaten- 
ing universal  destruction.  The  inhabitants  made  prepara- 
tions for  a  desperate  warfare,  raising  the  city  palisades  to 
a  still  greater  height,  to  prevent  the  "  over-loopen"  or 
escalading  of  the  Indians,  and  mustering  all  their  availa- 
ble forces  under  arms.  But  Governor  Stuyvesant,  on  his 
return  from  the  south,  profiting  by  the  experience  of  his 


62  QUIET  RESTORED. 

predecessor,  pursued  the  most  peaceful  means  of  establish- 
ing quiet  in  the  country,  and  by  presents  instead  of  blows, 
succeeded  in  effecting  the  release  of  the  captives,  and  in 
restoring  amicable  feelings  between  the  races.  The  Indian 
tribes,  engaged  in  this  foray,  were  those  inhabiting  the 
country  south  of  the  Highlands,  on  both  sides  of  the  North 
river. 


CHAPTER  VI. 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  CITY. 

After  the  quiet  of  the  country  was  restored,  and  events 
appeared  to  justify  the  inhabitants  in  the  expectation  that 
no  further  apprehension  need  be  felt  with  respect  to  the 
designs  of  England  against  the  Dutch  possessions  in  Amer- 
ica, the  progressive  welfare  of  the  city  received  the  atten- 
tion of  the  magistrates. 

The  city  then  contained  several  thoroughfares,  irregu- 
larly laid  out,  having  been  adapted  to  the  nature  of  the 
ground  in  its  original  state,  diversified  by  hills,  valleys, 
marshes  and  streams;  all  the  thoroughfares  being  yet  in 
the  condition  of  country  roads,  without  pavement  or  other 
improvement.  To  establish  some  regularity  with  regard 
to  the  streets,  was  a  primary  object,  with  which  intent  a 
survey  of  the  town  had  been  ordered  in  1654;  but  the  more 
stirring  events  of  that  year  had  caused  the  subject  to  drop 
for  that  time.  In  1656,  however,  this  survey  was  com- 
pleted; and  the  city  was  laid  down  upon  a  map,  and  con- 
firmed by  law,  "  to  remain,  from  that  time  forward,  without 
alteration." 

Most  of  the  houses  were  then  built  of  wood,  and  many 
of  them  in  such  a  rude  manner  as  to  have  chimneys  made 
of  boards,  and  merely  plastered,  and  roofs  thatched  with 


64  CITY  SURVEYED,  AND  STREETS  FIRST  NAMED. 

reeds;  these  were  ordered  to  be  improved,  so  as  to  avoid 
the  danger  of  fire.  When  new  lots  were  granted  by  the 
public  authorities,  which  were  only  to  actual  settlers, 
and  upon  condition  that  they  should  be  improved  without 
delay,  the  magistrates  were  strict  in  enforcing  perform 
ance  of  the  conditions;  and  as  several  persons  had  previ- 
ously received  grants  of  large  lots,  for  gardens,  which 
they  were  now  disposed  to  keep  in  their  original  condition, 
for  speculative  purposes,  these  were  ordered  either  to  sell 
or  build  on  their  lots,  and  in  case  of  refusal,  the  lots  were 
taxed.  The  burgomasters  also  enacted  orders  against 
casting  filth  into  the  streets;  for  the  removal  of  hog  pens 
and  hay  barracks  from  the  fronts  of  the  streets;  and  for 
the  building  of  fences  so  as  to  leave  no  lots  open  on  the 
highway. 

The  streets  established  by  this  original  survey  of  the 
city,  were  named  as  follows:  T'Marckvelt;  Be  Heere  straat; 
Be  Hoogh  straat;  Be  Wall;  T  Water;  Be  Perel  straat; 
Aghter  de  Perel  straat;  Be  Brouwer  straat;  Be  Winckel 
straat;  Be  Brugh  straat;  Be  Heere  graft;  Be  Prince  graft; 
Be  Prince  straat;  Be  Bever  graft;  T.  Marckvelt  steegie; 
Be  Smee  straat;  Be  Smits  Valey.  The  locality  of  these 
streets,  with  particulars  of  their  early  history,  will  be 
found  in  a  subsequent  part  of  this  book. 

In  the  year  1658,  stone  pavements  were  first  laid  in  the 
streets  of  this  city;  the  street  earliest  improved  in  this 
manner,  being  the  present  Stone  street,  between  Broad 
and  Whitehall  streets.  The  pavement  of  Bridge  street 
followed,  in  the  same  year;  and  within  the  subsequent  two 
years  several  of  the  other  streets,  most  used,  and  situated 
in  low  ground,  were  likewise  paved.  These  pavements 
were  of  cobble  stones,  without  foot-walks  for  passengers — 


WHARF  ALONG  THE  EAST  RIVER  SHORE.  65 

the  gutter,  for  carrying  off  the  water,  running  through  the 
middle  of  the  street. 

Among  the  most  important  improvements  of  that  day, 
was  that  undertaken  for  the  protection  of  the  shore  along 
the  East  river,  from  the  washing  of  the  tide.  This  work 
had  been  partially  done  by  the  inhabitants  whose  lots 
fronted  on  the  water,  but  so  imperfectly  as  to  occasion  the 
necessity  of  a  general  ordinance.  At  some  places  rough 
stone  walls  had  been  built  along  the  shore;  at  others, 
planks  had  been  driven  into  the  ground,  and  at  others,  no 
improvement  had  been  made.  It  was  designed  to  extend 
the  whole  distance  below  Wall  street,  on  the  present  south 
line  of  Pearl  street.  The  general  ordinance  under  which 
this  work  was  constructed,  was  as  follows:  "  Whereas,  the 
sheeting  in  front  of  the  city  hall,  and  before  the  city  gate, 
(at  Wall  street,)  on  the  East  river,  and  some  other  places 
thereabout,  is  finished,  and  some  is  also  begun  by  others, 
therefore,  for  the  uniformity  of  the  work,  all  who  have 
houses  on  the  water  side,  between  the  city-hall  and  the 
gate  are  ordered  to  line  the  banks  with  plank,  according 
to  the  general  plan  and  survey;  to  be  completed  between 
this  and  17th  December,  1656.'' 

Up  to  the  period  of  which  we  now  write,  there  had  been 
but  one  wharf  in  the  town:  the  ships  were  in  the  custom 
of  mooring  in  the  East  river,  and  sending  their  cargoes 
ashore  in  scows.  This  wharf,  which  was  on  the  present 
line  of  Moore  street,  running  out  from  Pearl  street,  was 
of  small  dimensions,  extending  but  little  further  into  the 
stream  than  low  water  mark,  and  scows  were  compelled 
to  come  up  at  the  head  of  the  pier.  We  find  mention  of 
this  wharf  first  in  1614,  though  it  had,  probably,  existed 
from  the  first  settlement  of  the  town.  To  this  pier  an 
5 


66 


ESTABLISHMENT  OF  PUBLIC  MARKETS. 


addition  was  made,  in  the  year  1659,  by  an  extension  of 
fifty  feet.  The  vicinity  of  this  place  was  the  centre  of 
trade  for  many  years,  several  of  the  principal  merchants, 
in  the  times  of  the  Dutch,  occupying  the  present  north 
side  of  Pearl  street,  between  Broad  and  Whitehall  streets. 

The  first  establishment  of  public  markets  may  be  set 
down  at  this  period.  Some  attempt,  without  permanent 
success,  had  been  previously  made  toward  this  object,  and 
the  custom  had,  until  this  time,  commonly  prevailed  of 
country  people  bringing  their  products  to  town,  and  retail- 
ing them  from  door  to  door,  or  waiting  at  convenient 
localities  for  transient  custom.  In  the  spirit  of  progress, 
which  prevailed  in  1656,  it  was  enacted  that  "  whereas, 
divers  articles,  such  as  meat,  pork,  butter,  cheese,  turnips, 
cabbage,  and  other  country  produce,  are  from  time  to  time 
brought  here  for  sale  by  the  people  living  in  the  country, 
and  oftentimes  wait  at  the  strand,  (foot  of  Whitehall  street) 
without  the  people  living  out  of  that  immediate  neighbor- 
hood knowing  that  such  things  are  for  sale  in  town;  there- 
fore, it  is  ordered  that  from  this  time  forward,  Saturday  in 
each  week  shall  be  appointed  as  market  day,  the  articles  to 
be  brought  on  the  beach,  near  Mr.  Hans  Kiersted's  house, 
of  which  all  shall  take  notice."  The  house  of  Dr.  Kiersted, 
here  referred  to,  occupied  the  present  north-east  corner  of 
Pearl  and  Whitehall  streets.  The  country  market,  or 
place  for  the  standing  of  country  wagons,  remained  at 
this  place  for  many  subsequent  years. 

In  the  year  1658,  a  meat  market  was  established,  and  a 
small  house  erected  for  that  purpose  on  the  plain  in  front 
of  the  fort,  or  the  present  site, of  the  Bowling  Green;  and 
in  1659  a  great  yearly  fair  for  the  sale  of  cattle,  was  estab- 
lished in  this  city,  the  exchange  or  meeting-place  for  the 


OUTSKIRTS  OF  THE  CITY. 


67 


buyers  and  sellers  being  at  the  present  Bowling  Green. 
The  cattle  were  ranged  along  the  west  side  of  Broadway, 
posts  having  been  driven  in  front  of  the  church-yard,  (near 
Morris  street)  to  which  the  animals  were  fastened.  This 
great  fair  commenced  annually,  on  the  20th  of  October 
and  closed  the  last  of  November;  its  continuance,  there- 
fore, being  about  six  weeks.  It  was  the  principal  season 
of  trade  in  New  Amsterdam.  Strangers  from  all  the 
neighboring  country,  extending  to  the  English  settlements 
in  Connecticut  and  on  Long  Island,  being  then  attracted 
to  the  city.  During  that  time  no  stranger  was  liable  to 
arrest  for  debt,  and  every  encouragement  was  given,  to 
induce  the  assemblage  of  a  large  concourse  of  people. 
This  yearly  fair  continued  to  be  held  in  the  city  for  more 
than  thirty  years  subsequently. 

With  respect  to  the  condition  of  the  island,  beyond  the 
immediate  limits  of  the  city — there  were,  at  this  time,  a 
considerable  number  of  farms  under  cultivation,  but  the 
greater  portion  of  the  island  still  lay  without  inclosures, 
used  as  commons  for  the  running  of  cattle.  A  part  of 
these  common  lands  lying  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  fresh- 
water ponds,  on  and  adjacent  to  the  present  Park,  was 
fenced  in  and  appropriated  to  the  pasturage  of  the  cows 
belonging  to  the  inhabitants  of  the  town.  These  were 
driven  forth  in  the  morning,  through  the  gates  of  the  city, 
along  the  present  Broadway,  and  through  Pearl  street  and 
Maiden  lane,  and  were  returned  in  the  evening.  A  person 
named  Gabriel  Carpesy,  residing  on  the  present  William 
street,  near  Hanover  square,  followed,  for  some  years,  the 
business  of  a  herdsman,  and  was  employed  by  many  of  the 
inhabitants  to  take  charge  of  the  morning  and  evening 


68 


UPPER  SECTION  OF  THE  ISLAND. 


.  journeys  of  their  cattle.  The  manner  of  collecting  the 
droves  was  by  perambulating  the  several  streets,  and 
blowing  a  horn  at  the  gates  of  the  inhabitants,  whose 
business  it  then  was  to  have  their  cows  in  readiness  to  be 
turned  out  to  join  the  drove.  On  the  return,  at  evening, 
the  animals,  accustomed  to  their  own  domicil,  left  their 
company  and  awaited  at  their  gate  the  attention  of 
the  family,  the  herdsman  blowing  his  horn  as  he  passed 
along. 

There  was  a  large  portion  of  the  island  without  inclos- 
ure,  and  generally  covered  by  woods,  in  which  were 
running  a  large  number  of  domestic  animals,  of  every 
kind  and  all  genders,  placed  there  to  multiply  and  to 
replenish  the  land.  These  animals  were  the  property 
of  individual  owners,  the  marks  of  whom  were  branded 
upon  them,  at  certain  seasons,  by  officers  specially 
authorized  for  that  purpose.  On  these  occasions,  public 
notice  was  given  by  the  "  brand-masters,"  and  the  animals, 
with  their  young,  were  driven  into  one  section  of  the 
island,  where  the  whole  being  branded  anew,  were  turned 
loose  again  into  the  woods. 

The  road  to  Harlem,  in  those  times,  lay  mostly  through 
the  woods,  and  was  in  a  condition  hardly  fit  for  travel  in 
many  seasons.  Some  years  subsequently,  (1671)  a  new 
road  was  found  necessary,  the  first  having  become  im- 
passable. The  village  of  New  Harlem,  as  it  was  then 
called,  was  composed  of  a  community  of  farmers,  the 
flat  and  fertile  section  in  that  vicinity,  having  been 
early  chosen  as  the  most  desirable  farming  lands  on  this 
island.  A  small  tavern  stood  on  the  banks  of  Harlem 
river,  from  which  boats  took  passengers  to  the  opposite 


THE  "BOUWERY.*' 


69 


shore.  This  tavern  was  the  occasional  point  of  excursion 
for  riding  parties  from  the  city,  and  was  generally  known 
as  the  "  Wedding-Place." 

On  the  road  to  Harlem,  near  the  Governor's  farm  or 
"  Bouwery,"  a  small  settlement  of  three  or  four  houses 
sprung  up,  about  the  time  of  Governor  Stuyvesant,  a 
tavern  having  been  set  up  there  by  a  Mr.  Jansen.  This 
place  became  a  resort  to  pedestrians  from  the  town,  the 
road  having  been  handsomely  laid  out,  of  unusual  width, 
and  greatly  improved  under  Stuyvesant's  direction.  One 
or  two  small  taverns  were  on  the  road  between  the  town 
and  the  "  Bouwery,"  the  principal  of  which  was  that  of 
Wolfert  Webber,  near  the  present  Chatham  square,  who 
was,  probably,  the  earliest  settler  on  that  road  between 
the  city  and  Harlem.  Webber's  house  was  built  in  the 
year  1648,  and  had  been  the  centre  of  many  scenes  of  stir- 
ring incident,  having  frequently  been  assaulted  and  robbed 
in  times  of  Indian  troubles. 

The  only  other  hamlet  or  village  on  the  island,  was  at 
"  Sapokanican,"  afterward  called  Greenwich,  and  now  in 
the  Eighth  and  Ninth  Wards  of  this  city.  Plantations 
were  established  here  soon  after  the  settlement  of  the 
island,  and  at  the  time  of  Governor  Stuyvesant,  a  few 
houses  formed  a  small  village  there. 

It  was  before  observed  that  several  plantations  on  this 
island,  were  under  cultivation  by  individuals.  The  West 
India  Company  also  owned  several  large  farms  which  they 
had  selected  and  reserved  to  themselves,  soon  after  the 
settlement  of  the  island.  One  of  these,  commonly  called 
the  Company's  Farm,  lay  on  the  present  west  side  of 
Broadway,  between  Chambers  and  Fulton  streets,  and 


70 


FARMS. 


extending  to  the  North  river  shore.  It  was  confiscated 
by  the  English,  and  became  afterward  known  as  the 
King's  Farm.  Subsequently  it  was  ceded  to  the  Trinity 
Church.  Three  other  farms  were  let  out  to  tenants. 
They  lay  along  the  high  road,  at  present  known  as  Chat- 
ham street  and  the  Bowery. 


CHAPTER  VII. 


TlIK  CONDITION  OF  THE  CITY  AT  THE  TIME  OF  THE  CAPITULATION  TO  THE 
ENGLISH  IN  1664. 

To  illustrate  the  early  condition  of  the  city,  it  is  pro- 
posed to  adopt  the  period  at  which  the  rule  of  the  Dutch 
terminated,  after  the  city  had  been  under  their  auspices 
between  thirty  and  forty  years,  and  had  grown  up  to 
be  a  considerable  town,  of  about  fifteen  hundred  inhabit- 
ants; and  for  the  purpose  of  presenting  the  Dutch  city  in 
its  precise  aspect,  we  shall  conduct  the  reader  through 
every  street,  and  particularize  the  several  residents. 

It  has  been  observed  that  the  boundary  of  the  city  w  as 
principally  defined  by  the  stockades  erected,  in  1653,  on 
the  present  line  of  Wall  street;  and  also,  that  along  the 
west  side  of  the  road,  on  the  shore  of  the  East  river,  on 
the  present  line  of  Pearl  street,  several  of  the  citizens  had 
established  their  residences,  at  a  very  early  period.  This 
road,  between  the  city  gate  and  the  ferry,  at  the  present 
site  of  Peck  slip,  was  known  as  "  De  Smit's  Valey,"  or 
"  The  Smith's  Valley.  The  origin  of  this  name  is  ascribed 
to  the  circumstance  that  Cornelius  Clopper,  a  blacksmith, 
established  himself  on  the  present  corner  of  Maiden  lane 
and  Pearl  street.  Here  he  intercepted  the  country  people 
from  Long  Island,  and  pursued  a  profitable  business;  mak- 


72 


SMIT'S  VALLEY. 


ing  his  shop  a  point  of  sufficient  attention  to  give  a  dis- 
tinctive appellation  to  the  road  on  which  it  lay.  The 
"  Smit's  Valley"  was,  for  a  long  period,  the  common  name 
of  that  part  of  the  town  lying  between  Wall  street  and 
the  present  Franklin  square;  it  was,  in  subsequent  years, 
known  as  the  "  Valey,"  "  Vly"  or  "  Fly."  At  the  period 
here  referred  to,  the  road  ran  along  the  shore,  near  the 
high  water  mark,  and  there  were,  consequently,  no  build- 
ings on  the  east  side.    The  inhabitants  were — 

Thomas  Hall.  The  residence  of  Mr.  Hall  was  on  a  hill 
near  the  present  Beekman  street.  He  was  an  Englishman 
by  birth;  but  having  joined,  with  others  from  New  Eng- 
land, in  an  attempt  upon  the  Dutch  colony  at  the  mouth  of 
Delaware  river,  had  been  taken  prisoner,  and  sent  to  this 
city.  Himself  and  companions  were  leniently  treated  by 
the  authorities,  and  were  permitted  to  enjoy  the  rights  of 
Dutch  citizens.  Mr.  Hall  and  his  partner,  in  the  year 
1639,  established  a  tobacco  plantation  at  "  Deutle  Bay," 
(Turtle  Bay,)  on  the  East  river.  In  the  year  1654,  he  pur- 
chased the  property  on  which  he  afterward  resided.  He 
died  in  the  year  1670,  leaving  no  children.  His  widow 
sold  the  property  to  William  Beekman;  it  consisted  of  a 
considerable  farm,  the  present  Beekman  street  running 
through  it.  Mrs.  Hall,  after  the  death  of  her  husband,  re- 
sided in  Wall  street,  and  died  in  the  year  1686. 

Abraham  Verplanck  occupied  premises  next  below  those 
of  Mr.  Hall,  his  property  lying  in  the  neighborhood  of 
the  present  Fulton  street.  Mr.  Verplanck  had,  at  this 
time,  become  somewhat  advanced  in  years,  having  been  a 
resident  of  this  place  from  a  very  early  period.  He  had 
married  a  step-daughter  of  Jan  Jansen  Damen,  a  man  of 
note  in  the  early  times  in  this  city.    His  wife  died  in  the 


smit's  valley. 


73 


year  1671;  he  survived  her  inany  years,  and  died  at  an  ad- 
vanced age.  Mr.  Yerplanck  left  two  sons,  Guleyn  and 
Isaac,  and  several  daughters.  The  latter  son  established 
himself  in  Albany;  Guleyn,  having  served  his  clerkship 
with  Allard  Anthony,  an  eminent  merchant  of  this  city, 
engaged  in  business  about  the  year  1656,  and  married 
Hendrica  Wessells.    He  died  in  1681. 

Lambert  Huybertson  Mol.  Next  adjoining  the  premises 
of  Mr.  Yerplanck,  was  the  residence  of  this  gentleman  ; 
who,  in  company  with  his  brother,  carried  on  the  business 
of  ship-builders. 

Abraham  Lamberzen  Mol,  occupied  the  premises  ad- 
joining. 

John  Vinje,  (pronounced  Yangee.)  This  citizen  resided 
near  Maiden  lane,  at  some  distance  back  from  the  road,  on 
property  originally  granted  to  Jan  Jansen  Damen,  in 
1644.  The  Damen  farm  extended  between  the  North  and 
East  rivers,  and  between  Wall  street  and  Maiden  lane. 
Mr.  Yinje  was  one  of  the  heirs  of  Damon's  property;  he 
was  a  married  man,  but  had  no  children.  On  his  decease, 
in  the  year  1691,  his  name  became  extinct  in  this  city. 

Stoffel  Elsworth,  was  a  boat-builder  of  respectable  stand- 
ing, who  resided  on  this  street  many  years. 

Joost  Carelzen,  a  ship-carpenter;  his  premises  being  a 
short  distance  above  Maiden  lane,  where  he  resided  nearly 
fifty  years. 

Henry  Brazier,  came  to  this  city  many  years  previous  to 
the  time  now  referred  to.  In  1644  he  patented  thirty- 
three  acres  of  land,  near  the  present  Franklin  square,  ex- 
tending down  to  the  meadow  called  Wolfert's  Yalley,  in 
the  vicinity  of  the  present  Roosevelt  and  adjacent  streets. 
He  resided,  for  many  years,  in  the  Smith's  Yalley,  near 


74 


SMIT  S  VALLEY. 


Maiden  lane,  and  died  at  an  advanced  age,  in  1691,  leaving 
a  widow  and  three  sons,  Abraham,  Henry  and  Isaac. 

Widow  Lawrenzen  and  Pieter  Lawrenze?i,  occupied  two 
small  houses  adjoining  Mr.  Brazier. 

John  Jldriance,  a  ship-builder,  occupied  the  adjoining 
premises,  which  fronted  on  Maiden  lane. 

Cornelius  Jansen  Clopper,  who  had  long  resided  on  the 
corner  of  Maiden  lane,  was  considered,  in  his  day,  as  one 
of  the  wealthy  citizens.  At  his  death  he  left  two  sons — 
Johannes  and  Cornelius — and  four  daughters. 

Pieter  Harmenzen,  a  ship-carpenter,  occupied  premises 
fronting  on  Maiden  lane. 

Pieter  Jansen,  also  a  ship-carpenter,  occupied  premises 
on  Maiden  lane. 

Martin  Clasen,  a  blacksmith,  in  good  circumstances,  re- 
sided near  Maiden  lane. 

Jan  Jansen  Bush,  a  tailor,  adjoining  the  above. 

James  Wei. 

Augustyn  Heermans,  a  native  of  Bohemia,  came  to  this 
town  about  the  year  1633,  in  the  employment  of  the  West 
India  Company,  and  afterward  engaged  in  mercantile 
pursuits.  He  held  several  offices  of  importance,  and  ac- 
quired a  large  real  estate  in  this  city.  Mr.  Heermans  had 
cultivated  a  taste  for  drawing,  and,  in  1656,  made  a  sketch 
of  this  city,  a  copy  of  which  is  given  on  the  map  fronting 
the  title  page  of  this  work.  His  residence  embraced  an 
orchard  and  an  extensive  garden,  situated  on  the  west  side 
of  the  present  Pearl  street,  covering  the  line  of  Pine  street. 
After  the  surrender  of  the  town  to  the  English,  he  removed 
to  Maryland,  where  he  had  extensive  interests;  his  son, 
Ephraim,  remained  here  to  close  his  father's  business,  and 
held,  for  some  time,  a  clerkship  in  the  City  Office.  The 


HOOGH  STRAAT. 


75 


property  now  spoken  of  was  sold  to  George  Heathcott, 
an  English  merchant,  who  established  his  residence  in  this 
city. 


We  have  thus  far  traced  the  road  from  Franklin  square 
to  Wall  street,  and  have  come  to  the  "  Water-poort,"  or 
W^ater  gate,  being  the  entrance  within  the  line  of  the  city 
palisades,  on  the  present  line  of  Wall  street.  This  gate 
was  a  heavy  wooden  structure,  which  was  closed  at  bell- 
ringing  in  the  evening  (9  o'clock,)  and  opened  at  sunrise  in 
the  morning. 

After  we  have  thus  entered  within  the  fortified  limits  of 
the  city,  we  have  still  the  water  upon  the  left  hand,  and  a 
line  of  buildings  upon  the  right,  not  very  compactly  built. 
This  was  the  beginning  of  what  was,  at  the  period  now 
referred  to,  called  the  :i  Hoogh  straat,"  or  High  street; 
which  name  was  then  applied  to  a  part  of  the  original  road 
along  the  water  side,  extendiug  between  Broad  and  Wall 
streets,  the  line  being  now  marked  by  the  north  side 
of  Pearl  street,  between  Wall  and  William  streets,  and 
both  sides  of  Stone  street,  between  William  and  Broad 
streets. 

Annekin  Litschoe  occupied  the  first  house  within  the  city 
gate.  Daniel  Litschoe,  her  late  husband,  was  one  of  the 
earliest  emigrants  to  this  city,  having  come  hither  in  the 
military  service,  as  ensign.  Having  married  a  widow  in 
this  place,  he  established  an  inn  at  the  spot  now  spoken 
of,  then  on  the  outskirts  of  the  town.  His  tavern  became 
the  resort  of  the  country  people  from  Long  Island,  who 
visited  the  city,  and  approached  it  along  the  road  at  the 
water  side.    Mr.  Litschoe  having  died  about  the  year 


76 


HOOGH  STRAAT. 


1660,  his  widow  continued  the  business  for  a  number  of 
years,  but  having  become  advanced  in  life,  sold  her  proper- 
ty. She  died  in  the  year  1679,  leaving  a  son  by  her 
former  marriage,  and  a  daughter  of  Mr.  Litschoe.  His 
name,  therefore,  became  extinct  among  his  descendants. 

John  Lawrence  occupied  the  adjoining  premises,  in  which 
he  carried  on  business  as  a  merchant.  Mr.  Lawrence  was 
an  Englishman  by  birth,  and  one  of  three  brothers  who 
emigrated  to  this  country  in  the  time  of  Charles  I.  He 
resided,  for  some  time,  at  Flushing,  Long  Island,  of  which 
he  was  one  of  the  patentees,  and  afterward  engaged  in 
business  in  this  city.  He  became  a  prominent  man  in 
public  life,  and  held  various  offices  of  importance.  In 
the  years  1673  and  1691  he  was  mayor  of  the  city.  He 
died  in  the  year  1699,  at  the  age  of  eighty  years  and 
upward. 

Andries  Joghmizen,  a  sail-maker,  occupied  the  adjoining 
premises,  containing  thirty-one  feet  front  and  eighty-one 
feet  in  depth.    He  died  about  the  year  1675. 

Abraham  Lubberts,  residing  next  adjoining;  he  subse- 
quently removed  to  Elizabethtown,  N.  J. 

Reinhout  Reinhoutsen  occupied  the  adjoining  premises, 
forty  feet  front  and  one  hundred  and  eighty  feet  in  depth. 
After  the  surrender  to  the  English,  he  sold  his  property, 
and  removed  elsewhere. 

Govert  Loockermans,  the  original  patentee  of  property  in 
this  neighborhood,  resided  on  the  present  north  side  of 
Hanover  square.  He  was  a  shipping  merchant  and  general 
trader,  and  one  of  the  wealthiest  citizens  of  his  time.  He 
died  in  the  year  1671,  leaving  his  widow,  Mary,  and  three 
children.  One  daughter  married  Cornelius  Dircksen; 
another  married,  first,  Pieter   Cornelisen  Vanderveen, 


HOOGH  STRAAT. 


77 


and  secondly,  Jacob  Leisler;  and  one  son,  Jacob.  The 
widow  died  in  1678;  her  son  Jacob,  who  was  a  physician 
soon  after  sold  the  property  to  his  brother-in-law,  Jacob 
Leisler,  and  left  this  part  of  the  country,  establishing  him- 
self at  St.  Mary's,  Maryland,  where  his  father  had  acquired 
large  possessions. 

Johannes  Pietersen  Van  Brugh  occupied  the  adjoining 
premises,  one  of  the  best  in  town,  near  the  corner  of  the 
present  William  street.  Mr.  Yan  Brugh  was,  in  early 
life,  connected  with  the  establishment  of  the  West  India 
Company,  in  this  city,  and  married  a  daughter-in-law  of 
Doniine  Bogardus.  He  held  various  stations  of  a  public 
nature,  and  was  one  of  the  leading  citizens  of  his  day.  . 
He  died  in  the  year  1699,  leaving  several  children. 

The  present  north-west  corner  of  Hanover  square  and 
William  street  was  then  a  vacant  lot,  owned  by  Borger 
Joris,  a  blacksmith,  who  was  the  grantee  of  property  at 
and  adjacent  to  this  spot,  at  a  very  early  period.  From 
him  came  the  name  once  applied  to  the  present  William 
street  and  Old  slip,  of  "  Borger  Joris'  Path" — afterward, 
for  many  years,  known  as  "  Burgher's  Path."  Joris,  after 
many  years  residence  in  this  city,  removed  to  Long 
Island. 

Continuing  down  "  Hoogh  straat,"  between  the  present 
William  and  Broad  streets,  on  the  present  line  of  Stone 
street,  we  find  the  following  inhabitants  : 

Warner  Wessells  was  a  hatter  by  trade.  His  mother, 
Mettie  Wessells,  kept  an  inn  in  this  city  for  many 
years. 

Birch  Janscn  Vandeve?iter,  a  ship-carpenter,  died  in  1686. 
Jeremias  Jansen. 

Abram  Clock  occupied  the  south-west  corner  of  the 


78 


HOOGH  STRAAT. 


present  Stone  and  William  streets,  extending  to  Pearl 
street.  He  died  soon  after  the  period  now  referred  to, 
leaving  a  widow,  Tryntje,  and  several  children.  , 

Isaac  Bedlow  was  engaged,  in  this  city,  in  mercantile 
pursuits,  from  an  early  period,  and  became  one  of  the  most 
extensive  traders.    He  died  in  1672. 

Evert  Duyckink  came  to  this  country  at  an  early  period, 
in  the  service  of  the  West  India  Company,  in  whose  em- 
ployment he  resided,  for  some  time,  on  the  Connecticut 
river.  On  his  return  to  the  city,  he  procured  the  grant  of 
a  lot  on  the  south  side  of  the  present  Stone  street.  He 
died  about  the  year  1680,  leaving  a  widow  and  several 
children. 

Christopher  Hooghland  was,  in  his  youth  a  clerk  for 
Govert  Loockermans,  in  the  mercantile  trade,  and  com- 
menced business  on  his  own  account  about  the  year  1658. 
He  died  in  the  year  1686,  having  previously  occupied 
several  public  stations  of  importance.  His  widow  and 
children  subsequently  resided  on  the  south-east  corner  of 
Broadway  and  Maiden  lane. 

Abigail  Verplanck. 

David  Joghimsen,  a  sloop  captain  and  trader  on  the 
North  river,  died  in  the  year  1682. 

Asser  Levy  subsequently  purchased  the  property  of  Mrs. 
Litschoe,  near  the  gate,  and  continued  the  old  tavern  at 
that  place.  He  died  in  the  year  1682;  his  family,  soon 
after,  removing  to  Long  Island. 

Barcnt  Coerten,  a  merchant,  in  good  circumstances,  died 
in  1689. 

Arien  Huyberzen. 

Wessell  Evertsen,  the  original  patentee  of  between  two 
and  three  hundred  feet  in  front,  on  the  north  side  of  this 


HOOGH  STRAAT. 


79 


street,  (then,  in  1546,  a  road,)  had  built  a  dwelling,  in  the 
year  1662,  in  which  he  resided. 

Arent  Isaacksen,  a  shoemaker,  resided  on  the  south  side 
of  the  street. 

Cornelius  Jansen. 

Cornelius  Pluvier,  a  baker,  had  recently  established  his 
residence  in  this  city,  where  he  acquired  a  considerable 
property,  and  left  several  descendants. 

Cors  Jansen . 

Hendrick  Asueris. 

Johannes  JVcvius  was  in  early  life,  engaged  in  mercantile 
pursuits,  and  married  a  daughter  of  Cornelius  de  Potter, 
a  shipping  merchant  in  this  city.  In  the  year  1655  he  was 
appointed  one  of  the  city  magistrates,  and,  in  1658,  on 
the  resignation  of  Jacob  Kip,  Secretary  of  the  Court  of 
Burgomasters  and  Schepens,  Mr.  Nevius  was  appointed  his 
successor,  and  held  the  office  until  after  the  surrender  to 
the  English,  when  he  retired  from  public  life,  and  subse- 
quently resided  at  the  ferry  landing  on  Long  Island. 

Pieter  Jansen  Schol. 

Nicholas  de  Meyer,  a  merchant,  married,  in  the  "year 
1655,  Luda,  a  daughter  of  Hendrick  Vandyck,  formerly 
Attorney  General.  Mr.  de  Meyer  held  several  stations  of 
public  trust,  among  others,  that  of  mayor  of  the  city,  in 
1676.    He  died  in  the  year  1690,  leaving  six  children. 

Hugh  Barenzen  Clem. 

Walraven  Clearhout,  a  merchant. 

Frerick  Hendricksen,  a  cooper. 

Alexander  Stultke. 

Sybout  Clascn,  a  carpenter,  then  residing  on  the  south 
side  of  the  street,  near  Broad  street,  was  among  the  early 
emigrants.    He  married  in  the  year  1646,  and  resided  ad- 


80 


HOOGH  STRAAT. 


joining  Domine  Bogardus.  He  removed  to  the  place  now 
spoken  of,  in  1654,  and  died  in  the  year  1679,  in  prosper- 
ous circumstances. 

Adrian  Van  Laar,  a  tanner  and  shoemaker. 

Aldert  Coninck,  a  tailor,  resided  on  the  North  side  of  the 
street,  his  premises  being  twenty-one  feet  front  and  ninety 
in  depth. 

Jacob  Van  Couwenhoven  was  one  of  two  brothers,  (the 
other  being  named  Pieter,)  step-sons  of  Wolfert  Gerritsen. 
In  1615  a  grant  was  made  to  Mr.  V.  C,  of  property  on 
the  present  north-east  corner  of  Stone  and  Broad  streets, 
where  he  erected  extensive  buildings  of  stone,  and  engaged 
in  the  brewing  business.  His  business  operations  were 
not  prosperous,  and  his  property  became  encumbered  with 
mortgages;  he,  however,  held  its  possession  until  his  death, 
in  the  year  1670. 

Joannes  Van  Couwenhoven  resided  on  the  same  premises, 
afterward  a  prosperous  brewer. 

Lambert  Barenzen. 

Hendrick  Vandewater,  soon  after  this  period,  removed 
to  the  vicinity  of  the  present  Franklin  square,  where  he 
died.  The  property  of  the  family,  at  that  place,  con- 
sisting of  about  eight  acres,  gave  the  name  to  the  present 
Vandewater  street. 

Lawrence  Vanderspeigle,  a  man  of  considerable  property, 
Walter  Salter  removed  from  this  city  in  1666. 


CHAPTER  VIII. 


CONDITION  OF  THE  CITY  AT  THE  TIME  OF  THE    CAPITULATION  TO  THE 
ENGLISH  IN  1664,  CONTINUED. 

We  have  thus  far,  in  the  previous  chapter,  conducted  our 
readers  within  the  city  walls,  through  the  ancient  "  Hoogh 
straat,"  which,  as  has  been  stated  in  former  parts  of  this 
book,  was  originally  the  line  of  a  road  from  the  fort  to  the 
ferry,  along  the  river  shore.  At  the  period  of  which  we 
are  now  writing,  there  had  been  constructed  a  street,  facing 
the  water  between  Broad  and  William  streets,  on  the 
present  line  of  the  north  side  of  Pearl  street.  This  street 
was  called  the  "  Waal,"  from  the  circumstance  of  the  river 
shore  being  faced  with  a  siding  of  boards,  to  prevent  the 
washing  of  the  tide  on  the  street — its  history  being  as 
follows  :  After  the  conclusion,  on  the  part  of  the  authori- 
ties, to  build  a  city  tavern,  in  the  year  1642,  its  site  was 
selected  close  to  the  shore,  south  of  the  road  to  the  ferry. 
The  building  was  of  considerable  dimensions  and  cost; 
and  this  place  was  chosen  for  its  situation,  as  giving  a  good 
appearance  to  the  town  from  the  harbor.  The  building  was 
erected  near  high  water  mark,  on  the  present  north-west 
corner  of  Pearl  street  and  Coenties  alley.  After  the  or- 
ganization of  the  city  magistracy,  in  1653,  this  buildiug 
was  ceded  to  the  city  for  the  purposes  of  a  city-hall,  and 
6 


82 


THE  WAAL. 


was  used  as  such  until  the  year  1699.  A  view  of  this 
building  at  about  the  time  of  its  demolition,  when  the 
river  had  been  encroached  upon,  by  filling  in,  and  other 
buildings  erected  opposite  the  city-hall,  is  given  on 
another  page. 

On  the  shore  of  the  river,  other  buildings  were,  in 
course  of  time,  erected,  to  correspond  with  the  line  of  the 
city  tavern,  thus  forming  the  street  called  the  "  Waal." 
It  having  been  found  necessary  to  protect  the  shore  in 
front  of  the  city-hall  against  high  tides,  which  sometimes 
approached  the  building,  a  stone  wall  was  at  first  con- 
structed, and  the  street  filled  in.  The  tide  still  washing 
between  the  crevices,  it  was  resolved,  in  1654,  to  drive 
plank  into  the  shore,  and  to  make  a  uniform  "  sheet-pile" 
between  Broad  street  and  the  city-hall,  in  which  the  indi- 
vidual lot  owners  were  compelled  to  join.  This  work  was, 
soon  after,  still  further  extended,  to  Wall  street;  and,  in 
the  year  1656,  an  ordinance  was  adopted,  in  the  following 
words  :  "  Whereas,  the  sheet-piling,  in  front  of  the  city- 
hall  and  before  the  water-gate  on  the  East  river,  and  in 
some  other  places  thereabout,  is  finished,  and  some  is  also 
begun  by  others;  therefore,  for  the  uniformity  of  the  work, 
all  who  have  houses  and  lots  between  the  city-hall  and  the 
water  gate,  are  ordered  to  line  their  banks  with  plank,  ac- 
cording to  the  general  plan  and  survey,  to  be  completed 
before  the  17th  December,  1656."  But  even  after  this  im- 
provement, the  road  along  this  part  of  the  shore  was  fre- 
quently in  an  impassable  condition.  In  the  year  1671, 
(some  years  after  the  period  to  which  our  present  descrip- 
tion relates,)  a  "  strooke,"  or  foot  path,  was  paved  with 
stone,  from  Broad  street  to  the  city -hall;  and  in  the  follow- 
ing year  (1672,)  it  was  resolved  that  "  Whereas,  the  high- 


THE  ORIGINAL  CITY-HALL. 


83 


way  at  the  water  side,  between  the  city-hall  and  Tryntje 
clock,"  (at  Hanover  square)  "  is  so  washed  away  that  pas- 
sengers are  in  danger  of  mischief;  Ordered,  that  the  owners 
of  property  shall  cause  a  foot-path,  of  six  feet  wide,  to  be 
made." 

This  is,  perhaps,  a  proper  place  to  give  a  brief  history 
of  the  first  city-hall,  to  which  reference  has  been  made. 
Its  principal  use  was  for  the  sittings  of  the  Burgomasters 
and  Schepens,  and  for  the  prison.  It  was  built  originally 
at  the  cost  of  government,  as  a  city  tavern,  but  was  pre- 
sented to  the  city  in  1655.  The  chamber  occupied  for  the 
sitting  of  the  magistrates  was  on  the  south-east  corner 
of  the  second  story,  the  prison  chamber  being  in  the  rear, 
on  the  other  side  of  the  house,  facing  a  yard  which  extended 
to  "  Hoogh  straat."  Upon  the  roof  was  a  cupola,  in  which 
was  hung  a  bell,  in  the  year  1656,  which  was  rung  for  the 
assembling  of  the  magistrates,  and  also  on  occasions  of  the 
publication  of  proclamations,  which  was  done  in  front  of 
the  hall.  The  bell-ringer,  for  a  number  of  years,  was  one 
Jan  Gillisen  (familiarly  called  "  Koeck.")  This  ancient 
edifice,  which  was  substantially  built  of  stone,  stood  until 
the  year  1699, 1700,  nearly  sixty  years,  when  it  gave  place 
to  the  city -hall  at  the  head  of  Broad  street,  in  Wall  street. 
The  old  building — having  survived  the  nationality  of  its 
founders,  and  witnessed  some  generations  of  their  descend- 
ants, living  under  foreign  laws  and  speaking  a  foreign  lan- 
guage within  its  walls — was  sold,  to  one  of  the  citizens, 
for  one  hundred  and  ten  pounds  sterling;  and  probably  its 
stones  are  still  to  be  discovered  in  the  foundations  of  some 
of  the  adjacent  buildings. 

We  shall  proceed  to  mention  the  inhabitants  living  on 
the  street  at  this  period  (1665,)  called  the  "  Waal,"  ex- 


84 


THE  WAAL. 


tending  on  the  north  side  of  the  present  Pearl  street,  be- 
tween Hanover  square  and  Broad  street. 

Guilliam  D'Honeur  (William  D'Honeur,)  in  early  life 
followed  the  trade  of  a  glazier;  but  finding  the  superior 
profits  of  the  peltry  trade,  engaged  in  that  business,  and 
also  opened  a  store  of  general  merchandize.  He  occupied 
a  fine  house,  the  lot  extending  through  to  Hoogh  straat. 
Mr.  D'Honeur  died  in  1689,  leaving,  it  is  believed,  no  chil- 
dren to  perpetuate  his  name  in  this  city. 

Hendrick  Hendricksen  Obe  commenced  business  in  this 
city  as  a  tavern-keeper.  He  was  the  first  constable  of  this 
city,  under  the  English,  having  been  appointed  in  1665, 
and  continued  during  the  two  subsequent  years. 

Balthazar  de  Hart.  Mr.  de  Hart  was  a  wealthy  mer- 
chant, who  commenced  trade  here  about  the  year  1658. 
His  business  was  principally  in  shipping,  and  was  connected 
with  the  West  Indies  and  settlements  on  this  coast.  He 
had  three  brothers  residing  in  this  city.  Daniel,  Matthias 
and  Jacobus.  The  former,  a  physician,  married,  but  died 
without  children;  from  the  other  brothers  numerous  de- 
scendants of  the  name  are  found  among  us.  Balthazar  de 
Hart  was  a  bachelor,  but  left,  at  his  death,  several  illegiti- 
mate children  in  this  city,  for  whom  he  provided  liberally, 
out  of  his  large  estate.  Among  other  extensive  tracts 
owned  by  this  gentleman,  was  the  land  called  Haverstraw, 
on  the  Hudson  river,  which  he  purchased  originally  from 
the  Indians.    He  died  in  the  year  1672. 

Caret  Van  Brugh  was  commissary  in  the  service  of  the 
West  India  Company.  His  premises  were  adjoining  the 
city-hall,  where  his  wife  carried  on  a  small  trade  in  mer- 
chandize. Mr.  Van  Brugh  acquired  considerable  real  es- 
tate in  this  city. 


THE  STREET  CALLED  "  THE  WATER."  85 

Gerrit  Jansen  Stavast  and  Claes  Jansen  Stavast  left  the 
city  the  following  year. 

Hans  Stein,  a  deputy  jailor,  resided,  for  a  period,  in  the 
city-hall;  but  is  not  found  to  have  continued  in  this  city 
after  the  surrender  to  the  English. 

Sybrant  Jansen  (sometimes  called  G-alma)  was  a  carpen- 
ter. His  premises  were  twenty-five  feet  front  on  the  water, 
extending  back  to  Hoogh  straat. 

Cornells  Jansen  Van  Hoom  occupied  the  adjoining  prem- 
ises, and  is  understood  to  have  been  a  hatter. 

Adolph  Pietersen  was  a  carpenter,  of  considerable  prop- 
erty. His  premises  were  of  a  good  description,  extending 
through  to  £i  Hoogh  straat." 

Jacob  Hendricksen  Varrevanger.  a  physician,  who  had  al- 
ready been  established  here  many  years.  He  acquired  a 
considerable  property,  principally  real  estate. 

Rynier  Rycken  occupied  the  premises  nearest  to  Broad 
street,  which  had  been  granted  to  him  as  early  as  the  year 
164G,  his  lot  being  then  described  as  ;£  on  the  ditch,"  He 
was  among  the  principal  inhabitants,  with  respect  to 
wealth,  and  lived  to  a  venerable  age. 


We  have  thus  finished  our  brief  description  of  the  in- 
habitants on  the  "Waal,'7  or  sheet-piled  street;  and  in  con- 
tinuation of  the  same  thoroughfare,  we  shall  cross  the 
bridge  over  the  canal,  running  up  Broad  street,  and  con- 
tinue our  description  of  what  was  then  called  "  The  Water," 
and  sometimes  "  the  Water-side,"  designated  at  present  as 
the  north  side  of  Pearl  street,  between  Broad  and  White- 
hall streets,  the  history  of  which  is  as  follows  :  The  first 
church  built  in  this  city  was  erected  in  1633,  on  the  present 


86 


THE  STREET  CALLED  "  THE  WATER-SIDE." 


north  line  of  Pearl  street,  about  the  middle  of  the  block 
between  Broadway  and  Whitehall  street.  This  church 
presented  its  prominent  front  to  the  water;  but  the 
entrance  was  mainly  from  the  rear,  at  the  present  Bridge 
street,  which  was  then  a  wagon  road,  leading  to  the  bridge 
across  the  ditch  at  Broad  street.  It  was  a  frame  build- 
ing, of  very  plain  appearance,  and  in  1642  was  abandoned 
as  a  place  of  worship,  and  turned  into  a  store,  being 
owned  and  occupied,  at  one  period,  by  Allard  Anthony, 
a  prominent  merchant.  Several  other  buildings  were 
afterward  erected  on  a  line  with  the  "  Old  Kirk/'  along 
the  water,  and  formed  a  thoroughfare  which,  at  the  time 
of  which  we  are  writing,  was  a  prominent  place  of  busi- 
ness. The  first  public  wharf  or  dock  built  in  this  city, 
for  the  landing  of  goods,  extended  out  into  the  river  in 
front  of  this  street,  on  the  present  line  of  Moore  street,  as 
far  as  Water  street. 

Hans  Dreper  occupied  premises  on  the  north-west  corner 
of  Broad  and  Pearl  streets,  where  he  kept  tavern.  His 
premises  extended  twenty-two  and  a  half  feet  on  Broad 
street.  He  commenced  business  here  in  the  year  1656;  in 
1666  or  T  he  removed  to  Albany. 

Trans  Jansen  Van  Hooghten  was  a  carpenter,  and  had 
been  established  in  this  city  for  several  years;  his  premises 
extended  through  to  Bridge  street. 

Nicholas  Jansen,  a  baker,  occupied  the  adjoining  premi- 
ses, containing  in  front,  on  Pearl  street,  two  rods  and  five 
feet,  (about  thirty  feet;)  in  rear,  on  Bridge  street,  about 
the  same;  in  depth,  about  fifty  feet. 

Samuel  Edsatt,  was  an  Englishman,  originally  a  hatter, 
but  gave  up  that  calling  for  the  more  profitable  one  of  a 
merchant,  winch  he  followed  with  success,  his  trade  ex- 


THE  STREET  CALLED  "  THE  WATER-SIDE."  87 

tending  to  all  the  neighboring  settlements  and  marts.  Mr. 
Edsall  married  a  daughter  of  his  neighbor  Metje  Wessells, 
He  built  here  a  brick  house  about  the  year  1660,  where  he 
afterward  resided  when  his  business  did  not  call  him  into 
foreign  parts.  Mr.  Edsall  lived  in  this  city  many  years 
after  the  period  to  which  we  now  refer,  and  left  descend- 
ants who  have  perpetuated  his  name  to  this  day. 

Joannes  De  Witt.  Mr.  De  Witt,  an  eminent  flour  mer- 
chant and  miller,  had  not  been  long  a  resident  of  this  city 
at  the  period  to  which  we  now  refer.  He  died  about  the 
year  1668,  leaving  a  widow  named  Jannetie,  who  married 
again  in  the  year  1670,  Matthias  De  Hart,  a  wealthy  mer- 
chant of  this  city. 

Jurien  Jansen  Van  Auweryck,  a  cooper. 

Herman  Wessells,  a  son  of  Metje  Wessells,  and  brother 
of  Warner  Wessells,  occupied  the  adjoining  premises.  He 
died  about  the  year  1668.  His  widow  "  Greetje,"  after- 
ward married  G-errit  Huygen  Deklyn. 

Timotheus  Gabry,  commenced  business  in  this  city  as 
early  as  1665,  as  agent  for  his  brother  Daniel,  a  merchant 
in  Amsterdam.  He  was  a  man  of  education,  and  filled 
several  civic  offices.  He  was  not  as  successful  in  his  busi- 
ness affairs  as  some  of  his  neighbors,  but  continued  his 
residence  here  until  a  very  advanced  age. 

Metje  Wessells,  was  the  widow  of  an  old  citizen.  She 
kept  one  of  the  most  respectable  public  houses  in  the  city, 
patronized  by  the  magistrates  on  occasions  of  public 
import.  Her  daughters  married  respectable  merchants  of 
this  city. 

Paulus  Richard  was  of  French  descent;  his  father  resid- 
ing in  France,  but  was  concerned  in  some  commercial  rela- 
tions with  Holland,  which  induced  the  settlement  of  his 


88 


THE  STREET  CALLED  "THE  WATER-SIDE." 


son  in  this  colony.  He  came  here  but  a  short  time  pre- 
vious to  the  period  to  which  we  now  refer.  His  premises 
were  near  the  corner  of  Whitehall  street.  The  property 
was  afterward,  (1667)  purchased  by  him  of  the  owner,  Mr. 
Steenwyck,  containing  about  twenty  feet  in  front  and  sixty 
feet  in  depth.  He  subsequently  purchased  property  in 
Broadway,  where  he  lived  to  an  advanced  age,  and  died 
a  wealthy  man.  His  son  Stephen  became  a  prominent 
merchant,  and  married  a  daughter  of  Johannes  Van  Brugh. 
Paul  Richard,  a  descendant,  was  mayor  in  1735. 

Laurens  Be  Sille.  This  gentleman  was  born  in  the  old 
country,  but  came  out  here  with  his  father,  Nicasius  De 
Sille,  a  widower.  The  elder  De  Sille  was  a  man  of  edu- 
cation, who  was  sent  here  in  the  year  1653,  as  a  member 
of  Governor  Stuyvesant's  council,  upon  a  salary  of  one 
thousand  two  hundred  guilders,  or  about  four  hundred 
dollars  per  annum.  He  married  here  Tryntje  Croezens, 
with  whom  he  lived  in  good  understanding  for  some  years, 
but  finally,  in  the  year  1658,  differences  had  grown  up 
between  them,  so  that  they  separated,  and  he  applied  for  a 
divorce,  which,  however,  was  not  decreed.  The  premises 
formerly  occupied  by  them  were  on  the  south-east  corner 
of  Broad  street  and  Exchange  place;  which  property,  it 
appears,  was  owned  by  Mrs.  De  Sille  before  her  marriage. 
She  resided  at  this  place  after  the  separation,  while  he 
removed  to  New  Utrecht  on  Long  Island.  The  property 
on  Exchange  place  was  of  considerable  extent,  and  em- 
braced a  large  garden  and  orchard.  Laurens  De  Sille 
married  a  daughter  of  Captain  Martin  Crigier,  a  promi- 
nent citizen.  The  descendants  of  the  family  are  understood 
to  bear  the  name  of  Sill,  at  the  present  day. 

Hans  Kierstede  occupied  the  adjoining  premises,  and  the 


PEARL  STREET.  89 

last  on  the  block.  He  was  a  physician,  and  was  one  of  the 
early  settlers  in  this  place,  being  one  of  the  surgeons  of 
the  West  India  Company  in  1638.  In  1646  this  property 
was  granted  to  him  by  Governor  Stuyvesant,  and  he  was, 
probably,  one  of  the  first  settlers  on  that  block.  The  lot 
was  about  eighteen  feet  in  front  by  sixty  in  depth.  He 
married,  first,  Sara,  a  daughter  of  Annetje  Jans  and  step- 
daughter of  Domine  Bogardus,  and  secondly,  Jannetje, 
daughter  of  Govert  Loockermans,  an  eminent  trader.  In 
1666,  Dr.  Kiersted  died,  leaving  his  widow  surviving,  and 
eight  children,  Hans,  Eoelof,  Blandina,  Jochem,  Luicas, 
Catherine,  (married  Johannes  Kip)  Jacobus  and  Rachel. 
The  descendants  of  the  family  are  numerous,  many  of  them 
having  followed  the  profession  of  the  ancestor  to  whom 
we  now  refer. 


Continuing  on  the  present  line  of  Pearl  street,  between 
Whitehall  street  and  the  Battery,  we  find 

Peter  Wolferzen  Van  Couwenhoven,  who  was  a  step-son 
of  one  of  the  earliest  pioneers  in  this  country,  (Wolfert 
Gerrisen;)  he  was  the  youngest  of  two  brothers,  both  con- 
spicuous citizens  in  their  day.  Mr.  Tan  Couwenhoven 
commenced  business  in  this  city  at  an  early  period,  as  a 
general  trader  and  brewer.  He  was  Schepen  of  the  city 
for  six  years;  and  lieutenant  of  the  militia  company,  in 
which  position  he  rendered  active  service  against  the  In- 
dians in  the  neighborhood  of  Esopus.  Mr.  Van  Couwen- 
hoven was  married  to  a  lady  of  French  descent,  who  died 
in  1666,  and  was  buried  in  this  city.  It  seems  that  for 
some  unexplained  reason,  Mr.  Van  Couwenhoven  was  in 
bad  favor  with  the  English,  who  had  just  taken  the  city; 


90 


PEARL  STREET. 


and  also  in  equal  disfavor  with  some  of  his  ancient  neigh- 
bors and  countrymen,  who  had  joined  the  English  cause, 
and  held  office  under  that  government.  His  fall  seems  to 
have  been  decided  upon  by  a  conspiracy  of  those  in  power, 
and  for  that  purpose,  knowing  the  high  spirit  of  Mr.  Van 
Couwenhoven,  the  Sheriff,  Allard  Anthony,  presented  a 
formal  charge  against  him  of  selling  a  half  pint  of  brandy 
to  an  Indian  for  sixteen  stuyvers,  which  was  not  ac- 
cording to  the  established  price.  The  defendant  denied 
retailing  any  liquors  at  all,  and  demanded  proof,  but  the 
court  ordered  him  to  give  bail  for  his  good  behavior,  and 
to  appear  at  the  next  Court  of  Assizes,  (a  high  court,  held 
at  periodical  intervals)  to  answer  the  complaint.  Mr.  Yan 
Couwenhoven  refused  to  give  bail,  and  the  sheriff  was 
ordered  to  imprison  him,  which  was  accordingly  done.  The 
Court  of  Assizes  came  on,  and  the  judges  gave  judgment 
against  the  defendant.  The  course  of  proceedings  thus 
taken,  was  exceedingly  annoying  to  the  defendant,  although 
the  fine  was  a  trifle,  and  he  pronounced  the  judgment  to  be 
unjust.  For  thus  saying,  he  was  charged  by  the  sheriff  with 
speaking  words  in  contempt  of  the  high  Court  of  Assizes, 
and  he  was  ordered  to  pay  a  fine  of  thirty  guilders  wampum, 
(about  three  dollars)  and  to  take  heed  to  speak  no  more  like 
words  for  the  future.  These  proceedings  drove.  Mr.  Van 
Couwenhoven  from  the  ancient  home  of  his  fathers  to  Xew 
Jersey,  at  a  place  then  called  "  Aghter  Coll,"  (behind  the 
Coll,)  the  present  situation  of  which  is  at  Elizabethtowu. 
of  which  place  Mr.  Yan  Couwenhoven  became  one  of  the 
earliest  settlers.  At  the  time  of  which  we  are  writing, 
(1665)  Mr.  Van  Couwenhoven's  residence  was  still  in  the 
city,  on  the  north-west  corner  of  Pearl  and  Whitehall 
streets. 


PEARL  STREET. 


91 


Hendrick  Jansen  Vandervin  was  a  merchant  in  good 
standing,  who  acquired  considerable  real  estate  in  this 
city.  He  held  the  office  of  Schepen,  and  was  a  prominent 
dignitary  in  the  Dutch  Church. 

Jaques  Cosseau  was  a  Frenchman  by  birth,  who  had  been 
engaged  in  trade  between  Rochelle  and  Amsterdam,  and 
about  the  year  1658  or  1659,  emigrated  to  this  country, 
and  established  himself  on  the  north  side  of  Pearl  street. 
He  became  one  of  the  most  extensive  shipping  merchants 
in  the  city.  He  was  a  public-spirited  man,  and  true  to  the 
interests  of  his  adopted  city,  for  the  benefit  of  which  his 
means  were  liberally  furnished.  Mr.  Cosseau  was  married, 
but  is  believed  to  have  left  no  children.  He  died  about 
the  year  1682. 

Pieter  Aldrich,  was  a  merchant  of  respectable  connec- 
tions, who,  however,  was  but  a  temporary  resident  here. 

Thomas  Coninck. 

Henry  Bush,  a  cutler. 

Gerrit  Van  Trighc,  a  merchant,  engaged  in  shipping  and 
general  trade,  acquired  a  large  estate.  He  afterward 
purchased  property  on  the  west  side  of  Broadway,  oppo- 
site the  Bowling  Green,  to  which  he  removed  his  residence 
and  store. 

Pieter  Cornelisen. 

Claas  Bordingh,  was  a  respectable  mariner,  occupying 
a  good  house  at  this  place.  He  was  a  politician  of  some 
influence,  and  though  several  times  nominated,  is  not  found 
to  have  been  appointed  to  any  crown  station.  He  con- 
tinued his  residence  on  this  street  for  many  years  subse- 
quent to  this  period. 

Jan  Gerritsen  Van  Buytenhuysen,  a  baker. 

William  Kock. 


92 


PEARL  STREET. 


Etienne  Guineau. 

Walewyn  Vanderveen,  a  merchant;  married,  about  the 
year  1656,  the  widow  of  a  trader  named  Yandewater,  by 
whom  he  acquired  a  considerable  property. 

Thomas  Franzen,  cartman.  - 

Jurien  Blanch  resided  on  the  south  side  of  Pearl  street, 
his  premises  having  a  front  of  about  thirty  feet;  in  rear 
twenty-eight  feet;  depth  about  one  hundred  feet  on  the 
other  side;  this  property  was  granted  to  him  in  1647.  Mr. 
Blanck  was  in  this  country  as  early  as  1633,  and  was  by 
profession  a  mariner.  He  was  called  the  "  schipper,"  or 
ship-captain,  and  for  many  years  sailed  a  vessel  out  of 
this  port,  on  the  coasting  trade.  He  left  descendants  in 
this  city,  who  have  perpetuated  his  name  to  the  present 
time. 

Pieter  Jacobs  Marius  occupied  premises  on  the  south 
side  of  Pearl  street,  where  he  carried  on  trade  as  a  mer- 
chant. His  dealings  were  extensive  with  Boston  and 
other  ports  on  the  coast,  and  he  acquired  a  considerable 
estate,  though  commencing  poor.  He  was  an  alderman 
for  several  years,  and  lived  to  an  advanced  age  in  this 
city. 

Thomas  Lambertzen,  a  carpenter,  occupied  the  premises 
adjoining  Mr.  Marius,  on  the  south  side  of  Pearl  street; 
containing  about  fifty  feet  front  on  the  street,  fifty-six  feet 
in  depth  on  east  side,  next  Mr.  Marius,  and  thirty-eight 
or  forty  feet  in  depth  on  west  side.  Mr.  Lambertzen  con- 
tinued his  residence  here  until  about  the  year  1678,  when 
he  removed  to  Bedford,  Long  Island.  His  premises  in 
Pearl  street  were  sold,  in  1684,  to  Philip  Smith,  an  inn- 
holder,  for  one  hundred  and  fifty  pounds. 

Thomas  Lawrens.  a  baker,  continued  his  residence  on 


leisler's  residence. 


93 


this  street  for  many  years  subsequently.  He  was  a  man 
of  property. 


Having  gone  through  the  line  of  Pearl  street  to  the 
present  Battery,  we  shall  continue  our  course  of  the  cir- 
cumference of  the  town  by  describing  a  few  scattered 
buildings  which  were  south  of  the  fort,  and  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  the  present  Battery. 

Jacob  Lcisler  occupied  premises  on  the  present  west  side 
of  Whitehall  street,  between  Pearl  and  State  streets.  In 
front  of  his  house  was  a  Yacant  space  used  as  a  market 
stand  for  country  wagons.  Mr.  Leisler  was  originally 
from  Frankfort,  and  came  to  this  country  in  the  year 
1660,  as  a  military  officer  in  the  service  of  the  government. 
He  married  the  wealthy  widow  of  Pieter  Cornelisen 
Yanderveen,  who  had  deceased  in  1661.  She  was  a 
daughter  of  Govert  Loockermans,  a  man  of  large  for- 
tune. The  widow  of  Mr.  Loockermans,  at  her  decease  in 
1677,  left  her  property  to  her  three  children;  subsequently 
Mr.  Leisler  purchased  the  interests  of  his  brother-in-law 
and  sister-in-law  in  that  part  of  their  estate  lying  in  this 
province;  and  he  was  rated  among  the  wealthiest  in- 
habitants of  the  city.  In  the  year  1678,  while  on  a 
voyage  to  Europe,  Mr.  Leisler  was  taken  prisoner  by  the 
Turks,  to  whom  he  paid  a  ransom  of  two  thousand  and 
fifty  pieces  of  eight,  for  his  freedom.  The  name  of  this 
citizen  is  well  known  in  the  history  of  Xew  York,  from 
his  connection  with  the  revolution  of  the  year  168&,  an 
account  of  which  will  be  found  in  a  subsequent  part  of 
this  volume.  His  execution,  on  a  conviction  of  treason, 
took  place  in  May,  1691.  He  left  two  children.  Jacob  and 
Mary,  the  latter  of  whom  married  Jacob  Milborne,  who 


94 


EESIDENTS  NEAR  THE  PRESENT  BATTERY. 


suffered  death  with  his  father-in-law;  she  subsequently 
married  Abraham  Gouverneur,  a  prominent  citizen.  The 
widow  of  Mr.  Leisler  subsequently  resided  in  this  city, 
near  Hanover  square,  for  many  years,  and  his  son,  Jacob, 
who  for  a  time  resided  in  another  part  of  the  country, 
finally  returned  to  this  city  and  engaged  in  mercantile 
pursuits. 

Arien  Appel,  a  merchant,  was  tenant  of  property  belong- 
ing to  Governor  Stuyvesant,  adjoining  the  premises  of  Mr. 
Leisler,  on  the  present  Whitehall  street,  between  Pearl 
and  State  streets. 

Daniel  D'Honde  Coutrie,  a  temporary  resident  here, 
occupied  a  fine  mansion  erected  by  Governor  Stuyvesant, 
on  the  present  corner  of  Whitehall  and  State  streets. 

Simon  Barenzen. 

Jan  Schouten. 

Isaac  Greveraat,  a  merchant,  came  to  this  city  at  an  early 
period,  and  married  Elizabeth,  a  daughter  of  Skipper 
Jurien  Andriezen.  Mr.  Greveraat  was  a  Schepen  of  this 
city  in  1644,  and  in  the  year  1671  was  appointed  Schout 
of  Esopus.  He  died,  leaving  three  children,  Andrew, 
Henry  and  Elizabeth. 

Jan  Everzen  Bout  resided  on  premises  adjoining  Mr. 
Greveraat.  He  arrived  in  this  country  in  the  year  1634, 
having  formerly  been  in  the  employment  of  the  West 
India  Company,  in  Holland,  whence  he  was  sent  by  Mr. 
Pauw,  patroon  of  Pavonia,  to  superintend  his  colony  on 
the  west  side  of  Hudson  river,  opposite  this  city.  He  was 
the  first  settler  (1638)  of  the  present  town  of  Bergen,  New 
Jersey,  where  he  resided  for  several  years.  In  the  time 
of  the  Indian  wars,  he  was  driven  thence  to  this  city.  In 
the  year  1658,  he  sold  his  plantation  at  "  Gamoenepa" 


RESIDENTS  NEAR  THE  BATTERY. 


95 


(Communipaw)  to  Michael  Jansen,  for  three  thousand  two 
hundred  dollars.  He  passed  the  close  of  his  life  on  a 
farm  granted  to  him,  at  Gowanus,  where  he  died  in  the 
year  1670. 

Pieter  de  Rymer  resided  on  the  east  side  of  Whitehall 
street,  north  of  Bridge  street. 
Jan  Dircksen  Meyer. 

Lodowick  Post,  a  trader,  resided  on  the  present  White- 
hall street,  near  the  fort. 


CHAPTER  IX. 


CONDITION  OF  THE  CITY  AT  THE  TIME  OF  THE    CAPITULATION  TO  THE 
ENGLISH  IN  1664,  CONTINUED. 

We  have  now  come  to  the  part  of  the  town  anciently 
called  "  T'Marckvelt,"  or  the  Marketfield,  so  called  from 
the  circumstance  of  the  line  of  buildings  facing  the  open 
space  now  in  part  occupied  by  the  Bowling  Green.  It 
was  then,  however,  an  uninclosed  space  lying  in  front  of 
the  fort,  and  occupied  at  stated  intervals  for  a  fair  or 
market,  to  which  the  country  people  brought  their  cattle 
for  sale.  The  buildings  forming  the  street  called  the 
"  Marketfield,"  commenced  on  the  east  side  of  the  present 
Whitehall  street,  above  Stone  street,  and  extended  as  far 
as  the  present  Beaver  street;  and  on  the  opposite  side  they 
occupied  the  west  side  of  the  present  Broadway,  running 
toward  Morris  street.  The  number  of  buildings  fronting 
on  the  "  Marketfield"  at  that  period,  being  ten  or  eleven. 

Metje  Greveraat,  a  widow,  occupied  a  small  house  on 
the  east  side  of  Whitehall  street,  north  of  Stone  street. 

Jonas  Barteltzen,  a  store-keeper,  occupied  premises  on 
the  east  side  of  Whitehall  street,  between  Stone  and  Mar- 
ketfield streets.  Mr.  Barteltzcn,  became  afterward  a  man 
of  considerable  property.  Amongst  other  real  estate 
owned  by  him  was  a  house,  barn  and  plot  of  ground  on 


T  MARCKVELT. 


97 


the  east  side  of  Broadway,  north  of  Wall  street,  contain- 
ing two  hundred  and  twenty-nine  feet  in  front,  and  about 
mie  hundred  and  fifty  feet  in  depth. 

Lysbet  Acker  mans  occupied  a  small  house  adjoining  Mr. 
Barteltzen. 

Frerick  Arenzen  occupied  the  south-west  corner  of  the 
present  Whitehall  and  Marketfield  streets.  Mr.  Arenzen 
was  a  turner  by  trade,  and  came  here  about  the  year  1656, 
when,  finding  little  employment  at  his  trade,  he  engaged 
himself  in  service  to  a  drayman,  but  soon  left  his  employer 
and  married.  He  afterward,  in  his  trade,  became  a  pros- 
perous citizen,  and  owner  of  a  valuable  real  estate. 

Allard  Anthony,  a  merchant,  occupied  premises  on  the 
north-east  corner  of  the  present  Whitehall  and  Marketfield 
streets.  He  was  one  of  the  most  active  and  conspicuous 
citizens  of  his  day  in  the  civil  walks  of  life.  No  citizen 
exercised  greater  influence  in  the  community,  yet  none  was 
more  unpopular  with  the  majority  of  the  people.  Mr. 
Anthony's  mercantile  transactions  were,  at  one  period, 
tolerably  extensive.  He  was  the  consignee  of  a  large  firm 
in  Holland,  and  carried  on  a  considerable  domestic  trade; 
but  it  seemed  to  be  his  fortune  to  fall  out  with  those  with 
whom  he  was  most  intimately  connected.  Amongst  oth- 
ers, he  had  a  high  dispute  with  Abraham  Verplanck,  whose 
son  Gulian  had  been  in  Anthony's  service  as  clerk.  The 
elder  Verplanck  went  so  far,  at  one  period  of  the  diffi- 
culty, as  to  commit  a  personal  assault  upon  Anthony.  He 
also  maintained  a  long  law-suit  with  the  heirs  of  a  mer- 
chant named  Vandewater,  of  whom  he  had  been  the 
agent,  and  to  whom  he  refused  to  render  any  account.  In 
the  latter  years  of  his  life  he  held  the  office  of  SherilF,  in 
the  execution  of  the  duties  of  which  he  was  exacting  and 
7 


98 


t'marckvelt. 


severe,  so  that  he  was  commonly  called,  among  the  lower 
classes,  "  the  hangman.'7 

Mr.  Anthony,  soon  after  the  period  now  referred  to, 
removed  his  store  to  the  "  Old  Church/7  on  the  present  line 
of  Pearl  street,  north  side,  between  Broad  and  Whitehall 
streets.  He  died  in  the  year  1685,  leaving  his  wife,  Hen- 
rietta, surviving,  and  one  son,  Nicholas,  who,  having  pre- 
viously proved  disobedient  to  his  father  in  his  marriage, 
was  cut  off  with  a  shilling.  This  son  died  ten  years  after, 
having  been  sheriff  of  Ulster  county.  Many  of  the  family 
are  to  be  found  at  the  present  day. 

Anthony  De  Milt,  occupied  premises  on  the  present 
south-east  corner  of  Whitehall  and  Beaver  streets.  He 
carried  on  the  business  of  a  baker,  at  this  place  for  many 
years.  In  1673  he  was  appointed  sheriff,  which  office  he 
held  for  one  year.  Mr.  De  Milt  died  in  1689,  leaving  five 
children,  Isaac,  Maria,  Anna,  Pieter  and  Sarah.  His  wife, 
Elizabeth  Van  Der  Liphorst,  had  previously  deceased. 
From  this  person  the  numerous  families  of  that  name  now 
among  us  are  descended. 


This  was  the  extent  of  the  east  side  of  the  "  Market- 
field."  On  the  opposite  side,  beginning  at  the  corner  of 
Broadway  and  Battery  place,  we  have 

Annetje  Kocks,  a  widow,  who  occupied  the  premises  on 
the  corner  of  Battery  place — a  large  and  fine  house. 

Martin  Crigier,  a  notable  citizen  of  that  period,  occupied 
the  premises  next  above  Mrs.  Kocks.  He  was  one  of  the 
earliest  emigrants  to  this  city,  and  the  original  grantee  of 
this  property,  which  was  patented  to  him  in  1643,  but  had 
not  been  built  upon  until  1659,  after  which  he  resided  on 


t'makckyelt. 


99 


this  spot,  having  previously  lived  on  the  "  graft"  at  Broad 
street.  Mr.  Crigier,  it  is  understood,  was  originally  in 
the  service  of  the  West  India  Company;  after  his  separa- 
tion from  which,  he  engaged  in  the  business  of  a  trader 
and  sloop  captain  on  the  North  river,  between  this  city 
and  the  settlements  at  Esopus  (Kingston)  and  Albany.  He 
was  an  efficient  officer  in  the  several  Dutch  wars;  in  1659 
he  commanded  an  expedition  against  the  Swedes  on  the 
Delaware  river,  and  also  commanded  in  the  expedition 
against  the  Esopus  Indians,  in  the  year  1663. 

Mr.  Crigier  had  several  children.  His  son,  Francis,  a 
merchant  at  the  Delaware  Bay  settlement,  died  in  1665  ; 
one  of  his  daughters  married  Laurens  de  Sille,  a  merchant 
of  this  city.  The  name  of  Mr.  Crigier  is  perpetuated, 
through  his  descendants,  to  the  present  day. 

Francois  Boon,  a  merchant  of  French  birth,  occupied,  at 
this  period,  the  premises  next  north  of  Mr.  Crigier;  the 
lot  being  thirty-two  feet  front,  bounded  on  the  east  by  the 
street,  on  the  north  by  the  property  of  Cornelius  Van  Ruy- 
ven,  on  the  west  by  the  North  river,  and  on  the  south  by 
the  premises  of  Martin  Crigier.  This  property  he  pur- 
chased, a  short  time  previous,  of  Mr.  de  Hart,  and  in  the 
year  following  that  of  which  we  now  write  (1666.)  he  sold 
it  to  Gerrit  Van  Tright,  who  established  himself  in  busi- 
ness there.  Mr.  Boon  was  formerly  a  resident  at  Fort 
Orange,  or  Albany.  He  married  there,  against  her  parents' 
wishes,  Lysbet,  a  daughter  of  Cornelis  Segers  Van  Voor- 
hout,  who  resided  on  one  of  the  islands  in  the  Hudson 
river,  called  Castle  Island.  After  the  surrender  of  the 
city  to  the  English,  Mr.  Boon  removed  from  this  country, 
and  became  a  resident  of  the  island  of  St.  Christopher, 


100 


THE  FIRST  CHURCH- YARD. 


being  connected  with  merchants  here  in  the  shipping  busi- 
ness between  this  city  and  that  island. 

Cornelius  Van  Ruyven  came  to  this  city  with  Governor 
Stuyvesant,  as  his  secretary,  in  the  year  1647,  being  then 
a  young  bachelor.  He  soon  after  married  a  daughter  of 
Domine  Megapolenis,  and  set  up  trade  in  the  dry  goods 
and  general  store  business. 


We  have  now  come  to  the  street,  at  that  period,  called 
the  "Heere  straat,"  or  principal  street,  now  Broadway; 
beginning  at  a  point  nearly  opposite  the  north  side  of  the 
Bowling  Green,  and  extending  to  the  "  land  gate,"  at  Wall 
street. 

We  may  here  remark  that  the  first  church-yard  of  this 
city,  and  the  spot  where  the  ashes  of  most  of  the  inhabit- 
ants of  New  Amsterdam  now  lie,  was  situated  on  the  west 
side  of  Broadway,  on  the  rise  of  ground  above  the  Bowling 
Green,  and  not  far  north  of  the  present  Morris  street.  This 
ancient  church-yard  had  become,  at  this  period,  very  full: 
as  ten  years  previously  (1656)  Governor  Stuyvesant  pro- 
posed to  abandon  it  as  a  place  of  burial,  the  fence  having 
fallen,  and  the  whole  become  dilapidated  through  age;  and 
as  a  substitute,  he  proposed  tearing  down  several  old  houses 
which  then  stood  south  of  the  fort,  and  to  make  a  burial- 
place  there.  This,  however,  did  not  meet  the  views  of  the 
citizens,  who  suggested  the  establishment  of  the  burial- 
place  on  the  hill  west  of  the  fort,  near  the  windmill,  (part 
of  present  Battery,)  which  they  represented  as  "  a  good 
hill,  clear  of  timber."  Between  the  conflicting  proposi- 
tions, no  action  in  the  matter  was  then  taken:  but  about 


THE  HEERE  STRAAT,  OR  BROADWAY.  101 

the  period  of  which  we  now  write  (1665,)  a  new  fence  was 
set  up  around  the  old  grave-yard,  which  had,  for  some 
time  previous,  laid  quite  open  to  the  encroachment  of  ani- 
mals along  the  street.  About  ten  years  subsequently 
(1676,)  the  old  church-yard  was  divided  up  into  four  lots, 
twenty-five  feet  front  by  a  hundred  feet  in  depth,  and  sold 
at  auction,  a  new  burial-place  being  established  near  the 
present  Trinity  Church. 

Lucas  Andriezen,  on  the  west  side  of  Broadway,  was  a 
sloop  captain  on  the  North  river.  He  had  long  been  estab- 
lished in  this  country,  and  afterward  became  a  man  of  con- 
siderable property. 

Dirck  Wiggerzeji,  a  carpenter,  occupied  the  next  adjoin- 
ing premises,  on  the  north. 

Paulus  Lcenderzen  Vandiegrist  had  a  line  house  and  gar- 
den, being  the  next  habitation  north  of  the  church-yard, 
and  about  midway  between  Morris  and  Rector  streets,  on 
the  west  side  of  Broadway;  his  property  extending,  in  the 
rear,  to  the  river  shore.  Mr.  Vandiegrist  was  one  of  the 
early  pioneers;  we  find  his  name  among  property-holders 
in  1644,  and  in  1646  he  commanded  one  of  the  four  ships 
composing  the  fleet  of  Governor  Stuyvesant,  at  his  arrival 
here.  He  was  a  prominent  trader,  and  a  man  of  wealth; 
he  was  likewise  an  efficient  military  commander,  being  cap- 
tain of  one  of  the  city  companies,  and  doing  service  in 
several  military  and  naval  expeditions;  he  filled  prominent 
stations  also  in  the  councils  of  the  city  and  province.  His 
place  of  business  was  on  Pearl  street,  near  Broad.  After 
the  capitulation  of  the  city  to  the  English,  Captain  Van- 
diegrist commenced  preparations  for  removing  to  Holland. 
In  1671  his  agents  here  sold  the  property  on  Broadway  to 
Francis  Rombouts,  an  eminent   merchant,  who  became 


102 


THE  HEERE  STRAAT,  OR  BROADWAY. 


mayor  of  the  city  in  after  years.  It  was  then  described  as 
a  house,  garden  and  orchard  on  the  west  side  of  Broadway, 
between  John  Hawkings  and  Hendrick  Van  Dyck.  (The 
house  of  Mr.  Hawkings,  which  had  then  been  recently 
built,  was  erected  on  a  lot  sixteen  feet  front,  part  of  which 
had  been  within  the  old  church-yard.  It  was  afterward 
owned  and  occupied  by  Mr.  West,  the  city  clerk.)  The 
widow  of  Mayor  Rombouts  resided  on  the  Vandiegrist 
place  more  than  thirty  years  subsequent  to  the  purchase  by 
her  husband.  Mr.  Vandiegrist  had  a  brother  in  this  city, 
who  continued  his  residence  here,  and  left  descendants. 

Henry  Van  Dyck  occupied  premises  next  adjoining  Mr. 
Vandiegrist,  on  the  north;  the  house  being  considerably 
inferior  to  that  of  Mr.  Vandiegrist,  but  having  a  large 
garden  attached,  upon  which  he  afterward  erected  two  or 
three  houses.  Mr.  Van  Dyck  came  to  this  city  at  a  very 
early  period,  in  the  service  of  the  West  India  Company, 
in  which  business  he  acquired  a  considerable  property. 
After  Stuyvesant's  arrival,  Van  Dyck  officiated,  for  a 
period,  as  attorney-general,  or  public  prosecutor;  but  on 
account  of  some  differences  between  himself  and  the  gov- 
ernor, he  soon  after  resigned,  and  retired  from  public  life. 
He  died  in  the  year  1688,  leaving  his  wife,  whose  maiden 
name  was  Duvertie  Cornelisen,  and  several  children  living. 
One  of  his  daughters  married  Nicholas  de  Myer,  a  mer- 
chant, who  was  subsequently  mayor  of  the  city;  another 
married  John  Cooley,  a  merchant. 

The  property  north  of  Mrs.  Van  Dyck  was  vacant. 
Governor  Stuyvesant,  soon  after  his  arrival,  granted  to 
his  son,  Nicholas  William  Stuyvesant,  a  plot  next  north  of 
Van  Dyck,  containing  ninety-three  feet  front  and  about 
two  hundred  and  forty-eight  feet  depth,  to  the  North  river, 


THE  HEERE  STRAAT,  OR  BROADWAY.  103 

and  a  lot  next  beyond,  of  the  same  size,  to  his  son,  Baltha- 
zar Stuyvesant.  The  north  bound  of  the  latter  was  ad- 
joining what  was  then  the  garden  of  the  West  India 
Company,  which  was  in  the  vicinity  of  the  present  Trinity 
Church-yard. 


Commencing  on  the  east  side  of  Broadway,  at  Wall 
street,  we  shall  follow  the  street  to  its  lower  extremity. 

Jacob  Swart  occupied  a  small  house  nearest  to  Wall 
street. 

Thomas  Major  occupied  a  small  house;  the  lot  contained 
about  twenty-five  feet  front  and  sixty-five  feet  depth. 

Abraham  Pieterzen,  molenaar,  (or  the  miller,)  occupied 
the  adjoining  premises. 

Gerrit  Fulhvever,  a  butcher. 

Pieter  Simkam,  a  tailor. 

Jan  Fries. 

Jan  GilMsen,  called  "  Koeck,"  the  town  bell-ringer. 

Jan  Hendricks  Van  Gunst,  a  butcher. 

Peter  Ebel,  a  temporary  resident. 

Paulus  Turck,  a  tailor. 

Albert  Jansen,  a  carpenter. 

Martin  Hoffman,  a  trader. 

Altje  Unstaples,  a  widow. 

Jan  Joosten,  a  trader  and  boatman  on  the  North  river. 
Adam  Onclebagh,  a  tailor. 
Pieter  Jansen. 
Adrian  Andriezen. 

The  part  of  Broadway  above  described,  it  will  be  ob- 
served, applies  to  that  section  lying  below  Wall  street,  or 
"  within"  the  city,  as  it  was  termed.    At  the  head  of  the 


104 


BEYOND  THE  GATE  ON  BROADWAY. 


present  Wall  street,  in  Broadway,  then  stood  one  of  the 
two  city  gates;  the  other  being  at  the  foot  of  Wall  street, 
on  the  present  Pearl  street.  The  one  on  Broadway  was 
called  the  "  land  gate,"  as  contradistinguished  from  the 
other,  which  was  commonly  known  as  the  "  water  gate." 
These  gates  were  of  wood,  and  were  nightly  closed,  i» 
times  of  trouble,  by  the  city  watch.  Beyond  the  "lana 
gate"  lay  the  farm  originally  granted  to  Jan  Jansen  Da- 
men,  in  the  year  1644,  by  Governor  Kieft.  This  farm 
extended,  with  some  slight  variations,  from  Wall  street  to 
Maiden  lane,  from  the  North  to  the  East  river.  In  very 
early  times,  Daruen  became  a  trader  in  this  city,  and  was 
one  of  the  most  active  and  prominent  citizens  of  his  time; 
he  acquired  a  considerable  estate.  Having  procured  the 
grant  of  this  farm — which  was  a  rolling  piece  of  land, 
forming  a  sort  of  ridge,  falling  off  toward  Wall  street  on 
the  south  and  Maiden  lane  on  the  north — he  erected  a  sub- 
stantial house,  and  fixed  his  residence  there.  Mr.  Damen 
had  previously  married  the  widow  of  Guleyn  Vinje  (Van- 
gee,)  whose  maiden  name  was  Adriana  Cuvilje;  she  had 
then  several  children,  the  issue  of  her  first  marriage.  Mr. 
Damen  left  no  direct  issue;  and  upon  his  death,  which  hap- 
pened soon  after  his  settlement  on  this  farm,  his  widow 
succeeded  to  the  property,  and  survived  him  several  years. 
Her  four  children  coming  into  the  inheritance  of  the  prop- 
erty, a  division  was  made  among  them  in  1659.  Her  son, 
John  Vinje,  has  been  mentioned  on  a  preceding  page;  her 
daughters  married  neighbors — Maria  having  become  the 
wife  of  Abraham  Verplank;  Rachel  married  Cornells  Van 
Tienhoven,  and  Christina  married  Dirck  Volkertson. 

At  the  period  to  which  we  now  refer  (1665,)  the  resi- 
dents above  Wall  street  were  as  follows  : 


BEYOND  THE  GATE  ON  BROADWAY. 


105 


Cornells  Aertzen,  a  farmer,  was  tenant  of  a  large  farm, 
house  and  garden,  east  from  Broadway,  a  short  distance 
above  the  city  gate,  on  the  old  Damen  farm.  Mr.  Aertsen 
had  previously  been  the  tenant  of  Governor  Stuyvesant's 
farm,  on  the  Bowery,  and  had  long  supplied  the  families 
of  the  city  with  country  produce.  He  died  two  or  three 
years  subsequent  to  this  period. 

Peter  Stoutenburgh,  at  this  period,  was  tenant  of  a  small 
house  on  the  same  property.  This  property  had  been 
thrown  into  one  of  the  shares  of  the  heirs  of  Mrs.  Cuvilje; 
the  orchard  was  about  one  hundred  and  fifty  feet  distance 
from  the  street,  and  was  approached  by  a  lane  on  the 
present  line  of  Cedar  street.  The  property  ran  north  and 
south  about  four  hundred  feet,  and  east  and  west  about  one 
hundred  and  thirty  feet;  it  was  subsequently  purchased  by 
Mr.  Stoutenburgh.  He  left,  at  his  death,  several  children 
— Tobias  and  Isaac;  Wyntie,  who  married  Evart  Byvank; 
Jannetie,  who  married  Albert  Ringo;  Engeltie,  who  mar- 
ried William  Waldron. 

Gerrit  Jansen  Roos  occupied  the  premises  next  above 
Mr.  Stoutenburgh.  He  was  a  relative  of  the  Vinje  family, 
by  marriage.  He  was  a  carpenter  by  trade,  and  died,  at 
an  advanced  age,  in  1G98,  leaving  a  considerable  property. 

Dirck  Siecken,  a  husbandman,  occupied  premises  on 
Broadway,  a  short  distance  from  Wall  street. 

The  only  other  house  on  Broadway,  besides  those  enu- 
merated, was  a  small  dwelling  inhabited  by  a  Frenchman, 
whose  name  is  unknown. 


Continuing  our  course  around  the  city,  we  shall  follow 
the  present  line  of  Wall  street,  the  southerly  side  of  which 


106 


THE  "  CINGLE,"  OR  CITY  WALL. 


was  occupied  by  several  dwellings,  generally  of  a  small 
size.  The  northerly  side  of  the  street  was  the  line  of  the 
city  wall,  above  which  lay  the  fields  belonging  to  the  heirs 
of  the  Bamen  estate. 

On  the  south  side  of  Wall  street,  in  1665,  we  find 

Jan  Jansen  Van  Langendyke,  who  occupied  small  premi- 
ses.   He  died  in  1691. 

Jan  Teunizen  occupied  a  small  house;  he  was  a  miller. 
The  wind  mill  of  Mr.  Teunizen  was  situated  at  some  dis- 
tance from  the  limits  of  the  city,  on  the  public  road;  the 
precise  spot  being  near  the  present  north-west  corner  of 
Chatham  and  Duane  streets.  The  land  attached  to  the 
mill  was  about  two  hundred  and  fifty  feet  square.  This 
ancient  wind  mill  was  standing  sixty  years  afterward.  Mr. 
Teunizen  removed  to  Long  Island  the  year  following  that 
to  which  we  now  refer,  and  sold  his  wind  mill  to  William 
Aertsen,  of  this  city. 

Jan  Videt,  a  French  tailor,  occupied  a  small  house. 

Abraham  Kermer. 

Grcetje,  chimney-sweep. 

Jacob  Jansen. 

Dirck,  a  wool-spinner. 

Barent  Egbertzen,  a  tailor,  occupied  a  small  house,  the 
lot  being  twenty-one  feet  front  and  seventy-seven  feet  deep, 
which  he  sold,  in  1608,  to  Jacob  Leisler. 

Pieter  Jansen. 

Dirck  Van  Clyff.  This  gentleman  was,  at  this  period,  a 
merchant  of  considerable  property.  The  Van  Clyff  farm, 
adjacent  to  the  present  Cliff  street,  afterward  belonged  to 
him,  and  was  the  place  of  his  residence  at  the  time  of 
his  death.  It  was  pleasantly  situated  upon  an  elevated 
hill,  overlooking  the  East  river,  near  the  present  John 


THE  "CINGLE,"  OR  CITY  WALL.  107 

street.  Dirck  Van  Clyff  died  in  1694,  leaving  his  widow, 
Geesie  Hendricks,  and  several  children  surviving. 


Having  thus  far  been  engaged  in  tracing  the  circuit  of 
the  town,  we  shall  turn  our  attention  to  several  streets  in 
the  interior. 


CHAPTER  X. 


THE  CONDITION  OF  THE  CITY  AT  THE  TIME  OF  THE  CAPITULATION  TO  THE 
ENGLISH  IN  1664,  CONTINUED. 

The  Heere  Graft,  was  that  part  of  the  present  Broad 
street,  between  Beaver  street  and  the  river,  which  then 
ran  along  Pearl  street.  The  centre  of  this  street  was 
originally  a  brook,  forming  the  natural  outlet  of  a  marshy 
section  occupying  a  considerable  space  above  Beaver  street. 
Lots  had  been  granted  at  an  early  period  along  the  sides 
of  this  outlet,  which,  from  time  to  time,  was  deepened  and 
somewhat  improved.  Its  condition  being,  however,  a 
serious  detriment  to  the  street,  it  was  determined,  in  the 
year  1657,  to  side  the  banks  of  the  drain  with  plank,  at 
the  expense  of  the  owners  on  the  street.  This  proposition 
met  with  great  opposition  from  those  who  were  to  be 
assessed,  they  alleging  that  it  was  a  public  improvement, 
in  the  expense  of  which  the  whole  city  should  bear  a  part. 
The  work,  however,  was  proceeded  with,  and  finished  in 
the  year  1659,  at  an  expense  of  two  thousand  seven  hun- 
dred and  ninety- two  florins,  or  about  one  thousand  dollars. 
The  collection  of  the  assessment  was  enforced  by  the 
imprisonment  of  several  of  the  delinquents. 

A  similar  improvement  was  made  in  that  part  of  the 
present  Broad  street,  above  Beaver  street,  which  became 
known  as  the  "Prince  Graft.." 


THE  "  HEERE  GRAFT.' 


109 


In  1671,  an  ordinance  was  passed  to  improve  the  graft 
in  the  following  manner:  From  the  shore  of  the  river 
upward  to  the  bridge  at  Stone  street,  to  be  repaired,  of  the 
same  width  and  in  the  same  manner  as  before;  from  the 
bridge  upward  to  the  corner  of  Beaver  street,  to  be  im- 
proved in  a  manner  which  had  been  tried  by  Mr.  De 
Peyster,  and  found  of  service;  from  Beaver  street  up  to 
the  house  of  Mr.  Kip,  (near  Exchange  place)  in  the  same 
manner  as  before. 

In  the  year  1676,  the  inhabitants  of  the  Heere  Graft, 
were  ordered  forthwith  to  fill  it  up  level  with  the  street. 

The  inhabitants  on  the  "  Heere  Graft,"  (or  the  present 
Broad  street,  between  Beaver  and  Pearl  streets,)  in  1665, 
were  as  follows: 

On  the  east  side,  the  property  between  the  present  Pearl 
and  Stone  streets,  was  owned  by  Cornells  Melyn,  who  had 
a  few  years  previously  returned  to  Holland.  That  between 
the  present  Stone  and  South  William  streets  was  owned 
by  Jacob  Wolferzen  Van  Couwenhoven,  referred  to  among 
the  residents  on  Hoogh  straat. 

Thomas  Davidson,  was  an  Englishman  who,  coming 
hither  to  seek  his  fortune,  purchased  a  schooner  in  the 
year  1661,  and  with  a  negro  slave  to  assist  him  in  naviga- 
tion, commenced  his  trips  on  the  Hudson  river,  to  the 
settlements  of  Esopus  and  Albany.  He  purchased  of 
Adrian  Vincent  a  lot  on  the  north-east  corner  of  Broad 
and  South  streets,  about  twenty-five  feet  front  upon  which, 
having  built  a  dwelling-house,  he  resided  at  the  time  now 
spoken  of.    Mr.  Davidson  died  in  the  year  1688. 

Adrian  Vincent  was  an  early  emigrant  from  Holland, 
but  of  French  descent.  He  was  employed,  for  a  consider- 
able period,  in  the  public  service.    The  property  on  the 


110 


HEEEE  GRAFT. 


east  side  of  Broad  street,  between  the  present  South 
William  street,  (then  a  mere  lane)  and  the  present  Beaver 
street,  (then  a  road)  was  originally  granted  to  two  persons, 
one  of  whom  was  Adrian  Vincent,  and  the  other  Abraham 
Eye-ken.  They  were  intended  as  garden  plots.  That  of 
Eycken  extended  from  Beaver  street  south  about  one  hun- 
dred and  twenty  feet  front  on  the  ditch,  forty  feet  on 
Beaver  street,  and  fifty-six  feet  on  the  south  adjoining 
Vincent.  The  grant  to  the  latter  extended  from  Eycken's 
land  to  the  present  South  William  street,  having  about 
eighty-five  feet  front  on  the  ditch.  The  former  of  these  , 
grants  was  made  as  early  as  1646.  The  latter  somewhat 
earlier.  Mr.  Vincent  had,  at  the  time  of  which  we  now 
write,  (1665)  sold  part  of  this  property  and  now  occupied 
a  narrow  front.  Next  to  Vincent's  property,  on  the  north 
side  of  the  present  South  William  street,  was  a  horse-mill, 
which  had  long  stood  there.  Mr.  Vincent's  descendants 
are  numerous  at  the  present  day. 

Simon  Felle,  was  a  Frenchman,  who  is  found  to  have 
been  here  in  the  year  1654,  having  then  some  concern  or 
interest  in  a  barque  trading  with  this  place.  He  married 
Annekin,  a  daughter  of  Adrian  Vincent,  and  built  a  house 
upon  part  of  the  property  which  had  been  originally 
granted  to  his  father-in-law. 

Albert  Reuninck  occupied  the  adjoining  premises. 

Jacobus  Backer  was  a  merchant,  in  good  standing.  He 
occupied  about  fifty-one  feet  front  on  the  east  side  of  Broad 
street,  part  of  the  lot  originally  granted  to  Eycken,  near 
Beaver  street.  His  warehouse  adjoined  his  residence.  Mr. 
Backer  was  Schepen  of  the  city  for  several  years,  and  held 
other  prominent  places  of  trust  in  the  community.  In 
1660  Mr.  Backer  left  this  city  to  reside  in  Holland,  his 


HEERE  GRAFT. 


Ill 


business  being  still  carried  on  here  by  his  wife,  Marga- 
ret. The  new  arrangement  would  not  seem  to  have  pros- 
pered, as  his  property,  which  had  been  mortgaged  before 
his  departure,  for  eight  thousand  pounds  tobacco,  was 
foreclosed  by  the  creditors  in  1670,  to  whom  his  wife  was 
unable  to  make  payment.  The  property  was  sold  out  at 
private  sale  in  1671,  to  Balthazar  De  Hart;  but  Madam 
Backer  continued  her  residence  there  for  many  years 
subsequently. 

Jochem  Beekman,  a  shoemaker,  occupied  the  next  ad- 
joining premises,  which  were  on  the  south-east  corner  of 
Broad  and  Beaver  streets.  His  front  on  Broad  street  was 
about  thirty-six  feet,  on  Beaver  street  about  forty  feet. 
Mr.  Beekman  was  not  among  the  earlier  emigrants  of  his 
name,  with  whom  he  does  not  seem  to  be  a  family  connec- 
tion. He  was,  however,  made  a  citizen  as  early  as  the 
year  1657. 

Nicholas  Dupuy  occupied  the  premises  on  the  west  side 
of  Broad  street,  between  Beaver  and  Marketfield  streets, 
about  forty-four  feet  on  Broad  street.    He  died  in  1691. 

Pieter  Van  Naarden  was  situated  on  the  south-west 
corner  of  Broad  and  Marketfield  streets,  his  premises  con- 
taining about  twenty-two  feet  front.  He  died  a  short  time 
subsequent  to  this  period,  but  his  widow  remained  there 
for  a  number  of  years. 

David  Wessetts  occupied  the  premises  next  south.  He 
was  an  old  resident.  His  front  on  the  graft  about  twenty- 
three  feet. 

Coenraet  Ten  Eyck.  Mr.  Ten  Eyck  was  a  tanner  and 
shoe  dealer  and  manufacturer.  He  occupied  the  next 
adjoining  premises,  about  twenty-seven  feet  front.  The 
tan-pits  of  Mr.  Ten  Eyck  were  on  the  same  side  of  the 


112 


HEERE  GRAFT. 


street,  above  Beaver  street,  where  lie  owned  a  number 
of  lots,  the  ground  being  marshy  and  suitable  for  tan- 
ning purposes.  Mr.  Ten  Eyck  was  considered  one  of 
the  influential  citizens  as  early  as  1653.  His  business 
was  prosperous,  and  enabled  him  to  build  a  fine  house  at 
the  place  to  which  we  refer.  The  tannery  and  business 
were  carried  on,  after  his  death,  which  took  place  in  1680, 
by  his  three  sons,  Dirck,  Tobias  and  Coenraet. 

Pieter  Winster  was  a  shoemaker,  occupying  the  next  ad- 
joining premises,  formerly  occupied  by  R.  Reinoutsen. 

Nicholas  Verbraack  was  skipper  (captain)  of  the  ship 
"  New  Albany/'  sailing  out  of  this  port. 

Claes  Pauluzen.  Mr.  P.  sold  his  property,  on  the  west 
side  of  the  Heere  graft,  in  1666. 

Bartholdus  Maan  was  a  merchant,  who  had  been  a  long 
time  in  business  in  this  city;  he  died  the  following  year. 
The  business  was  afterward  carried  on  by  his  son,  Richard. 
Numerous  descendants  of  this  family  are  found  among 
us  at  the  present  day. 

Lucas  Dircksen,  a  tavern-keeper,  occupied  the  adjoining 
premises,  on  or  near  the  north-west  corner  of  Broad  and 
Stone  streets.    He  had  long  been  a  resident  here. 

Simon  Jansen  Romeyn,  a  merchant,  occupied  premises 
between  Bridge  and  Stone  streets,  on  the  west  side  of 
Broad  street;  containing  about  seventeen  and  a  half  feet 
front  and  forty  feet  depth.  He  was  a  man  in  good  circum- 
stances.   His  descendants  are  numerous. 

Tunis  Kray,  a  tavern-keeper,  occupied  premises  between 
Bridge  and  Stone  streets,  about  twenty-five  feet  front.  Mr. 
Kray  was  the  original  grantee  of  this  property,  in  1647 ; 
he  built  his  house  in  1655.  He  held  several  subordinate 
public  offices,  among  which  was  measurer  of  apples  and 


PRINCE  GRAFT. 


113 


onions  brought  to  market;  tally  master  of  the  bricks  and 
tiles  imported  from  Holland.  His  wife  was  also  superin- 
tendent of  the  market. 

Ambrosius  de  Weerham,  a  carpenter  by  trade,  became  a 
cartman. 


We  shall  continue  our  description  of  Broad  street,  north 
of  Beaver  street,  as  far  as  the  present  Exchange  place; 
which  part  was  known  as  the  "  Prince  graft. "  The  part 
of  the  present  Broad  street,  above  Exchange  place,  was 
a  common,  lying  open,  and  commonly  known  as  the 
"  Schaape  waytie,"  or  sheep  pasture,  which  was,  at  that 
period,  unoccupied  by  any  buildings.  The  centre  of  the 
Prince  graft,  for  a  considerable  distance  above  Beaver 
street,  was  occupied  by  an  open  drain,  somewhat  smaller 
than  the  part  below,  in  the  Heere  graft.  It  was  before 
observed,  that  in~this  neighborhood  the  ground  was  orig- 
inally marshy,  and  part  of  it  is  found,  in  some  of  the  most 
ancient  grants,  to  be  termed  "  the  swamp."  One  or  two 
hundred  feet  north  of  Beaver  street,  on  the  west  of  Broad 
street,  the  diagonal  course  of  a  brook  seems  to  be  pointed 
out  in  the  grants,  as  running  in  a  course  nearly  parallel 
to  the  present  line  of  Beaver  street. 

On  the  west  side  of  the  street,  several  shoemakers  estab- 
lished themselves,  for  the  convenience  of  tanning,  that 
being,  in  those  times,  a  legitimate  part  of  their  trade.  At 
the  period  to  which  we  now  refer,  there  were  but  few 
dwellings  on  this  street. 

Cornells  Barents,  a  baker,  lived  on  the  west  side  of  the 
street,  on  or  near  the  north  corner  of  Beaver  street. 

Boile  Roelofsen,  next  adjoining. 
8 


114 


PRINCE  GRAFT. 


Nicholas  Delaplaine,  next  above,  was  the  ancestor  of  the 
present  family  of  that  name. 

Beyond  him  were  situated  Coenraet  Ten  Eyck's  tan 
pits.    Mr.  T.  owned  here  a  considerable  parcel  of  land. 

Jacob  Mens, 

Paulus  Andriezen. 

Abel  Hardenbrook,  a  shoemaker,  came  here  in  1661;  he 
married,  and  commenced  business  on  the  Prince  graft;  his 
tan  pits  were  on  the  premises.  Mr.  H.,  and  other  shoe- 
makers, were  joint  owners  of  a  bark  mill,  to  grind  their 
^bark,  used  in  tanning.  This  property  was  on  the  north- 
west corner  of  Broad  street  and  Exchange  place;  contain- 
ing, on  Broad  street,  eighty- three  feet;  on  Exchange  place, 
one  hundred  and  one  feet;  on  New  street,  eighty-three  feet. 
Soon  after  the  period  now  referred  to,  Mr.  Hardenbrook 
removed  to  High  street. 

Thomas  Lodowycksen  was  captain  of  a  barque,  sailing  to 
Delaware  Bay. 

Johannes  Hardenbrook  was  a  merchant. 

Jacob  Kip  was  a  son  of  Hendrick  Kip,  one  of  the  oldest 
settlers,  who,  at  this  period,  was  still  living  in  this  city. 
Jacob  was  the  first  clerk  or  secretary  of  the  city  magis- 
trates, to  which  office  he  was  appointed,  at  a  youthful  age, 
in  1653;  he  resigned  in  1658,  and  turned  his  attention  to 
brewing,  and  subsequently  to  the  business  of  a  merchant. 
He  married  the  widow  of  Guleyn  Verplanck,  by  which 
marriage  he  added  to  his  property,  which  was  very  consid- 
erable.   He  lived  to  an  advanced  age. 

Jan  Arenzen. 

Rutger  ,  a  drayman. 

Frerick  Hendricksen  de  Boogh  was  the  captain  of  a  vessel 
on  Hudson  river.    He  died  in  1686. 


BROUWER  STRAAT. 


115 


Claes  Tysen,  cooper. 
Denys  Isaacsen. 
William  Abrahams. 

Bay  Croosvelt  (sometimes  called  Crossfield)  was  a  Latter, 
living  on  the  east  side  of  the  street,  near  Exchange  place. 
William  Deturnier. 


The  Brouwer  straat  was  the  name  given  to  that  part  of 
the  present  Stone  street,  between  Broad  and  Whitehall 
streets.  It  was  among  the  earliest  streets  built  upon,  and 
was  the  line  of  the  first  road  laid  out  along  the  East  river, 
the  ancient  grants  commonly  terming  it  "  the  road,"  while 
its  neighboring  thoroughfares  were  described  with  refer- 
ence to  their  situation,  as  "  east  of  the  fort,"  "  south  of  the 
fort,"  <fcc.  The  name  of  "  Brouwer  straat,"  or  Brewer's 
street,  was  given  to  it  from  the  circumstance  of  two  or 
three  breweries  having  been  erected  upon  it.  It  was  the 
first  street  in  this  city  paved  with  stone,  the  ordinance  for 
which  passed  in  1657.  It  afterward  came  to  be  called 
Stone  street,  probably  from  this  circumstance. 

Frederick  Philipse  resided  on  the  north  side  of  this 
street,  near  Whitehall  street.  He  is  celebrated  as  being 
the  richest  man  of  his  time  in  this  country.  The  first 
mention  of  Mr.  Philipse's  name,  in  the  ancient  documents, 
occurs  in  1655,  when,  on  an  occasion  of  public  exigency, 
contributions  being  called  for,  Mr.  Philipse  tenders  twenty 
guilders.  This  sum  was  far  below  those  of  the  wealthy 
class  of  burghers,  and  it  is  supposed  that  he  was  then  a 
young  man,  who  had,  in  common  with  the  other  citizens  of 
that  period,  wended  his  way  hither,  to  seek  his  fortune  in 
the  wilds  of  the  west.    After  trying  several  pursuits,  he 


116 


BROTTWER  STRAAT 


seems  to  have  settled  in  that  which  afforded  the  best  re- 
turns for  the  adventurous  youth,  viz :  the  Indian  trade  in 
furs.  But  his  fortune  was  more  rapidly  increased  by  his 
marriage  with  Margaret  Yon  Hardenbrook,  the  widow  of 
Pieter  Rudolphus,  a  trader,  who  had  been  established  here 
during  a  number  of  years,  and  died  in  1661.  From  this 
period  the  fortune  of  Mr.  Philipse  rapidly  increased  under 
his  prudent  management  and  eminent  business  talent,  and 
was  still  further  augmented,  after  the  death  of  his  first 
wife,  by  his  marriage  with  Catharine,  one  of  the  daughters 
of  Oloff  Stevenson  Van  Cortland,  a  wealthy  citizen.  This 
lady  had,  in  addition  to  her  patrimonial  fortune,  inherited 
that  of  her  first  husband,  John  Dervall,  a  rich  merchant 
of  this  city.  Thus,  by  a  fortuitous  chain  of  circumstances, 
the  united  avails  of  several  large  individual  fortunes  cen- 
tred in  Mr.  Philipse,  and  he  stood  far  beyond  his  compeers 
in  point  of  wealth.  In  the  later  years  of  his  life,  Mr. 
Philipse  resided  on  his  estate  of  Philipse  Manor,  the  manor 
house  being  situated  near  Tarry  town,  Westchester  county. 
He  filled  several  prominent  official  stations  in  the  govern- 
ment, at  different  periods.  He  died  in  the  year  1702,  leav- 
ing several  children.  Philip  died  in  the  West  Indies  ; 
Adolph  resided  for  many  years  in  this  city;  Eva  married 
Jacobus  Van  Cortland,  and  Annetje  married  Philip 
French. 

Rinier  Williamson,  a  baker,  occupied  the  premises  adjoin- 
ing Mr.  Philipse,  on  the  north  side  of  Brouwer  straat. 
His  lot  was  about  thirty-one  feet  front  and  ninety  feet  in 
depth.  Mr.  Williamson  was,  at  this  period,  but  recently 
established  in  business.  He  married  Susannah,  a  daughter 
of  Acrt  Teunisen,  a  farmer  at  Pavonia,  who  was  killed  by 
the  Indians  some  years  previously,  and  grand-daughter  of 


BROUWER  STRAAT.  117 

Sybout  Clasen,  a  carpenter,  one  of  the  old  inhabitants. 
He  became  a  man  of  considerable  property. 

Mattheus  De  Vos,  occupying  the  adjoining  premises,  had 
been  a  resident  here  for  many  years.  In  1656  he  was 
keeper  of  the  city-hall,  and  was  soon  after  appointed  mar- 
shal. He  exercised  the  office  of  public  notary,  and  fre- 
quently appeared  in  the  Court  of  Burgomasters  and 
Schepens  as  attorney  for  litigant  parties.  He  married  the 
widow  of  Philip  Geraerdy,  a  trader  of  considerable  prop- 
erty; he  continued  in  the  business  of  notary,  drawing 
deeds,  wills,  &c,  for  many  years  afterward.  The  property 
on  Stone  street,  occupied  by  him  at  this  period,  belonged 
to  the  estate  of  his  wife's  first  husband;  it  contained  forty- 
five  front  and  one  hundred  and  twenty  five  feet  depth. 

Jeronimus  Ebbingh.  Mr.  Ebbingh  was  a  trader,  his 
principal  business  being  carried  on  along  the  Hudson  river, 
at  Esopus  and  Albany,  which  places  he  was  accustomed  to 
visit,  at  stated  intervals,  to  gather  his  furs  and  peltry.  He 
was  a  man  of  large  property,  partly  acquired  by  his  mar- 
riage to  the  daughter  of  De  Laet,  one  of  the  original 
patentees  of  Rensselaerswyck.  His  support  of  the  Church 
was  a  commendable  trait  in  his  character,  and  he  was  a 
church-warden  for  many  successive  years.  Mr.  Ebbingh 
had  been  in  this  country  a  long  period;  as  early  as  1658, 
he  was  chosen  as  4i  an  old  and  suitable  person  for  the  priv- 
ilege of  the  great  citizenship.  He  frequently  held  office 
among  the  city  magistrates;  a  few  years  after  the  period 
above  referred  to,  he  settled  in  Esopus,  or  Kingston.  He 
sold  his  house  in  this  city  in  1676,  to  Mr.  Philipse,  for  two 
hundred  and  ten  beaver  skins,  the  value  of  which  was 
about  seven  hundred  dollars  ;  the  lot  contained  about 


118 


BROUWER  ST  R  A  AT. 


twenty-six  feet  front  and  one  hundred  and  eight  feet 
in  depth. 

Isaac  de  Foreest  was  one  of  the  early  settlers,  having 
come  here  about  the  year  1636.  He  was  the  original  grantee 
of  considerable  property  in  the  neighborhood  of  his  pres- 
ent residence,  and  also  of  a  farm  at  Harlem;  among  other 
property  owned  by  him  was  the  "  old  kirk,"  or  old  church, 
in  Pearl  street,  which  was  sold,  after  his  death,  to  Allard 
Anthony;  the  property  in  Stone  street  was  granted  in 
1645,  and  was  built  upon  by  him.  In  1658,  being  then  an 
"  old  and  suitable  person,  who  had  been  a  resident  here 
more  than  twenty  years,  and  had  made  many  improve- 
ments," he  was  privileged  with  the  "  great  citizenship." 
He  took  an  active  part  in  public  affairs,  and  in  the  im- 
provement of  the  town,  having,  for  some  years,  been  one 
of  the  magistrates.  He  died  a  few  years  subsequent  to 
the  period  to  which  we  now  refer,  leaving  his  widow, 
Sarah,  surviving,  and  several  children,  who  have  perpetu- 
ated his  name  to  the  present  day. 

Oloff  Stevenson  Van  Cortland  was  one  of  the  prominent 
citizens  of  New  Amsterdam.  He  came  to  this  city  in  1637, 
attached  to  a  military  company.  In  the  summer  of  that 
year,  he  was  transferred  to  the  civil  service  as  commissary 
of  cargoes,  at  a  salary  of  thirty  guilders,  or  about  twelve  dol- 
lars per  month;  in  1648  he  left  the  company's  service,  and 
embarked  in  the  brewing  business  at  the  place  now  referred 
to.  He  was  a  politician  of  influence.  In  1650  he  was 
president  of  a  body  called  the  "  Nine  Men,"  representing 
the  citizens  at  large;  as  such,  he  opposed  the  policy  of 
Governor  Stuyvesant  with  considerable  effect.  Stuyvesant 
retaliated  by  turning  the  "  Nine  Men"  out  of  their  pews  in 


BROUWER  STRAAT. 


119 


church,  and  tearing  up  the  seats.  Mr.  Van  Cortland  became 
one  of  the  most  considerable  men  in  town,  and  acquired 
a  large  property,  amongst  which  was  a  plot  on  the  west  side 
of  Broadway,  two  hundred  and  thirty-eight  feet  front,  ex- 
tending to  the  North  river,  and  adjacent  to  the  present 
Cortland  street.  He  held  various  offices  of  distinction, 
and  took  a  lively  interest  in  the  advancement  of  the  city. 
Mr.  Van  Cortland  died  in  the  year  1683,  and  his  property 
was  apportioned  among  his  children  in  the  year  1684.  He 
had  several  children — Stephanus,  who  married  Gertruyd 
Schuyler;  Maria,  who  married  Jeremias  Tan  Rensellaer; 
Catharine,  who  married,  first,  John  Derval,  and  secondly 
Frederick  Philipse;  Cornelia,  who  married  Brandt  Schuy- 
ler; Jacob,  who  married  Eva  Philipse;  Sophia,  who  mar- 
ried Andrew  Teller:  and  John,  who  died  unmarried. 

Jan  Jansen  Van  St.  Obin,  an  old  resident  on  this  street. 

Isaac  Kip  was  a  son  of  Hendrick  Kip,  one  of  the  early 
emigrants.  He  married  a  daughter  of  Gillis  Pietersen, 
who  resided  on  the  site  of  the  present  Wall  street,  his 
house  fronting  the  public  road  along  the  East  river,  now 
Pearl  street.  The  city  palisades  on  the  northerly  line  of 
Wall  street,  were  constructed  a  few  feet  above  Pietersen's 
house.  It  being  found  convenient  to  have  a  passage  along 
the  palisades,  the  heirs  of  Pietersen  were  requested,  in 
1656,  to  narrow  their  garden  so  as  to  allow  the  passage  of 
a  wagon-way  next  the  wall.  They  refused  this,  and  finally, 
the  city,  in  165V,  purchased  the  house  and  lot  of  the  Pieter- 
sen's,  which  was  much  dilapidated,  for  about  two  hundred 
dollars,  and  demolishing  the  buildings,  threw  the  lot  into 
the  public  street,  now  Wall  street.  Isaac  Kip  was  a 
trader,  doing  business  along  the  Hudson  river,  at  the  va- 
rious settlements  upon  its  banks. 


120 


WINCKEL  STRAAT. 


Frerick  Gysbertsen  was  a  merchant.  He  took  the  sur- 
name of  Vandenbergh,  by  which  his  descendants  are  now 
known. 

Hubert  Hendricksen. 

Evert  Pieterzen  was  a  schoolmaster,  having  been  em- 
ployed in  that  capacity  by  the  Dutch  West  India  Company. 
He  continued  teaching  here  for  many  subsequent  years, 
but  the  era  of  Dutch  school-teaching  declined  after  the 
permanent  establishment  of  the  English  in  authority;  the 
principal  inhabitants  bestowing  on  their  children  an  Eng- 
lish education. 


We  have  now  come  to  a  street  which  has  disappeared 
from  the  modern  maps  of  the  city.  It  was  anciently 
known  as  the  "  Winckel  street,"  or  street  of  the  stores; 
the  origin  and  site  of  which  may  be  described  as  follows  : 
After  the  establishment  of  the  West  India  Company  in 
this  city,  their  great  trading  interests  required  the  erection 
of  extensive  edifices  for  the  storage  of  their  goods.  For 
this  purpose  they  erected  five  stone  buildings  at  a  short 
distance  from  the  fort  and  under  the  immediate  protection 
of  its  guns.  These  buildings  occupied  a  line  facing  east- 
wardly  toward  the  fort,  between  the  present  Stone  and 
Bridge  streets,  running  parallel  with  the  present  Whitehall 
street.  In  course  of  time  the  open  space  between  the 
stone  houses  and  the  present  Whitehall  street,  was  granted 
out  in  building  lots,  the  depth  between  Whitehall  street 
and  the  line  in  front  of  the  stores,  being  about  sixty  feet, 
leaving  a  passage-way  which  was  called  the  "  Winckel 
straat."    Of  course  only  the  westerly  side  of  this  street 


BRUGH  STRAAT. 


121 


was  built  upon  by  individuals.  The  persons  residing  there 
at  the  period  now  referred  to  were 

Hendrick  Jansen,  a  baker,  who  had  long  been  a  resident 
of  this  city. 

Arent  Juriensen  Lantsman,  kept  a  small  store  for  retail- 
ing fruits  and  vegetables. 

Johannes  De  Peyster,  a  merchant  of  wealth  and  respecta- 
bility, had  long  been  established  in  business  at  this  place. 
He  subsequently  purchased  property  on  the  east  side  of 
Broad  street,  above  the  present  South  William  street.  He 
held  various  offices  in  the  magistracy  and  the  church,  and 
was  the  ancestor  of  a  long  line  of  descendants,  distin- 
guished for  their  public  spirit  and  activity  in  the  affairs 
of  the  city.  In  1677  he  was  appointed  deputy-mayor,  but 
finding  his  knowledge  of  the  English  language  inadequate 
to  the  proper  performance  of  the  duties,  he  resigned  his 
place.  After  a  long  life  of  activity  and  usefulness,  he 
died,  previous  to  the  year  1686,  leaving  his  widow,  Cor- 
nelia, who  survived  him  many  years,  and  several  children, 
two  of  whom,  Abraham  and  Johannes,  afterward  filled  the 
mayoralty  chair  of  this  city. 

Mighiel  Esnel. 

JEgi&ius  Luyclc  was,  at  this  period,  a  school-master.  He 
was  a  man  of  learning  and  piety,  and  at  times  officiated  as 
a  preacher  in  the  Dutch  church.  Mr.  Luyck,  in  1673,  held 
the  office  of  Burgomaster  of  the  city. 


The  "  Brugh  straat,"  or  Bridge  street,  still  retains  its 
name;  the  circumstance  from  which  it  was  derived  being, 
that  it  led  to  the  bridge  crossing  the  ditch  at  Broad  street. 

Corndis  Steenwyck  occupied  the  corner  of  the  present 


122 


BRUGH  STRAAT. 


Bridge  and  Whitehall  streets.  His  business  was  that  of  a 
general  merchant  or  store-keeper,  in  which  pursuit  he 
amassed  a  large  property,  and  was,  at  the  time  of  his 
death,  esteemed  the  second  person,  in  point  of  wealth,  in 
the  province.  The  wife  of  Mr.  Steenwyck  was  Margaretta 
De  Riemer,  whom  he  married  in  this  city.  His  mother-in- 
law,  a  lady  of  excellent  character,  married,  after  her  first 
widowhood,  Domine  Samuel  Drissius,  the  Dutch  clergyman 
in  this  city.  The  property  of  Mr.  Steenwyck,  on  the 
corner  of  Bridge  and  Stone  streets,  consisted  of  a  good 
stone  house,  occupied  in  part  by  his  store,  and  in  part  for 
his  dwelling.  It  was  worth  from  four  to  five  thousand 
dollars  of  the  present  currency.  Attached  was  a  kitchen 
of  two  stories  and  a  cellar.  In  the  main  house  was  the 
dwelliDg  room,  furnished  with  twelve  rush-leather  chairs; 
two  velvet  chairs  with  fine  silver  lace,  one  cupboard  of 
French  nut-wood,  one  round  table,  one  square  table,  one 
cabinet,  thirteen  pictures,  a  large  looking-glass,  a  bedstead, 
(containing  two  beds  and  the  necessary  linen)  five  alabas- 
ter images,  a  piece  of  tapestry-work  for  cushions,  a  flow- 
ered tabby  chimney  cloth,  a  pair  of  flowered  tabby  (curtain 
calico)  window  curtains,  a  dressing  box  and  a  carpet.  In 
the  room  called  the  "  foreroom"  was  a  marble  table,  eleven 
pictures,  seven  Russia  leather  chairs,  a  crumb  cloth,  three 
muslin  curtains  and  a  clock.  The  kitchen  furniture  was 
of  an  abundant  character;  the  rest  of  the  house  was  occu- 
pied by  his  merchandize. 

Mr.  Steenwyck,  in  the  course  of  his  life,  was  conspic- 
uous in  public  position,  and  probably  exercised  a  greater 
influence  on  the  public  mind  in  this  city  than  any  other  man 
of  his  time.  He  frequently  was  a  member  of  the  city 
magistracy,  as  well  under  the  Dutch  rule  as  subsequently 


BRUGH  STRAAT. 


123 


under  the  English.  He  was  major  of  the  city  for  five 
years,  (viz.,  in  1668,  69-70-82-83,)  and  in  the  year  1671, 
during  the  temporary  absence  in  Virginia  of  the  governor 
of  the  province,  (Lord  Lovelace)  he  was  deputed  to  con- 
duct the  government.  Mr.  Steenwyck  died  in  1684.  His 
widow  afterward  married  Domine  Henricus  Selinus,  the 
Dutch  clergyman. 

Barent  Jacobsen  Cool  was  in  this  city  as  early  as  the  year 
1633,  and  held  an  office  in  the  service  of  the  West  India 
Company. 

Jacob  Vermont. 

Jacob  Tunisen  Be  Kay  was  a  baker.  He  was  a  promi- 
nent man  in  the  Church,  and  was  in  high  esteem  as  a  man 
of  probity  and  honor.  Mr.  De  Kay  died  in  the  possession 
of  a  large  property.  He  left  several  children,  among 
them  two  sons,  Jacobus  and  Tunis,  from  whom  the  present 
families  of  that  name  are  derived. 

Hendrick  Hendricksen  Kip,  a  tailor,  was  one  of  the  early 
emigrants.  In  1642  a  grant  was  made  to  him  of  property 
east  of  the  fort,  containing  forty-four  square  rods.  Mr. 
Kip  was  always  an  active  politician,  and  in  particular  was 
a  determined  opponent  of  Governor  Kieft's  administration. 
At  his  death  he  left  three  sons  surviving,  viz.,  Isaack, 
Jacob  and  Hendrick,  from  whom  the  family  of  that  name 
are  derived. 

Jan  Adrianzen. 

Hendrick  Williamsen,  a  baker,  occupied  the  present 
north-west  corner  of  Bridge  and  Broad  streets,  having  a 
front  of  sixty-three  feet  on  Broad  street.  He  purchased 
the  property  of  Joost  Tunizen,  a  baker,  in  the  year  1658. 
After  taking  his  deed,  he  fancied  the  lot  to  be  somewhat 
short  in  size,  and  having  summoned  Tunizen  to  court, 


124 


BEAVER  GRAFT. 


demanded  that  lie  should  measure  the  property.  To  this, 
Tunizen  replied  that  he  did  not  measure  other  people's 
property,  but  Williamsen  might  measure  it  himself,  if  he 
desired  so  to  do;  which  position  was  sustained  by  the 
court.  Under  these  circumstances,  Williamsen  preferred 
a  new  complaint,  charging  that  in  the  time  of  the  Indian 
war  both  himself  and  Tunizen  had  grain  at  the  mill  at 
Newtown,  and  some  of  the  enemy  making  a  descent  on  the 
mill,  carried  off  part  of  the  grain  from  Tunizen's  sacks, 
upon  which  the  latter  filled  up  his  sacks  from  those  of 
Williaxnsen's.  This  complaint,  however,  having  no  proof, 
was  likewise  thrown  out.  On  the  improvement  of  the 
ditch  in  Broad  street,  an  assessment  was  laid  on  the 
property  owners,  in  1660,  which  Williamsen,  among  others, 
refused  to  pay,  maintaining  that  he  was  not  benefited  more 
than  the  rest  of  the  citizens.  As  the  delinquents  made  an 
obstinate  resistance  to  the  magistrates,  Governor  Stuyve- 
sant  ordered  them  to  be  locked  up  in  the  prison  room,  to 
be  kept  there  until  they  repented.  Before  nightfall,  the 
parties  prayed  to  be  released,  promising  to  pay  at  an  early 
period.  In  1660,  Mr.  Williamsen  built  a  mill  at  Growanus. 
He  continued  his  residence  here  for  many  years. 

Pieter  Jansen,  a  mason,  died  four  or  five  years  subsequent 
to  the  period  now  referred  to. 

Pieter  Nys,  a  wine  merchant. 


The  present  Beaver  street,  between  Broadway  and  Broad 
street,  known  at  this  period  as  the  "  Beaver  graft/7 
was  originally  called  "  The  Company's  Valley/7  and  was 
the  course  of  a  ditch  running  through  the  centre  of  the 
present  street.    It  is  frequently  referred  to,  in  the  original 


BEAVER  GRAFT. 


125 


grants  of  lots  along  the  Company's  Valley,  as  "  the  old 
ditch."  Commencing  at  the  premises  on  the  north  side  of 
the  street,  nearest  to  Broad  street,  we  have 

Jacob  Leunizen,  a  carpenter,  who  had  been  long  a  resi- 
dent of  this  city. 

Tunis  Tomassen  Quick  occupied  the  adjoining  premises. 

Thomas  Sanderson,  a  smith,  had  been  long  a  resident;  as 
early  as  1643  this  property  was  granted  to  him.  It  was 
described  as  lying  on  the  west  end  of  the  ditch  (on  Broad 
street;)  in  front,  on  the  south  side,  four  rods  one  foot;  on 
the  west  side,  six  rods  three  feet;  on  the  east  side,  six  rods 
five  feet. 

Egbert  Meinderzen,  a  butcher,  hired  premises  owned  by 
Paulus  Yanderbeeck.  This  property  he  purchased  the 
following  year,  and  sold  it  again  in  1672.  It  was  on  or 
near  the  easterly  corner  of  New  street;  in  front  thirty- two 
feet,  and  in  depth  about  one  hundred  and  fifty  feet;  easterly 
from  him  lay  a  vacant  lot,  belonging  to  the  deacons  of 
the  poor. 

Egbert  Woutersen  owned  the  property  on  the  north-west 
corner  of  the  present  Beaver  and  New  streets.  He  was 
one  of  the  earliest  emigrants,  and  in  1647  received  a  grant 
of  land  called  Apopcalyck,  on  the  west  side  of  the  North 
river.  Mr.  Woutersen  died  about  the  year  1680.  His 
heirs,  in  1683,  sold  off  many  lots  in  New  street,  which  had 
before  that  been  unoccupied. 

John  Jansen  Van  Brestede  was  a  cooper.  He  was  ap- 
pointed marker  of  beer  barrels  in  1658,  and  in  1667  in- 
spector of  pipe  staves.  His  two  sons,  Andrew  and  Simon, 
followed  the  same  calling;  the  family,  in  later  years,  have 
been  known  as  Bresteede.    The  common  ancestor  of  this 


126 


PRINCE  STRAAT. 


name,  to  whom  we  now  refer,  died,  it  is  supposed,  about 
the  year  1675. 

Birck  Storm  removed  from  this  street  in  the  year  1666. 

Hendrich  Van  Bommel,  a  tailor,  had  been,  for  a  number 
of  years,  a  resident  here.  He  held  the  place  of  public 
crier,  in  performance  of  which  duty  he  was  accustomed  to 
go  to  the  corners  of  the  several  streets,  and  after  ringing 
a  hand-bell  for  some  time,  for  the  purpose  of  calling  the 
attention  of  the  inhabitants,  he  proclaimed,  with  a  loud 
voice,  the  subject  of  public  notice,  (such  as  that  there 
would  be  a  special  meeting  of  the  court — that  there  would 
be  a  public  auction — that  there  were  pigs  in  the  pound 
to  be  redeemed,  and  other  matters  of  like  general  in- 
terest.) 

Roelqf  Jansen  Van  Meppelen,  a  butcher. 


Proceeding  on  the  present  Beaver  street  to  that  part  of 
it  which  lies  east  of  Broad  street,  we  find  but  three  houses 
upon  it  at  this  period.  It  was  then  known  as  "  De  Prince 
straat." 

Jllbert  Pietersen  Swart. 

Daniel  Verveelen,  a  brewer,  originally  resided  at  Fort 
Orange,  or  Albany.  The  family  of  Verveelen  was  one  of 
the  earliest  emigrating  to  this  country;  their  descendants 
are  numerous  at  the  present  time. 

Gerrit  Manate. 


The  street  now  known  as  Marketfield  street  was  origin- 
ally called  "  the  oblique  road;"  and  afterward,  upon  the 


JIARCKVELT  STEEGIE.  127 

streets  being  named,  was  designated  as  the  "  Marckvelt 
steegie,"  or  the  "  MarketfieM  path."  The  lots  between 
this  street  and  south  side  of  Beaver  street,  were  first 
granted  to  individuals  about  the  year  104(5 .  Roeloi  Jansen 
Haas  was  given  the  front  on  the  present  Whitehall  street, 
and  extending  about  seventy-five  feet  toward  Broad  street; 
next  him  was  Claes  Van  Elslant,  whose  front  on  Beaver 
and  Marketfield  streets  was  about  one  hundred  and  fifty 
feet;  next  him  was  Evert  Jansen,  whose  front  was  about 
one  hundred  and  ten  feet.  The  inhabitants  of  the  "  Marck- 
velt steegie,"  in  1665,  were  as  follows  : 

Claes  Van  Elslant,  senior,  was  one  of  the  earliest  emi- 
grants; he  came  hither  in  the  service  of  the  West  India 
Company,  in  the  capacity  of  a  clerk.  He  was  an  active 
and  intelligent  young  man,  and  rendered  good  service  in 
the  wars  and  expeditions  of  early  times.  Mr.  Van  Elslant 
settled  a  family  at  this  place,  and  was  appointed  court  mes- 
senger, and  held  various  other  offices  of  a  subordinate 
character,  among  which  was  that  of  the  town  sexton  and 
undertaker.  He  lived  in  the  time  that  the  old  grave-yard 
in  Broadway,  above  Morris  street,  was  the  receptacle  of 
the  dead  of  this  town;  and  probably,  judging  from  the  du- 
ration of  his  official  career,  he  officiated  at  most  of  the 
burials  in  that  ancient  cemetery,  which  was  abandoned 
about  the  same  time  that  the  ancient  sexton  departed  this 
life.  Mr.  Van  Elslant  died  about  the  year  1670.  His 
son,  Claes  Van  Elslant  had,  for  many  years,  held  the  place 
of  court  messenger,  formerly  occupied  by  his  father,  who 
had  become  unfitted,  by  age,  for  the  discharge  of  the  active 
duties  of  the  place,  and  after  the  death  of  his  father  he 
was  likewise  appointed,  in  1670,  the  town  sexton  and  un- 
dertaker, and  also  auctioneer  of  sales. 


128 


SMEE  STRAAT. 


Isaac  Abrahamson. 
Andries  Clasen. 

John  Van  Gelder,  a  grain  measurer. 
Elsie  Barms. 

Lambert  Hendricksen  Van  Campen,  a  tavern-keeper. 

Jan  Adamzen. 

Jan  Meinderzen,  cartman. 


That  part  of  the  street,  now  known  as  William  street, 
between  Wall  and  Pearl  streets,  was  then  called  the  "  Smee 
straat;"  having  formerly  been  known  as  "  the  glass-maker's 
street,"  and  subsequently  as  "  Smith  street."  At  the  period 
now  referred  to,  it  contained  a  few  houses.  We  are  unable 
to  give  the  reason,  with  positive  certainty,  why  the  name 
Smee  straat  was  applied  to  this  street,  unless  from  the 
circumstance  that  Jan  Smeedes,  a  glass-maker,  was  one 
of  the  first,  if  not  the  very  first  settler  upon  the  present 
line.  He  owned  considerable  land,  and  resided  on  the 
east  side  of  the  street,  a  short  distance  north  of  the 
present  Pearl  street  and  Hanover  square.  The  common 
pronunciation,  in  Dutch,  of  Smeede's  straat,  would  be 
the  same  by  which  it  was  known  at  the  period  now 
spoken  of. 

Meindert  Barenzen,  cooper. 

Geetje  Jans. 

Andries  Rees,  an  inn  keeper. 
Jan  Roelofsen. 
Joris  Dopsen,  an  innkeeper. 
Immitje,  widow  of  Frans  Clasen. 
William  Vanderschuyr. 


SMEE  STRAAT. 


129 


Andries  Andriezen,  a  mason. 

Cornelius  Hendricksen,  drummer,  owned  the  premises  on 
the  south-west  corner  of  Wall  and  William  streets,  con- 
taining twenty-six  feet  on  Wall  street  and  thirty  feet  on 
William  street.    This  property  he  sold  in  1699. 

Gerrit  Jansen  Van  Aarnhan. 


9 


CHAPTER  XI. 


BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES  OF  SEVERAL  OF    THE    EARLY  RESIDENTS  IN  NEW 
AMSTERDAM,  NOT  ENUMERATED  IN  THE  FOREGOING  CHAPTERS. 

Maryn  Andriezen  originally  settled  on  the  patroon  Yan 
Rensselaer's  estate,  about  the  year  1632.  He  subsequently 
engaged  in  the  North  river  trade,  and  established  himself 
in  New  Amsterdam,  where  he  owned  a  considerable  prop- 
erty near  the  present  Pearl  and  Wall  streets.  Mr.  An- 
driezen was  a  man  of  violent  passions,  and  in  common 
with  many  other  traders  whose  pursuits  had  brought  them 
in  constant  commerce  with  the  savages,  he  regarded  that 
race  with  feelings  of  antipathy.  Being  a  resident  of  the 
city  at  the  time  of  the  Indian  war  in  1642,  he  was  fore- 
most in  counseling  violent  measures  against  the  savages, 
and  an  efficient  minister  in  their  destruction.  The  de- 
plorable results  of  that  war  to  the  Dutch,  raised  a  high 
feeling  in  the  community  against  the  violent  counselors 
whose  impetuosity  had  brought  about  so  many  disasters. 
These  persons  endeavored  to  shift  the  responsibility  of 
their  acts  from  one  to  another,  and  the  governor  (Kieft) 
charged  Andriezen  with  the  odium  of  these  misfortunes. 
The  latter,  upon  hearing  this,  visited  the  fort,  and  present- 
ing himself  in  the  council-room,  assaulted  the  governor, 
then  sitting  in  council.    He  was  seized  by  those  present, 


BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES. 


131 


and  lodged  in  prison.  Several  of  his  friends,  headed  by 
his  son,  soon  after  came  to  demand  his  release,  and  at- 
tempted to  force  an  entrance  to  effect  their  object,  when 
young  Andriezen  was  shot  down  by  a  sentinel.  The 
prisoner  was  afterward  sent  to  Holland  for  trial,  but  is 
subsequently  found  residing  in  New  Amsterdam.  Mr. 
Andriezen  died  in  this  city  a  few  years  afterward,  his 
widow,  Lysbet  Tysen,  surviving  him  many  years,  having 
subsequently  married  Geerlief  Michielsen. 

Isaac  Allerton,  one  of  the  New  England  pilgrims,  arrived 
at  Plymouth,  in  the  May  Flower,  in  1G29.  He  soon  after 
engaged  in  the  coasting  trade,  principally  between  the 
Dutch  settlements  and  those  of  New  England,  and  estab- 
lished extensive  interests  in  the  town  of  New  Amsterdam, 
having  formed  a  business  connection  with  Govert  Loock- 
ermans,  a  thriving  Dutch  trader.  Mr.  Allerton  was  a 
resident  of  this  city  for  a  considerable  period,  and  in  1643 
was  one  of  the  representatives  of  the  citizens  in  the  coun- 
cil called  "  the  eight  men,"  and  held  other  offices  under  the 
Dutch  administration.  His  trade  increasing,  he  engaged 
in  shipping,  himself  sailing  on  most  of  the  principal 
voyages,  extending  along  the  Virginia  coast  and  to  the 
West  Indies.  The  tobacco  trade  principally  occupied  his 
attention.  His  son  Isaac  attended  to  his  father's  business 
in  this  city  during  his  absence  on  trading  voyages.  Mr. 
Allerton,  senior,  died  in  the  year  1659.  After  his  affairs 
in  this  city  were  closed,  his  son  removed  to  New  England. 

Everardus  Bogardus,  domine,  the  first  established  cler- 
gyman in  this  city,  arrived  here  in  1633.  A  church,  con- 
structed of  wood,  was  erected  for  him  on  the  present  north 
side  of  Pearl  street,  between  Whitehall  and  Broad  streets. 
This  edifice  being  exposed  to  an  assault,  should  the  Indians 


132 


BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES. 


surprise  the  community  while  at  their  devotions,  was  aban- 
doned in  the  time  of  the  Indian  war  of  1642,  at  which 
time  a  church  was  erected  within  the  walls  of  the  fort, 
where  Domine  Bogardus  afterward  officiated.  He  married 
in  this  city  the  widow  of  Roelof  Jansen,  one  of  the  earliest 
settlers.  This  lady  owned,  in  right  of  her  former  hus- 
band, a  farm  on  the  North  river,  in  the  neighborhood  of 
the  present  Canal  street,  containing  sixty-two  acres,  which 
had  been  granted  to  Mr.  Jansen  in  1636.  At  the  time  of 
her  marriage  to  Domine  Bogardus  she  had  four  children, 
and  by  Domine  Bogardus  she  had  also  four  children. 
This  farm  was,  in  the  year  1671,  conveyed  by  the  heirs, 
with  the  exception  of  one  of  her  sons,  Cornelius,  to  Gov- 
ernor Lovelace,  and  became  afterward  the  property  of 
Trinity  church.  Her  son  Cornelius,  not  having  joined  in 
the  conveyance,  his  heirs  claim  one-eighth  interest  in  this 
valuable  property,  which  has  been  the  subject  of  litigation 
for  many  years,  and  is  well  known  as  the  "  Anneke  Jan's 
suit."  The  residence  of  Domine  Bogardus  in  this  city 
was  on  the  present  Whitehall  street,  east  side,  between 
Bridge  and  Stone  streets.  Having  embarked  on  board  the 
ship  Princess  in  the  year  1647,  on  a  visit  to  his  father-land, 
the  vessel  was  cast  away  on  the  English  coast,  and  Mr. 
Bogardus,  with  more  than  eighty  others,  perished.  He 
was  succeeded  in  the  pastoral  charge  of  the  Dutch  congre- 
gation in  this  city  by  the  Rev.  Johannes  Backerus.  It  is 
to  be  remarked  that  the  original  name  of  the  family  was 
Bogard  or  Bogaert,  the  termination  us,  assumed  by  him 
being  then  a  common  custom  among  clergymen  and  other 
professors  of  learning,  as  giving  a  classical  distinction  to 
the  ordinary  name.  The  name  of  his  successor  was  orig- 
inally "  Backer/'  or  as  it  would  be  called  in  English,  the 


BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES.  133 

Rev.  John  Baker.  Subsequently,  in  this  city,  the  Rev. 
Messrs.  Megapolensis,  Drissius,  Selinus  and  others,  held 
the  pastoral  charge  of  the  congregation. 

William  Beeckman  was  born  at  Hasselt  in  1623,  and 
came  to  this  city  in  1647,  at  the  commencement  of  Gov- 
ernor Stuyvesant's  administration,  being  then  in  the 
employment  of  the  company.  He  married  Catharine,  a 
daughter  of  Frederick  Hendricks  de  Boogh,  captain  of  a 
Hudson  river  trading  vessel,  and  a  lady  of  great  personal 
attractions.  In  1652  he  purchased  of  Jacob  Van  Corlaer 
his  plantation  at  Corlaer's  Hook,  where  he  resided  for 
some  time.  At  an  early  age  he  filled  the  office  of  Schepen 
of  this  city,  and  other  municipal  offices  of  distinction.  In 
1658  Mr.  Beeckman  was  appointed  vice-director  of  the 
Dutch  colony  at  the  mouth  of  the  Delaware  river,  where 
he  resided  until  the  year  1663,  when  he  was  transferred  to 
the  settlement  at  Esopus  in  this  State,  of  which  district  he 
was  appointed  sheriff.  After  officiating  there  for  several 
years,  he  removed  to  this  city.  In  1670,  he  purchased  the 
farm  formerly  owned  by  Thomas  Hall,  and  then  occupied 
by  his  widow  in  the  vicinity  of  the  present  Beekman  street, 
and  fronting  on  the  road  along  the  East  river  shore,  (now 
Pearl  street.)  This  property  then  lay  between  the  farm 
formerly  belonging  to  Cornelis  Van  Tienhoven  on  the 
south,  and  Bestevaar's  swamp  on  the  north.  It  covered 
several  of  the  present  blocks  in  that  vicinity.  Mr.  Beeck- 
man here  continued  the  brewing  business,  which  had 
formerly  been  established  by  Mr.  Hall.  He  resided  at 
that  place,  in  high  repute  among  the  citizens  of  his  day 
untjl  his  death,  which  occurred  in  1707,  at  the  advanced 
age  of  eighty-five  years.  His  descendants  at  the  present 
day  are  numerous. 


134 


BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES. 


William  Breedenbent,  under-sheriff  in  1633,  was  the  orig- 
inal grantee  of  a  lot,  and  among  the  first  settlers  on  the 
north  side  of  the  present  Beaver  street,  between  Broad  and 
New  streets. 

George  Baxter,  an  Englishman,  was  appointed,  by  Kieft, 
in  1642,  his  English  secretary,  and  was  a  conspicuous 
character  in  the  different  negotiations  with  New  England, 
for  several  years.  In  1646  he  patented  lands  at  Canarsie, 
on  Long  Island,  where  he  resided  for  some  time.  He  was 
continued  as  English  secretary  by  Stuyvesant,  but  soon 
turned  against  the  Dutch,  and  became  concerned  in  in- 
trigues to  subvert  the  Dutch  authority,  and  was  suspected 
to  have  acted  the  part  of  a  spy  in  his  intercourse  with  the 
Dutch.  Being  a  magistrate  at  Gravesend,  he  was  dismissed 
from  office  in  1654,  and  soon  after  hoisted  the  English  flag 
at  Gravesend,  and,  in  company  with  several  of  his  neigh- 
bors, proclaimed  the  jurisdiction  of  Great  Britain.  He 
and  the  others  were  then  seized  and  sent  to  prison  &t  New 
Amsterdam;  here  he  lay  over  a  year,  when,  through  lenity, 
having  been  removed  from  the  dungeon  to  a  more  comfort- 
able  apartment,  he  seized  an  opportunity  to  escape.  His 
property  was,  however,  confiscated.  Baxter  now  became 
more  active  than  ever  in  his  efforts  to  free  Long  Island 
from  the  dominion  of  the  Dutch,  and,  in  1663,  appeared 
before  the  ministry  in  England,  to  give  an  account  of  the 
affairs  of  New  Netherland.  He  afterward  returned  to 
New  Amsterdam  with  the  English  forces  which  captured 
the  city  in  1664:  he  subsequently  removed  to  Nevis,  in  the 
West  Indies. 

Jaques  Cortelyou  was  originally  the  agent  of  the  Hon. 
Mr.  Van  Werckhoven,  a  magistrate  of  Utrecht,  in  Holland, 
who.  in  the  year  1651,  purchased  several  large  tracts,  for 


t 


BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES. 


135 


the  purpose  of  planting  colonies  in  Xew  Xetherland. 
Cortelyou  was  a  man  of  good  education,  and  was  offered 
the  place  of  Sheriff  of  New  Amsterdam,  in  165-1,  hut  de- 
clined to  act.  He  was  the  first  surveyor  of  the  city,  and 
made  the  first  map  of  the  town  in  1656,  at  the  time  the 
streets  were  first  established.  In  1657  he  became  the 
patentee  of  New  Utrecht,  so  named  after  the  city  of  which 
his  patron,  Van  Werckhoven,  was  a  magistrate,  and  him- 
self probably  a  native. 

Johannes  Delamontagnie,  doctor,  arrived  in  this  country 
in  the  year  1637,  being  then  about  forty-five  years  of  age. 
He  was  appointed,  by  Governor  Kieft,  the  following  year, 
as  a  member  of  his  council,  an  office  the  second  in  author- 
ity in  the  government.  Mr.  Delamontagnie  (whose  name 
was  sometimes  abbreviated  to  "  Lamontagnie'7  and  "  Mon- 
tagnie")  was  a  French  Huguenot,  and  sought  these  shores 
to  escape  the  rage  of  religious  persecution  in  France.  He 
purchased  a  farm,  of  about  two  hundred  acres,  at  Harlem, 
on  this  island,  which  he  named  the  "  Vredendal,'7  or  Valley 
of  Peace,  paying  therefor  seven  hundred  and  twenty  dollars. 
It  lay  east  of  the  present  Eighth  avenue,  and  between 
Ninety-third  street  and  the  Harlem  river.  In  1641  he 
commanded  a  party  from  this  city,  against  the  Indians  on 
Staten  Island,  and  soon  after  another,  against  one  of  the 
Long  Island  tribes  at  Scout's  Bay.  At  the  time  of  Mr. 
Delamontagnie's  arrival  here,  he  was  a  widower,  with  four 
children.  One  of  his  grand-sons,  named  Vincent  Dela- 
montagnie, was  born  on  22d  of  April,  1657,  and  died  26th 
of  May,  1773,  at  the  age  of  one  hundred  and  sixteen 
years. 

Samuel  Drissius,  domine,  was  sent  out  from  Holland 
in  the  year  1652,  to  assist  Domine  Megapolensis,  then 


136 


BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES. 


the  officiating  Dutch  clergyman  in  this  city;  he  was,  at  that 
time,  about  forty  years  of  age.  Soon  after  his  arrival  he 
married  Lysbet  Juriaensen,  widow  of  Isaac  Greveraat,  for- 
merly a  Dutch  trader  in  this  city,  by  which  marriage  he 
acquired  a  considerable  property;  his  own  salary  was 
about  six  hundred  dollars.  The  residence  of  Mr.  Drissius 
was  on  the  present  north  side  of  Pearl  street,  between 
Whitehall  and  Broad  streets  (next  to  corner  of  Whitehall 
street;)  the  lot  was  about  twenty  feet  front,  and  extended 
to  Bridge  street.  He  subsequently  removed  to  the  west 
side  of  the  present  Broad  street,  near  Wall,  his  premises 
embracing  a  large  garden.  Mr.  Drissius  officiated  as 
clergyman  here  until  his  decease,  about  the  year  1681;  he 
left  no  children,  and  bequeathed  his  property,  one  half  to 
his  wife  and  one  half  to  his  sister,  Mrs.  Jane  Slade,  of 
London. 

Jan  Jansen  Damen,  a  trader,  settled  originally  at  Fort 
Orange,  or  Albany,  about  the  year  1631,  but  subsequently 
removed  to  New  Amsterdam,  where  he  took  a  prominent 
part  in  the  public  affairs  of  his  time.  He  was  the  original 
grantee  of  a  large  farm,  extending  from  the  North  to  the 
East  river,  and  bounded  partly  on  Maiden  lane.  The  city 
wall  cut  through  a  part  of  this  property,  when  erected  in 
1653,  and  laid  the  grain  fields  open;  it  then  belonged  to 
his  heirs.  Having  visited  the  father-land,  on  public  busi- 
ness, in  the  year  1651,  Mr.  Damen  died  on  his  return. 
Some  further  account  of  his  family  will  be  found  in  other 
parts  of  this  book. 

Philip  Be  Truy,  court  messenger  or  marshal,  was  one  of 
the  early  settlers.  He  resided  on  the  road  called  the 
Smith's  Valley,  now  Pearl  street,  north  of  Maiden  lane, 
where  he  owned  a  considerable  property. 


BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES. 


137 


Arnoldus  Van  Hardenburgh,  a  trader,  was  among  the 
earliest  inhabitants,  and  occupied  a  conspicuous  position 
among  the  merchants  of  his  day. 

Pieter  Hartgers  came  to  this  country  in  1643,  in  the  ser- 
vice of  the  company,  and  first  settled  at  Fort  Orange, 
or  Albany.  He  married  Fytje,  daughter  of  Annetje  Jans. 
Having  engaged  in  trade  on  his  own  behalf,  he  established 
a  temporary  place  of  business  on  the  present  Broad  street. 
He  died  in  Holland,  in  1670. 

Andries  Hudde  was  one  of  the  officers  employed  by  the 
West  India  Company  in  this  city,  from  a  very  early  period. 
He  was  a  considerable  property-holder  as  early  as  1636. 
He  held  the  office  of  first  commissary  of  wares.  In  1646 
he  was  transferred  to  the  Dutch  settlements  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Delaware  river,  to  superintend  the  company's  com- 
mercial interests  in  that  quarter.  He  afterward  (1655) 
was  appointed  secretary  and  attorney-general  of  that  col- 
ony. Hudde  having  died,  his  property  in  this  city,  on 
Broadway,  east  side,  above  Beaver  street,  sixty  feet  front 
and  two  hundred  and  twenty  feet  in  depth,  was  sold  to  Mr. 
Aertsen,  in  1667. 

George  Holmes,  an  Englishman  who  had  settled  in  New 
England,  went  thence,  in  1635,  with  thirteen  or  fourteen 
others,  to  make  a  settlement  on  the  Delaware  river,  where 
the  Dutch  had  established  a  colony.  They  were,  however, 
made  prisoners  by  the  Dutch,  and  sent  to  Xew  Amsterdam. 
Holmes  then  expressing  his  willingness  to  become  a  sub- 
ject of  the  Dutch,  was  permitted  to  establish  himself  in 
trade  here,  as  other  citizens.  He  received  a  grant  of  land 
for  a  tobacco  plantation:  "in  breadth,  from  Deutel  Bay. 
(Turtle  Bay)  along  the  Ea3t  river  to  the  hill  of  Schepmoes, 
where  the  beach  tree  lies  over  the  water,  and  in  depth  one 


138 


BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES. 


hundred  rods  into  the  woods."  He  also  received  the  grant 
of  a  town  lot,  near  the  fort,  on  the  present  Whitehall 
street.  He  died  here,  and  left  several  children.  The 
property  was  afterward  sold  to  Cornelius  Steenwyck. 

Wolfert  Gerritsen,  one  of  the  earliest  Dutch  settlers, 
who,  with  his  family,  permanently  remained  in  the  colony, 
came  here  in  1630,  in  the  service  of  Patroon  Van  Rensse- 
laer, and  acted  as  overseer  of  the  farms  in  the  colony. 
Subsequently  entering  the  service  of  the  company  at  New 
Amsterdam,  a  residence  was  built  for  him  by  the  company 
in  1633,  near  the  fort;  it  is  believed,  on  the  present  north- 
west corner  of  Pearl  and  Whitehall  streets.  In  1636,  in 
company  with  three  other  prominent  officials  (Governor 
Van  Twiller  being  one,)  he  purchased  from  the  Indians  a 
tract  of  ten  to  fifteen  thousand  acres,  on  Long  Island, 
near  the  present  town  of  New  Utrecht,  where  he  afterward 
resided  for  many  years,  and  where,  it  is  supposed,  he  died. 
His  step-sons,  Jacob  Wolphertsen  Van  Couwenhoven  and 
Pieter  Wolphertsen  Van  Couwenhoven,  were,  for  many 
years,  among  the  most  prominent  citizens  of  New  Am- 
sterdam. 

Philip  Geraerdy,  a  trader,  was  among  the  earliest  set- 
tlers, and  received  a  grant,  in  1643,  of  a  house  lot  on  the 
north  side  of  the  road  now  called  Stone  street,  between 
Whitehall  and  Broad  streets.  He  was  also  the  original 
grantee  of  a  lot  on  the  east  side  of  Broadway,  between 
Beaver  street  and  Exchange  place,  one  hundred  and  ten 
feet  front  and  about  two  hundred  and  thirty  feet  in  depth. 
His  property  was  inherited  by  Jan  Geraerdy,  who  after- 
ward resided  at  the  homestead,  in  the  present  Stone  street. 

Michael  Jansen  emigrated  from  Broeckhuysen,  to  this 
country  in  1636,  and  first  settled  at  Rensselaerswyck.  He 


BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES. 


139 


was  accompanied  by  his  wife  and  two  children.  Turning 
his  attention  from  farming  pursuits  to  the  fur  trade,  he 
amassed  a  considerable  fortune,  and,  in  1646,  removed  to 
the  vicinity  of  New  Amsterdam,  having  purchased  the  plan- 
tation of  Jan  Evertsen  Bout,  called  Gamoenepa  (Commu- 
nipaw,)  on  the  west  side  of  New  York  Bay.  The  Indian 
wars  which  devastated  the  settlements  contiguous  to  this 
city,  compelled  Mr.  Jansen,  in  the  year  1655,  to  remove 
his  family,  for  greater  safety,  within  this  city,  where, 
although  not  privileged  as  a  citizen,  he  was  permitted,  in 
consequence  of  his  having  lost  his  all  by  the  Indian  war, 
to  open  a  tavern.  This  business  he  followed  until  the 
occurrence  of  a  more  settled  condition  of  Indian  affairs, 
when  he  returned  to  the  Jersey  shore,  and  re-erected  his 
farm  buildings,  and  renewed  his  farming  operations.  He 
was  one  of  the  first  magistrates  in  that  part  of  the  present 
State  of  New  Jersey. 

Jochem  Pietersen  Kuyter  had,  previously  to  emigrating 
to  this  country,  been  a  commander  in  the  Danish  service, 
in  the  East  Indies;  he  came  hither,  from  Darmstadt,  in  the 
year  1639,  accompanied  by  his  family.  His  intention 
being  to  turn  his  attention  to  farming,  he  procured  a  grant 
of  a  large  farm  at  Harlem,  on  this  island,  and  engaged  in 
agricultural  pursuits,  on  a  large  scale.  He  also  had  a 
house  in  this  city,  on  the  present  north  side  of  Pearl  street, 
on  the  block  between  Hanover  square  and  Broad  street, 
where  he  engaged  in  trade  to  some  extent.  Mr.  Kuyter, 
from  an  early  period,  took  a  prominent  part  in  the  public 
affairs,  and  may  be  said  to  have  been  the  leading  man  of 
his  day  on  the  side  of  the  citizens'  party,  or  that  part  of 
the  community  in  favor  of  extending  privileges  to  the 
people,  and  of  restraining  the  arbitrary  powers  claimed  by 


140 


BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES. 


the  officers  of  the  West  India  Company.  His  opposition 
to  Kieft's  administration  was  one  of  the  leading  causes  of 
its  downfall.  Upon  Stuyvesant's  advent  to  power,  he  was 
courted  by  the  two  factions,  existing  under  the  former  ad- 
ministration; he  chose  to  favor  that  of  Kieft,  as  necessary 
to  sustain  the  prerogatives  of  his  own  power,  and  caused 
Kuyter  and  others  to  be  brought  to  trial  for  seditious  con- 
duct. He  was  found  guilty  of  having  threatened  Kieft 
"  with  his  finger;"  which,  with  other  similar  acts  of  con- 
tempt, were  adjudged  worthy  of  exemplary  punishment, 
and  he  was  sentenced,  in  1647,  to  be  banished  for  three 
years,  and  to  pay  a  fine  of  about  sixty  dollars.  He  sailed 
for  Holland,  and  immediately  brought  the  matter  before 
the  authorities  there,  and  procured  a  reversal  of  the 
judgment.  He  then  returned  to  this  city,  and  continued 
to  reside  on  his  farm  until  the  year  1654,  when  he  was 
unfortunately  murdered  by  the  Indians.  A  commission  was 
at  that  time  on  its  way  from  Holland,  appointing  him 
sheriff  of  this  city.  The  widow  of  Mr.  Kuyter  married 
again,  and  died  within  a  year  after  his  death.  The  patro- 
nymic name  of  Kuyter  was  Pietersen,  by  which  he  was 
commonly  known. 

Cornells  Melyn,  of  Antwerp,  arrived  in  this  city  in  1639; 
in  1(340  he  procured  an  order  in  Holland  that  a  grant  of 
the  whole  of  Staten  Island  (except  a  farm  which  had  been 
previously  granted  to  another)  be  made  to  him,  which  was 
done  in  1642;  he  had  previously  established  his  residence 
there,  and  settled  a  number  of  persons  upon  the  island. 
Mr.  Melyn  was,  at  that  time,  of  middle  age;  his  daughter 
married  Jacob  Schellinger,  a  merchant  of  this  city.  The 
Indian  war  of  1643  completely  frustrated  all  Melyn 's  de- 
signs for  the  establishment  of  a  settlement  on  Staten  Island, 


141 


BIOCRAPHICAL  SKETCHES. 


and  made  hini  one  of  the  leaders  of  the  party  opposed  to 
Kieft's  government,  to  which  the  evils  of  that  war  were 
ascribed.  During  that  war  he  resided  in  this  city,  having 
procured  the  grant  of  a  lot  on  the  Heere  graft,  which  may 
now  be  particularly  pointed  out,  as  extending  on  the 
east  side  of  Broad  street,  between  Stone  and  Pearl  streets, 
with  sixty  feet  depth  on  both  those  streets.  The  op- 
position of  Melyn  to  Kieft's  administration  was  very 
violent.  On  Stuyvesant's  arrival,  in  1647,  Kieft  brought 
charges  against  Melyn  and  others,  of  seditious  conduct; 
he  was  convicted,  and  sentenced  to  seven  years'  banish- 
ment and  to  a  fine  of  one  hundred  and  fifty  dollars.  He 
appealed  from  this  sentence,  and  went  to  Holland;  where, 
having  brought  the  matter  to  the  attention  of  the  authori- 
ties, the  sentence  was  virtually  reversed,  and  Melyn  re- 
turned to  this  city;  here  the  differences  between  Melyn  and 
Stuyvesant  were  renewed,  and  continued  for  several  years, 
he  meanwhile  residing  on  Staten  Island.  The  Indian 
troubles  having  been  revived,  an  assault  was  made  upon 
his  plantation;  himself  and  whole  family  were  taken  pris- 
oners, and  all  his  buildings,  crops  and  farming  utensils 
were  destroyed  by  the  natives.  In  1659  he  made  over  his 
property  in  Staten  Island  to  the  government,  and  removed 
to  Holland.  It  is  believed  that  his  sons,  Jacob  and  Isaac, 
afterward  resided  in  this  city. 

Johannes  Mcgapolensis,  domine,  at  the  age  of  thirty-nine 
years — with  his  wife,  Macktelt  Williamson,  aged  forty-two 
years,  and  his  children,  Helligond,  Derrick,  Jan  and  Sam- 
uel, aged  fourteen,  twelve,  ten  and  eight  years — was  sent 
from  Holland,  by  Mr.  Van  Rensselaer,  in  the  year  1642, 
to  officiate  as  minister  of  the  gospel  at  Rensselaerswyck. 
Having  resided  there  until  the  year  1649,  and  at  that  time 


142 


BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES. 


differences  having  arisen  to  make  him  dissatisfied  with  his 
residence  there,  he  was  preparing  to  return,  with  his  family, 
to  Holland;  but  the  church  at  New  Amsterdam  being  then 
vacant,  by  the  departure  of  the  Rev.  Mr.  Backerus,  Gov- 
ernor Stuyvesant  prevailed  on  Domine  Megapolensis  to 
establish  himself  in  New  Amsterdam.  His  wife  had  previ- 
ously left  the  country,  and  it  was  with  difficulty  he  was 
persuaded  to  remain.  His  salary  was  fixed  at  four  hun- 
dred and  eighty  dollars  per  annum.  Domine  Megapolensis 
resided  here  for  many  years  subsequently;  he  owned  con- 
siderable property  on  the  present  east  side  of  Broad  street 
and  on  Beaver  street.  He  was  living  as  late  as  1663;  but 
his  subsequent  history  is  not  known  to  us. 

Lady  Moody  and  her  son,  Sir  Henry,  having  left  the 
New  England  colonies  on  account  of  religious  persecution, 
— she  having  laid  herself  open  to  the  charge  of  heresy,  in 
maintaining  the  erroneous  doctrine  that  infant  baptism  was 
a  sinful  ordinance — took  refuge,  in  the  year  1642,  among 
the  Dutch,  and,  for  a  short  time,  resided  in  this  city.  She 
soon  afterward  purchased  a  considerable  tract  on  Long 
Island,  in  the  present  village  of  Gravesend;  her  plantation 
was,  at  the  time  of  the  Indian  war  in  1643,  attacked  by  the 
Indians;  but  having  a  guard  of  forty  men,  escaped  injury. 
She  died  previous  to  the  year  1660.  Her  son,  Sir  Henry 
Moody,  for  a  time,  resided  at  Gravesend,  but  removed,  it  is 
believed,  to  Virginia.  He  was  appointed,  in  1660,  ambas- 
sador from  that  colony,  to  negotiate  with  the  authorities 
of  New  Netherland  respecting  some  commercial  regula- 
tions, and  remained  in  this  city  a  considerable  time,  resid- 
ing at  the  tavern  kept  by  Litschoe,  on  the  present  north 
side  of  Pearl  street,  a  few  doors  below  Wall  street.  He 
departed,  leaving  an  account  due  for  his  board,  to  defray 


BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES. 


143 


■which  his  library,  left  at  the  house,  was  ordered  to  be  sold. 
After  his  death,  which  occurred  in  1662,  the  baronetcy, 
created  in  1621,  became  extinct. 

Gyshert  Opdyck,  employed  at  an  early  period  in  the 
service  of  the  company  in  this  city,  resided  here  for  some 
time,  and  procured  the  grant  of  a  lot  on  the  north  side  of 
the  road,  now  called  Stone  street,  between  Whitehall  and 
Broad  streets.  He  was  also  the  original  patentee  of 
Conynen  Island  or  Coney  Island.  In  1638  he  was  sent 
as  commissary  in  the  company's  service  to  the  settlements 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Delaware,  and  was  not  subsequently  a 
resident  of  this  city. 

David  Provoost  was  in  the  service  of  the  company  in  this 
city  from  an  early  period,  and  in  1638  acted  as  commissary 
of  provisions.  He  was  afterward  placed  in  charge  of  the 
establishment  at  Fort  Good  Hope,  or  New  Haven,  where 
in  1646,  he  was  engaged  in  altercation  with  the  English 
settlers.  He  was  the  original  grantee,  in  1639,  of  a 
considerable  parcel  of  land  on  the  present  west  side  of 
Pearl  street,  near  Fulton  street,  where  he  resided  for  some 
time,  and  afterward  removed  to  Long  Island.  He  died  in 
the  year  1656,  leaving  his  widow  surviving,  named  Marga- 
ret, (born  Jellisen  or  Gillisen)  and  several  children,  who 
afterward  became  prominent  citizens;  and  his  descendants 
are  now  numerous  in  this  state. 

Pieter  Rudolphus,  who  became  a  prosperous  merchant  in 
this  city,  was  one  of  the  few  eminent  citizens  of  early 
times,  who  did  not  owe  his  advancement,  in  some  degree, 
to  a  connection  with  the  West  India  Company.  Mr.  Ru- 
dolphus conducted  a  large  trade  here  for  several  years. 
He  was  a  leading  man  among  the  citizens  of  that  day,  and 
although  of  a  comparatively  youthful  age,  was  several 


144 


BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES. 


times  nominated  for  the  city  magistracy,  but  did  not 
receive  the  sanction  of  Governor  Stuyvesant.  He  died 
about  the  year  1660;  and  the  fortune  left  to  his  widow, 
Margaret  Hardenbrook,  became  the  foundation  of  the 
most  extensive  private  fortune  in  this  country.  His  widow 
married  Frederick  Philipse,  at  that  time  a  young  man  of 
i  small  means  residing  in  this  city.  Mr.  Philipse  succeeded 
to  the  mercantile  business  of  Mr.  Rudolphus,  and  by 
prudent  management  amassed  immense  wealth. 

J  oris  Rapelje,  it  is  said,  came  to  this  country  as  early  as 
the  year  1625,  and  settled  at  Wallabout,  on  Long  Island, 
where  his  daughter  Sara,  the  first  white  child  born  within 
the  limits  of  this  State,  was  born  on  June  9th,  1625.  Joris 
Rapelje  resided  for  a  considerable  period  of  time  in  this 
city,  on  the  present  north  side  of  Pearl  street,  between 
Whitehall  and  State  streets,  his  lot  containing  about 
twenty-six  feet  front  and  one  hundred  feet  deep.  In  163T 
his  property  on  Long  Island  was  confirmed  to  him  by  a 
deed  from  Kakapeteyno  and  Pewichaas,  the  Indian  chiefs 
of  that  section.  His  land  was  known  in  the  Indian  lan- 
guage as  "  Rinnegachonck." 

Mam  Roelantsen,  the  first  schoolmaster  in  this  city, 
arrived  here  in  the  year  1633.  He  resided  on  the  north 
side  of  the  road,  now  called  Stone  street,  between  White- 
hall and  Broad  streets,  having  there  a  house  and  garden, 
the  latter  fronting  about  one  hundred  feet  on  the  road. 

Cornells  Schut,  a  merchant,  resided  here  for  some  time, 
without,  however,  establishing  his  permanent  residence  in 
this  country.  He  was  a  man  of  influence  in  Holland,  and 
connected  with  some  of  the  partners  in  the  West  India 
Company.  Mr.  Schut  having  fallen  out  with  Governor 
Stuyvesant,  to  whom  he  became  personally  inimical,  for 


BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES. 


145 


the  purpose  of  undermining  Stuyvesant's  influence  with 
the  Directory  in  Holland,  wrote  to  some  of  his  friends  in 
that  body,  adverting  in  severe  terms  upon  the  governor's 
character.  This  coming  to  Stuyvesant's  ears,  he  prosecuted 
Schut  for  libel,  and  having  no  proof  at  hand,  called  on 
him  to  answer  whether  he  had  written  such  letters.  Schut 
refused  to  answer;  he  was  therefore  placed  in  charge  of  an 
officer,  who  was  told  to  bring  him  daily  before  the  court 
until  he  should  answer  yes  or  no.  This  dispute  between 
two  magnates  was  a  theme  for  sport  among  the  inhabit- 
ants, who  had  a  great  taste  for  things  of  this  kind,  and  we 
find  Schut  to  have  been  escorted  on  his  daily  visits  to  the 
city-hall  by  a  crowd  of  people  who  demanded  of  him  if  he 
was  going  to  give  in  yet.  This  irritating  state  of  things 
was  not  to  be  endured,  and  Schut  demanded  to  be  released 
on  bail,  but  his  application  was  denied,  and  finally,  to 
relieve  himself  of  his  dilemma,  by  advice  of  his  friends, 
he  sent  to  the  governor,  acknowledging  that  he  had  writ- 
ten some  harsh  things  in  a  time  of  bad  feeling,  but 
regretted  it.  The  governor  received  the  apology,  but 
demanded  that  it  should  be  made  publicly  in  court,  and 
further  requested  that  if  Mr.  Schut  could  say  any  thing 
against  him,  he  desired  to  hear  it,  that  he  might  clear 
himself  before  the  community  against  secret  libellers.  Mr. 
Schut,  therefore,  signed  a  public  refutation  of  his  asper- 
sions, and  having  declared  that  he  knew  nothing  ill  of  the 
governor,  the  matter  dropped.  Soon  after  this  period, 
(1656)  he  departed  for  father-land. 

Cornells  Jacobson  Stille  resided  on  a  farm  eastward  ol 
the  present  Chatham  square,  called  the  "  Bowery,  No.  6." 
He  died  about  the  year  1680.    His  son,  Jacob  Cornelisen 
10 


146 


BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES. 


Stille,  born  in  this  city,  married  in  1671,  Aaltje  Fredericks, 
and  occupied  the  farm  after  his  father's  death. 

Cornells  Van  Tienhoven  was  employed,  from  a  very  early 
period  in  this  city,  in  the  company's  office.  In  1633  he 
was  book-keeper  of  wages,  which  place  he  held  until  1638, 
when  he  was  promoted  to  the  office  of  secretary  of  the 
colony.  He  afterward  held  the  office  of  "  fiscall,"  or  pub- 
lic prosecutor,  and  schout  or  sheriff  of  New  Amsterdam. 
Van  Tienhoven  married  Rachel,  a  step-daughter  of  Jan 
Jansen  Damen,  and  established  his  residence  on  a  planta- 
tion, which  was  granted  to  him,  on  the  west  side  of  Pearl 
street,  above  Maiden  lane,  his  land  extending  toward 
Broadway.  He  was  a  man  of  great  subtlety  of  mind  and 
strength  of  will,  and  may  be  said  to  have  controlled  the 
policy  of  government  under  the  early  governors;  and  al- 
though not  holding  the  same  sway  under  the  more  vigorous 
character  of  Stuyvesant,  still  maintained  an  influence  with 
that  functionary,  second  to  no  other  man  in  the  province. 
He  advocated  an  aggressive  policy  against  the  Indians,  and 
brought  on  a  war  of  the  most  devastating  character  to  the 
inhabitants.  He  was  by  far  the  most  unpopular  man  in 
office;  but  nevertheless  continued  his  successful  career  in 
power,  in  spite  of  the  strenuous  efforts  of  the  citizens  to 
have  him  unseated.  To  follow  his  personal  history  would 
cover  the  whole  political  history  of  the  country  until  the 
time  of  his  disappearance  from  the  stage  of  action.  It 
was  at  length  found  impossible  to  disregard  the  public 
clamor;  and  although  sustained  by  all  the  force  of  Stuy- 
vesant's  personal  influence,  the  Directory  in  Holland  dis- 
missed him  from  office  in  1656.  His  spirited  nature  could 
not  brook  the  triumph  of  his  enemies,  and  he  either 


BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES. 


147 


absconded  or  committed  suicide,  the  former  of  which  seems 
probable.  His  hat  and  coat  were  found  floating  in  the 
river,  which  was  the  last  vestige  seen  of  him  in  New  Am- 
sterdam; his  property  was  administered  upon  as  if  he  were 
dead.  His  wife,  Rachel,  continued  her  residence  here  for 
several  years,  and  died,  in  this  city,  in  1663,  leaving  three 
children,  Lucas,  Joannes  and  Jannekin.  Lucas  practiced 
physic  in  this  city  until  his  death,  in  1714. 

Jacob  Van  Corlaer  was  in  the  service  of  the  company  in 
this  city,  as  early  as  the  year  1633,  as  one  of  their  clerks. 
He  received  a  grant  of  about  two  hundred  acres  of  land 
at  Harlem,  on  this  island,  where,  however,  he  did  not  long 
reside,  but  sold  it,  in  1639,  to  a  merchant  of  Holland.  He 
next  procured  the  grant  of  a  farm  near  the  present  Cor- 
lear's  Hook,  in  this  city,  to  which  point  he  gave  the  name 
it  now  bears.  After  leaving  public  employment  he  engaged 
in  school  teaching  in  this  city,  which  pursuit  he  was  fol- 
lowing in  1658,  soon  after  which  period  he  either  died  or 
left  the  city,  having  previously  sold  his  land,  partly  to 
William  Beekman. 

Nicholas  Verlett  was  a  trader,  and  resided  on  the  west 
side  of  the  present  Whitehall  street,  between  Pearl  and 
State  streets,  which  property  he  purchased  in  1658;  his 
store,  fronting  the  wharf,  he  afterward  (1669)  sold  to  Jacob 
Leisler.  Mr.  Verlett  also  owned  a  farm  in  the  vicinity  of 
the  present  Chatham  square.  He  was,  from  early  times,  a 
prosperous  merchant  here,  principally  in  the  tobacco  trade 
with  Virginia.  In  1658,  being  then  "  an  old  and  suitable 
person,"  he  was  invested  with  the  "  great  citizenship."  On 
his  retirement  from  active  trading  pursuits,  he  settled  in 
Bergen,  New  Jersey,  where  he  owned  a  large  plantation, 
and  was  a  magistrate. 


148 


BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES. 


Adrian  Vanderdonck,  of  Breda,  was  appointed,  in  1641, 
sheriff  of  Rensselaerswyck,  which  office  he  held  for  several 
years.  After  being  superseded  in  office,  he  removed  to 
this  city,  and  about  the  year  1646,  received  a  patent  for  a 
tract,  called  by  the  Indians  Nepperham,  now  known  as 
Yonkers;  bounded  by  Spuyten-duyvel  creek  on  the  south, 
the  Bronx  river  on  the  east,  the  Saw  Mill  creek  on  the 
north,  and  the  Hudson  river  on  the  west.  He  resided, 
however,  in  this  city,  and  took  a  conspicuous  part  in  public 
affairs,  being  one  of  the  leading  men  in  opposition  to  Gov- 
ernor Stuyvesant,  and  a  delegate  to  Holland  on  the  part 
of  the  opposition  party.  He  died  in  the  year  1655,  leav- 
ing to  his  wife  the  property  at  Yonkers.  He  was  the 
author  of  a  description  of  New  Netherland,  as  it  was 
in  1650. 

Lubbertus  Van  Dinclage.  This  gentleman,  who  was  a 
lawyer,  was  schout-fiscaal  or  attorney-general  of  New 
Netherland  in  1633,  under  Van  Twiller's  administration. 
Having  disagreed  with  the  director-general  in  respect  to 
his  conduct  of  the  government,  he  was  dismissed  from 
office  by  Van  T wilier  in  1636.  His  salary  was  withheld 
from  him,  and  he  was  ordered  to  proceed  to  Holland,  to 
justify  his  conduct.  For  several  subsequent  years,  Mr. 
Van  Dinclage  resided  in  Holland,  but  continued  to  impor- 
tune the  Directory  for  satisfaction  of  his  demands,  wrong- 
fully withheld  by  Van  Twiller.  In  1644  Kieft,  then  being 
in  authority  in  New  Netherland,  and  his  administration 
having  become  unpopular  in  this  country,  and  ruinous  to 
the  interests  of  the  company,  in  consequence  of  the  Indian 
war,  which  was  ascribed,  in  a  great  measure,  to  his 
indiscretion,  Van  Dinclage  was  provisionally  appointed 
director-general  of  New  Netherland,  to  supersede  Kieft; 


BIOGRAPHICAL  SIIETCHES. 


149 


but  before  the  appointment  was  consummated,  by  delivery 
of  his  commission,  Petei  Stuyvesant  who  had  been  di- 
rector of  the  company's  colony  in  the  West  Indies,  returned 
to  Holland  to  be  cured  of  a  wound  in  the  knee,  received 
in  an  action  among  the  islands;  and  his  vigorous  char- 
acter and  talents  being  highly  appreciated  by  his  su- 
periors, it  was  concluded  to  invest  him  with  the  appoint- 
ment to  New  Netherland,  and  Yan  Dinclage's  commission 
was  consequently  annulled.  He  was,  however,  appointed 
vice-director  under  Stuyvesant,  and  entered  upon  his 
office  in  1647.  After  two  or  three  years'  concert  of 
action,  Van  Dinclage  became  dissatisfied  with  Stuyvesant's 
course,  and  joined  the  party  in  opposition.  He  was  imme- 
diately expelled  from  the  council;  he  refused  to  acknowl- 
edge the  power  of  Stuyvesant  to  supersede  him,  and 
insisted  upon  taking  his  seat  at  the  government  board. 
Upon  this,  Stuyvesant  directed  a  military  sergeant  and  file 
of  soldiers  to  take  him  from  the  room;  and  he  was  accord- 
ingly dragged  out  and  placed  in  a  guard-house,  where  he 
remained  for  several  days.  Upon  his  release  he  was 
ordered  home,  to  report  to  the  authorities  in  Holland;  but 
he  had  meanwhile  retired  to  Staten  Island,  where  he  set 
at  defiance  the  missives  of  the  director-general.  He  em- 
ployed himself  at  Staten  Island  as  agent  of  the  Lord 
Vandercapellen's  colony.    He  died  about  the  year  1656. 

Van  Schelluyne  Birch  was,  previous  to  his  emigration  to 
this  country,  a  notary  at  the  Hague.  Having  in  1650 
received  a  license  to  practice  his  profession  in  New  Neth- 
erland, he  established  himself  in  this  city.  His  practice 
here  was  hardly  remunerative,  although  he  was  the  only 
professional  attorney  in  the  city,  and  he  turned  his  atten- 
tion to  farming,  having  purchased  a  plantation  of  Isaac 


150 


THE  DUTCH  GOVERNORS. 


Deforest  at  Midwout  on  Long  Island.  In  1655,  he  was 
appointed  conciergerie,  or  bailiff,  of  the  city,  and  resided 
for  a  time  in  the  city-hall.  He  resigned  that  place  in 
1656,  and  continued  the  exclusive  practice  of  his  profes- 
sion until  the  year  1660.  He  then  removed  to  Rensselaers- 
wyck,  of  which  colony  he  was  appointed  secretary.  Some 
of  his  descendants  are  residing  at  Albany  at  the  present 
time. 

Cornelius  Pietersen  Vanderveen,  an  eminent  trader,  mar- 
ried Elsie,  daughter  of  Govert  Loockermans.  Mr.  Van- 
derveen resided  in  Pearl  street,  near  Whitehall  street.  In 
1658,  being  then  described  as  "  an  old  and  suitable  per- 
son," he  was  made  a  great  burgher  of  this  city.  He  was 
a  Schepen  of  the  city,  and  held  other  offices  of  trust  in 
the  Church  and  in  the  community.  Mr.  Vanderveen  died 
in  the  summer  of  1661,  and  left  a  considerable  property. 
His  widow  subsequently  married  Jacob  Leisler. 


THE    DUTCH  GOVERNORS. 

Peter  Minuit,  of  "Wesel,  in  the  kingdom  of  Westphalia, 
arrived  in  this  city  in  the  year  1624.  The  name  of  Gov- 
ernor Minuit  is  identified  with  this  city  as  having  nego- 
tiated on  behalf  of  his  employers,  the  purchase  of  Manhat- 
tan Island  from  the  Indian  proprietors.  This  island 
estimated  to  contain  twenty-two  thousand  acres,  was 
bought  in  the  year  1626  for  the  sum  of  sixty  guilders,  or 
twenty-four  dollars;  and  the  title  thus  became  vested  in 


THE  DUTCH  GOVERNORS. 


151 


the  West  India  Company.  Governor  Minuit  established 
his  residence  in  a  block-house  on  the  south  point  of  the 
island,  around  which  he  raised  a  defence  of  red  cedar 
posts  or  palisades  of  sufficient  height  to  prevent  the 
Indians  from  scaling  the  inclosure.  The  principal  inci- 
dents of  Minuit's  history  in  this  place  were  those  connected 
with  the  trading  affairs  under  his  charge.  He,  however, 
was  in  some  correspondence,  respecting  the  territorial 
limits  with  the  New  England  Pilgrims,  who  first  landed  in 
that  country  during  his  administration.  The  imports  into 
New  Netherland,  in  1624,  amounted  to  ten  thousand  six 
hundred  and  fifty-four  dollars,  and  the  exports  (solely  of 
skins  and  furs)  to  about  eleven  thousand  dollars;  in 
1625,  the  imports  were  three  thousand  six  hundred  and 
fifty-five  dollars,  and  the  exports  to  fourteen  thousand 
nine  hundred  and  twenty-four  dollars;  in  1626,  the  im- 
ports were  eight  thousand  four  hundred  and  ninety-four 
dollars,  and  the  exports  about  nineteen  thousand  dollars; 
in  1627,  the  imports  were  twenty-three  thousand  four 
hundred  and  four  dollars,  and  the  exports  five  thousand 
and  ninety-two  dollars;  in  1631,  the  last  year  of  Minuit's 
government,  the  imports  were  abont  twenty-three  thousand 
dollars,  and  the  exports  twenty-seven  thousand  two  hun- 
dred and  four  dollars. 

Governor  Minuit  having  been  recalled  from  the  govern- 
ment, he  left  this  city,  on  his  return  to  Holland,  in  the 
spring  of  the  year  1632,  in  the  ship  Union.  This  vessel 
was  forced,  by  stress  of  weather,  to  put  into  the  port  of 
Plymouth,  where  she  was  seized  by  the  English,  on  the 
ground  that  the  Dutch  were  illegally  appropriating  to 
themselves  the  country  and  trade  belonging  to  the  English, 
"  interloping  between  the  plantations  of  Virginia  and  New 


152 


THE  DUTCH  GOVERNORS. 


England."  Minuit  was,  however,  allowed  to  depart,  and 
on  his  passage  homeward,  stopped  at  London,  where  he 
brought  the  aggression  to  the  notice  of  the  Dutch  ambas- 
sadors. The  vessel  was  finally  released,  but  saving  and 
without  prejudice  to  his  Majesty's  rights. 

Wouter  Van  Twiller,  of  Nieuwkerke,  the  second  Dutch 
governor,  had  previously  been  employed  as  a  clerk  for  the 
West  India  Company.  He  was  a  relative  of  Mr.  Van 
Rensselaer,  one  of  the  prominent  directors  of  the  company, 
and  the  owner  of  a  large  tract  in  New  Netherland,  to 
which  family  connection  he  probably  owed  his  appoint- 
ment. He  arrived  at  Fort  Amsterdam  in  April,  1633,  in 
the  company's  ship,  the  Salt  Mountain  (De  Soutberg,)  of 
about  two  hundred  and  eighty  tons  burden,  manned  by 
fifty-two  men,  and  carrying  twenty  guns.  Accompanying 
the  director  came  one  hundred  and  four  soldiers,  the  first 
military  force  detailed  for  New  Netherland. 

The  administration  of  Van  Twiller  is  notable  for  several 
interesting  facts  in  connection  with  the  city.  It  was  in 
his  time  that  the  first  clergyman  was  settled  here,  in  the 
person  of  Domine  Everardus  Bogardus,  who,  it  is  supposed, 
came  out  at  the  same  time  with- the  governor;  the  first 
schoolmaster.  Adam  Roelantsen,  came  to  this  city  about 
the  same  time;  a  church  was  built  during  his  time,  of  wood, 
on  the  present  Pearl  street,  near  Broad.  Yan  Twiller 
caused  the  block-house  and  palisades  which  had  been  erected 
by  his  predecessor,  to  give  way  to  a  fort  of  more  imposing 
structure,  which  was  finished  in  1635.  His  administration 
lasted  until  the  year  1637,  and  was  marked  by  no  impor- 
tant events  affecting  the  interests  of  the  city,  other  than 
those  above-mentioned.  He  became  the  purchaser,  from 
the  Indian  proprietors,  of  "  Pagganck,"  or  Nut  Island, 


THE  DUTCH  GOVERNORS. 


153 


known  in  after  years  as  Governor's  Island,  which  con- 
tained one  hundred  and  sixty  acres  of  land;  he  also  pur- 
chased two  islands  in  Hell-gate — the  greater  containing 
about  two  hundred  acres,  called  "  Tenkenas,"  the  smaller 
about  one  hundred  and  twenty  acres,  called  "Minnahan- 
ock."  They  became  known  afterward,  from  one  of  their 
Dutch  proprietors,  as  "  Barent's"  great  and  little  islands, 
whence  the  name  of  "  Great  Barn"  island,  which  the  larger 
now  bears;  the  other  is  known  as  Randall's  Island,  from 
one  of  its  subsequent  proprietors.  In  Governor  Yan 
Twiller's  time  this  city  had  not  attained  a  condition  beyond 
that  of  a  hamlet  of  thatched  cottages,  placed  without  much 
regard  to  uniformity  of  thoroughfares. 

William  Kieft  arrived  in  this  city  on  the  28th  of  March, 
1638,  in  the  ship  Herring.  The  chief  incidents  connected 
with  the  progress  of  the  city,  during  his  administration, 
were  the  following  : 

In  1642  a  stone  tavern  was  built  on  the  present  Pearl 
street,  opposite  Coenties  slip,  afterward  ceded  to  the  city, 
and  established  as  the  city-hall. 

A  new  church,  of  stone,  was  built  within  the  fort. 

Building  lots  were  granted  to  settlers  on  different 
thoroughfares  in  the  city. 

An  Indian  war  prevailed  for  several  years. 

The  citizens  were  first  allowed  a  voice  in  the  conduct 
of  the  public  affairs,  and  were  permitted  to  delegate  a 
body  of  representatives  called  "  The  Eight  Men,"  to 
advise  the  government  in  the  emergencies  of  the  Indian 
troubles. 

The  administration  of  Kieft  became  unpopular  in  this 
country,  and  unprofitable  to  his  employers,  mainly  owing 
to  the  Indian  war.  It  was  computed  that  the  country  had 
cost  the  West  India  Company,  between  the  years  1626  and 


154 


THE  DUTCH  GOVERNORS. 


1644,  over  and  above  the  returns  received  from  thence, 
over  two  hundred  thousand  dollars;  and  at  the  conclusion 
of  the  war  in  1645,  it  was  computed  that  there  were,  in 
this  city,  not  more  than  one  hundred  men,  exclusive  of  the 
company's  officers  and  servants. 

Governor  Kieft  having  been  superseded  in  office,  set  sail 
from  this  city  in  July,  1647,  on  board  a  ship  called  the 
Princess.  He  was  accompanied  by  several  prominent  citi- 
zens, among  whom  was  Domine  Bogardus,  who  had  obtained 
permission  to  visit  the  father-land,  leaving  his  family  here. 
On  the  passage  home,  the  pilot  mistook  the  channel,  en- 
tered the  Severn,  and  the  ship  was  cast  away  on  the  coast 
of  Wales,  near  Swansea.  All  on  board,  consisting  of 
eighty-one  persons,  were  lost,  and  of  the  cargo  nothing  was 
saved  but  a  few  furs. 

Peter  Stuyvesant,  the  fourth  Dutch  governor,  arrived  in 
this  city  on  the  11th  May,  1647.  He  had  previously  been 
the  director  of  the  Dutch  colony  at  Curacoa,  and  having 
become  involved  in  a  dispute  with  the  neighboring  Portu- 
guese settlement  on  the  island  of  St.  Martin,  he  laid  seige 
to  the  capital,  and  in  the  course  of  his  operations  at  that 
place,  was  wounded  in  the  knee,  so  severely  as  to  make 
amputation  necessary,  his  lost  limb  being  supplied  with  a 
wooden  one.  Stuyvesant  was  a  man  of  great  force  of 
character,  and  probably  the  most  fitted,  of  any  of  his  pre- 
decessors, to  conduct  the  affairs  of  a  remote  settlement, 
where  the  machinery  of  government  was  necessarily  of  a 
very  inadequate  character  to  control  and  keep  in  order  the 
elements  of  a  society  whose  interests  were  manifestly  in 
conflict  with  those  of  the  trading  company  which  exercised 
the  functions  of  government.  Like  those  of  his  predeces- 
sors, his  administration  was  one  of  disputation,  opposition 
and  turmoil  between  the  governors  and  the  governed;  but 


THE  DUTCH  GOVERNORS. 


155 


the  arbitrary  character  of  Stuyvesant  carried  him  vigor- 
ously through,  to  the  conclusion. 

The  era  of  his  administration  is  full  of  important  inci- 
dents concerning  the  rise  and  progress  of  this  city,  several 
of  which  we  will  briefly  recapitulate. 

In  1647,  Doniine  Johannes  Backerus,  formerly  a  clergy- 
man at  Curacoa,  superseded  Domine  Bogardus  in  the 
pastoral  charge  of  the  Dutch  Church. 

In  1648,  a  general  fair  was  established  in  this  city,  to 
continue  ten  days,  commencing  yearly  on  the  first  Monday 
after  the  feast  of  St.  Bartholomew. 

In  1648,  a  weekly  market  was  established  in  this  city,  to 
be  held  on  Monday. 

In  1649,  Domine  Backerus  having  resigned -and  returned 
to  Holland,  Domine  Johannes  Megapolensis  was  appointed 
in  his  place. 

In  1652,  the  city  was  incorporated. 

In  1653,  the  city  was  inclosed  by  palisades,  on  the  line 
of  Wall  street. 

In  1657,  a  "  a  burgher-recht"  or  citizenship  was  estab- 
lished. 

In  1657,  the  city  was  surveyed  and  the  streets  regulated 
and  named. 

In  1657,  several  of  the  streets  were  paved,  the  first  in 
the  city. 

In  the  year  1664,  the  city  having  capitulated  to  an 
English  force,  Governor  Stuyvesant  visited  Europe  to 
confer  with  his  superiors.  He  returned  to  this  city  in  the 
year  1668,  and  lived  here  for  the  four  succeeding  years,  on 
his  farm  or  "  Bouwery."  He  died  in  the  year  1671,  and 
was  buried  at  his  chapel  in  the  Bowery,  or  present  St. 
Mark's  Church. 


CHAPTER  XII. 


THE  SURRENDER  OF  THE  CITY  TO  THE  ENGLISH  IN  1664,  AND  THE  SUBSE- 
QUENT EVENTS,  UNTIL  ITS  RECAPTURE  IN  1673. 

^The  English  had,  from  the  earliest  settlement  on  the 
Hudson  river,  asserted  that  the  occupation  of  the  country 
by  the  Dutch  was  a  usurpation,  the  country  being  properly 
an  appendage  of  Virginia;  but  the  claim  was  not  main- 
tained to  extremity,  and  the  Dutch  and  English  colonies 
on  this  coast  had  grown  up  together — their  respective 
limits,  though  not  precisely  defined,  being  between  them- 
selves generally  recognized. 

But  as  time  passed  on,  it  became  yearly  more  apparent 
to  the  inhabitants  of  New  England  that  the  continued 
occupation  of  the  territory  then  held  by  the  Dutch,  must 
prove  more  and  more  detrimental  to  the  interests  of  their 
own  section.  The  importance  of  the  question  was  pressed 
by  them,  at  every  opportunity,  upon  the  administration 
of  the  government  in  England;  but  the  unsettled  condition 
of  that  country,  in  and  about  the  times  of  the  civil  war, 
had  occupied  the  attention  of  the  home  government,  to 
the  exclusion  of  minor  questions  of  colonial  policy. 

No  sooner,  however,  had  King  Charles  II.  become  fairly 
seated  on  his  throne,  than  this  subject  received  the  atten- 
tion of  his  government,  and  the  disputed  territory,  occu- 
pied by  the  Dutch  (together  with  other  tracts  on  the 


AN  ENGLISH  FLEET  ENTERS  THE  HARBOR. 


157 


American  coast)  was  granted,  by  the  king,  to  his  brother 
James.  Duke  of  York.  The  date  of  this  patent  was  on 
the  12th  of  March,  1664.  An  expedition  was  immediately 
fitted  out,  against  the  city,  consisting  of  two  frigates  of 
forty  and  fifty  guns,  and  a  fly-boat  of  forty  guns;  the  force 
of  men  being  about  six  hundred.  The  rumor  of  this  expe- 
dition reached  Xew  Amsterdam,  and  some  effort  was  made, 
on  the  part  of  the  government  and  of  the  citizens,  to 
put  the  city  in  a  condition  of  defence.  The  fleet  having 
touched  at  Xew  England,  and  procured  reinforcements,  set 
sail  for  Xew  Amsterdam;  but  being  separated  by  stress  of 
weather,  one  of  the  vessels  entered  the  harbor,  though 
several  days  before  the  others,  in  the  month  of  August, 
1661;  and  as  soon  as  they  were  all  come  up.  Governor 
Stuyvesant  sent  on  board  a  civil  message,  to  inquire  the 
objects  of  such  an  expedition  within  a  friendly  port.  The 
English  commissioners  answered  this  message  by  a  letter, 
informing  the  governor  that  his  majesty  of  Great  Britain, 
whose  right  to  these  parts  was  unquestionable,  and  know- 
ing how  much  it  derogated  from  his  dignity  to  suffer  any 
foreigners,  how  near  soever  they  might  be  allied,  to  usurp 
a  dominion  without  his  royal  consent,  had  commanded  him 
to  require  a  surrender  of  the  country  possessed  by  the 
Dutch;  concluding  by  a  formal  demand  for  the  delivery  of 
the  fort  into  the  hands  of  the  English,  and  assuring  the 
governor  that  all  submissive  inhabitants  should  be  secured 
in  their  liberty  and  estate,  while  those  who  opposed  his 
majesty's  gracious  intention,  must  expect  all  the  miseries 
of  a  war,  which  they  should  thereby  bring  upon  them- 
selves. 

Governor  Stuyvesant,  having  promised  to  return  an 
answer  to  this  summons  on  the  following:  morning;,  con- 


158 


DELIBERATIONS  ON  A  SURRENDER. 


vened  his  council  and  the  city  magistrates,  to  advise  with 
them  on  the  emergency. 

It  had  long  been  manifest  to  the  inhabitants  of  New 
Netherland,  that  the  government  of  the  Dutch  West  India 
Company  was  not  conducive  to  the  best  interests  of  its 
subjects.  The  company  was  a  commercial  association,  and 
without  those  intimate  ties  which  should  bind  a  govern- 
ment to  its  people.  It  sought  not  merely  that  which,  in 
ordinary  cases,  is  considered  the  only  claim  of  the  govern- 
ment upon  the  governed,  namely,  a  respectable  support  of 
its  necessary  agents,  but  endeavored  to  realize  a  margin 
as  a  dividend  among  the  stockholders.  Thus,  in  the  form 
of  high  duties,  in  restrictions  upon  individual  trade,  in 
monopolizing  many  of  the  sources  of  mercantile  profit,  and 
in  various  other  contrivances,  fettering  progress  and 
restraining  enterprise,  the  people  were  heavily  burdened, 
and  were  in  almost  constant  altercation  with  the  public 
authorities. 

At  the  assembly,  called  by  Stuyvesant,  after  he  had 
communicated  the  demand  of  the  English  commanders,  the 
magistrates  requested  to  see  the  letter  itself,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  ascertaining  more  fully  what  terms  had  been 
offered  by  the  enemy.  This  request,  however,  was  refused 
by  Stuyvesant,  and  after  a  stormy  debate,  he  dissolved  the 
sitting.  The  magistrates  thereupon  called  a  public  meet- 
ing at  the  city-hall,  and  having  been  fortified  in  their 
position  by  an  expression  of  public  opinion,  they,  on  the 
following  morning,  waited  on  the  governor  and  informed 
him  that  they  could  give  no  advice,  nor  promise  any 
support  on  the  part  of  the  citizens,  unless  they  were 
informed  of  the  full  nature  of  the  terms  offered.  Stuyve- 
sant, angry  at  the  state  of  insubordination  thus  manifested, 


THE  ENGLISH  INSIST  ON  A  SURRENDER.  159 

tore  the  letter  in  pieces  in  their  presence,  and  sent  a 
positive  refusal  to  accede  to  the  demand  of  a  surrender. 

The  English  were,  however,  well  informed  of  the  condi- 
tion of  affairs  in  the  city,  and  sanguine  of  a  bloodless 
victory,  notwithstanding  the  unyielding  position  taken  by 
Governor  Stuyvesant.  They  published  a  proclamation  in 
the  following  words : 

"  Forasmuch  as  his  majesty  hath  sent  us,  by  commission, 
under  the  great  seal  of  England,  among  other  things  to 
expel  or  reduce  to  his  majesty's  obedience  all  such  foreign- 
ers as,  without  his  majesty's  leave  and  consent,  have  seated 
themselves  amongst  any  of  his  dominions  in  America,  to 
the  prejudice  of  his  majesty's  subjects  and  diminution  of 
his  royal  dignity;  we,  his  said  majesty's  commissioners,  do 
declare  and  promise  that  whosoever  of  any  nation  soever, 
will,  upon  knowledge  of  this  proclamation,  acknowledge 
and  testify  themselves  to  submit  to  his  majesty'  govern- 
ment, as  his  good  subjects,  shall  be  protected  in  his  majes- 
ty's laws  and  justice,  and  peaceably  enjoy  whatsoever  God's 
blessing  and  their  own  honest  industry  have  furnished 
them  with;  and  all  other  privileges  with  his  majesty's 
English  subjects.  We  have  caused  this  to  be  published, 
that  we  might  prevent  all  inconvenience  to  others,  if  it 
were  possible,  and  at  the  same  time  to  clear  ourselves  from 
the  charge  of  all  those  miseries  that  may  any  way  befall 
such  as  live  here,  and  will  not  acknowledge  his  majesty 
for  their  sovereign,  whom  God  preserve." 

This  artful  proclamation  being  followed  by  vigorous 
measures  to  recruit  forces  in  the  country,  and  a  final  order 
to  the  admiral  having  command  of  the  squadron,  to  weigh 
anchor  and  bring  his  ships  before  the  city,  satisfied  Stuy- 
vesant that  to  delay  the  surrender  would  be  a  useless  waste 


160 


CAPITULATION  TO  THE  ENGLISH. 


of  time.  He  chose,  however,  on  the  25th  of  August,  to 
send  a  delegation  to  the  English,  with  a  letter,  in  which 
he  states  that,  although  he  had  made  up  his  mind  to  stand 
the  storm,  yet  to  prevent  the  spilling  of  blood  he  had  sent 
several  of  his  friends  to  consult,  if  possible,  upon  an  ac- 
commodation. But  the  English  refused  to  treat  upon  any 
other  proposition  than  a  surrender;  and  on  the  following 
day  commissioners  met  at  Governor  Stuyvesant's  mansion, 
in  the  Bowery,  where  the  terms  of  capitulation  were 
agreed  upon. 

By  these  articles  the  Dutch  inhabitants  were  confirmed 
in  their  property  and  liberty.  If  any  chose  to  leave  the 
country,  they  were  permitted  to  do  so.  The  ships  of  the 
Dutch  merchants  were  permitted  to  trade  with  the  Neth- 
erlands; the  people  were  to  be  allowed  liberty  of  con- 
science in  religious  matters  ;  they  were  exempted  from 
impressment  to  serve  in  war  against  any  nation  whatso- 
ever; their  customs  of  inheritance  were  to  be  sustained; 
they  were  allowed  to  choose  inferior  officers  and  magis- 
trates, together  with  other  privileges  of  a  liberal  char- 
acter. 

Colonel  Richard  Nichols  then  took  possession  of  the 
government,  for  which  he  bore  a  commission  from  the 
Duke  of  York.  The  peaceful  submission  of  the  population 
to  the  change  of  government  was  so  manifest,  that  he  felt 
himself  justified,  within  a  few  days,  in  discharging  the 
greater  part  of  the  forces  with  which  he  entered  the  har- 
bor; he,  however,  had  previously  disarmed  the  population 
of  the  town.  His  measures  were  well  calculated  to  conciliate 
the  minds  of  the  people;  and  although  there  were  some 
outbreaks  in  the  town,  no  attempt  was  made  to  instigate 
a  rising  of  the  population  against  the  new  government. 


SUBMISSION  TO  THE  NEW  GOVERNMENT. 


161 


A  sufficient  illustration  of  the  fact  that  the  change  of 
government  was  not  unacceptable  to  the  Dutch  population 
of  this  city,  is  furnished  in  the  following  petition  of  the 
city  magistracy,  (being  the  same  persons  who  had  been  in 
office  before  the  surrender,)  written  on  22d  November, 
1664,  within  three  months  after  the  capitulation,  asking 
for  additional  privileges  to  the  city: 

"  To  his  Royal  Highness  the  Duke  of  York,  by  the  grace 
of  God,  our  most  gracious  Lord,  greeting  : 

"  It  hath  pleased  God  to  bring  us  under  your  R.  H.'s 
obedience,  wherein  we  promise  to  conduct  ourselves  as 
good  subjects  are  bound  to  do,  deeming  ourselves  fortunate 
that  his  Highness  hath  provided  us  with  so  gentle,  wise 
and  intelligent  a  gentleman  for  Governor  as  the  Hon'ble 
Col.  Richard  Nichols,  confident  and  assured  that  under 
the  wings  of  this  valiant  gentleman  we  shall  bloom  and 
grow  like  the  cedar  on  Lebanon,  especially  because  we  are 
assured  of  His  Royal  Highness'  excellent  graciousness  and 
care  for  his  subjects  and  people. 

"  The  Schout,  Burgomasters  and  Schepens  of  this  City 
New  York  on  the  Island  of  Manhattan,  Your  Royal  High- 
ness faithful  subjects  and  humble  liegemen,  hereby  request 
that  his  Highness  would  be  pleased  to  benefit  and  favor 
this  place  with  the  same  rights  and  privileges  that  his 
Majesty  our  King  and  most  gracious  Lord  is  conferring  on 
all  his  subjects  in  England,  that  is  that  ships  of  all  nations 
may  come  hither  and  take  into  England  the  products  of 
our  own  Country,  and  may  sail  thence  back  again  free  and 
without  impost  on  condition  of  paying  the  Kings  duty. 
But  inasmuch  as  this  place  hath  been  some  years  impover- 
ished by  onerous  recognitions  which  we  have  been  here- 
tofore obliged  to  pay.  We  therefore  through  regard  for 
It 


162 


PETITION  TO  THE  DUKE  OF  YORK. 


this  our  Commonalty  and  the  prosperity  of  his  Highness 
our  most  gracious  Lord's  lands  in  this  Province,  and  not 
only  for  our,  your  Royal  Highness  humble  loyal  subjects 
eternal  praise  but  also  as  a  general  renown  for  his  Royal 
Highness  throughout  all  Christendom,  pray  that  no  more 
be  paid  here  for  five  or  six  years  than  ships  and  goods  pay 
which  come  from  other  places  out  of  England,  or  even 
from  England  to  Boston,  or  any  place  in  New  England,  or 
else  go  to  their  own  countries,  which  being  so  long  free 
of  all  burdens,  or  at  least  paying  but  few,  we  doubt 
not  but  his  Royal  Highness  will  at  the  close  of  these 
years  learn  with  hearty  delight  the  advancement  of  this 
Province,  even  to  a  place  from  which  your  Royal  Highness 
shall  come  to  derive  great  Revenue,  being  then  peopled  with 
thousands  of  families  and  having  great  trade  by  sea  from 
New  England  and  other  places  out  of  Europe,  Africa  or 
America.  And  in  order  that  every  thing  may  be  taken  in 
hand  with  greater  pleasure,  zeal  and  courage,  we  respect- 
fully request  that  all  privileges  and  prerogatives  which 
his  Royal  Highness  may  please  to  grant  this  place  in  addi- 
tion to  those  inserted  and  conditioned  in  the  capitulation 
on  the  surrender  of  this  place  may  be  made  known  by 
letters  patent  from  his  Royal  Highness,  and  his  Majesty 
of  Great  Britain  our  Lord,  not  only  in  the  United  Provin- 
ces but  also  in  France,  Spain  and  other  Hanse  and  Eastern 
places. 

"  Praying  then  his  Royal  Highness  to  be  pleased  to 
take  the  interest  and  welfare  of  this  country  into  serious 
consideration,  and  if  his  Highness  would  please  to  vouch- 
safe to  write  a  letter  to  us  his  dutiful  subjects,  he  will 
oblige  us  more  and  more  to  pray  for  his  Royal  Highness 


POLICY  OF  THE  ENGLISH  GOVERNOR. 


163 


our  most  gracious  Lord,  that  God  the  Lord  may  spare 
your  R.  H.  in  long  continued  health  and  prosperity. 

"  We  are  and  remain  your  Royal  Highness  dutiful  Sub- 
jects, Schout,  Burgomasters  and  Schepens. 
"By  order. 

"JOHANNES  NEVIUS,  Secretary." 

While  Governor  Nichols  was  scrupulous  in  recognizing 
and  maintaining  the  rights  and  property  of  the  individual 
inhabitants,  in  accordance  with  the  terms  of  the  surrender, 
his  measures  were  stringent,  on  the  other  hand,  to  eradi- 
cate all  vestiges  of  the  former  power,  by  a  general  confis- 
cation of  the  effects  of  the  West  India  Company.  This 
property,  being  sold  at  auction,  became  distributed  among 
individual  purchasers,  who  thus  became  personally  inter- 
ested in  the  stability  of  the  new  power.  He  also  issued 
new  patents,  or  confirmed  those  formerly  issued  by  the 
Dutch  Governors,  for  lands  throughout  the  city  and 
country,  thus  connecting  the  new  government  with  all  the 
titles  to  real  estate,  adjusting  apportionments  among  heirs, 
and  giving  the  impress  of  his  acts  to  the  validity  of  heavy 
interests.  The  name  of  the  city  was  changed  to  that  of 
New  York. 

Governor  Nichols  did  not  interfere  with  the  established 
magistracy  of  the  city,  for  several  months  after  the  sur- 
render, but  on  June  12th,  1665,  deeming  the  period  to  have 
arrived  when  the  English  forms  of  municipal  government 
could  be  introduced  without  affecting  the  sensibilities  of 
his  Dutch  subjects,  he  issued  the  following  proclamation : 

"  The  governor's  revocation  of  the  form  of  government  of 
New  York,  under  the  style  of  Burgomasters  and  Schepens. 

"  By  virtue  of  his  Majesty's  letters  patent,  bearing  date 
the  12th  day  of  March,  in  the  16th  year  of  his  Majesty's 


164  DUTCH  FORMS  OF  MAGISTRACY  ERADICATED. 

reign,  granted  to  his  Royal  Highness,  James,  Duke  of 
York,  wherein  full  and  absolute  power  is  given  and 
granted  to  his  Royal  Highness,  or  his  deputies,  to  consti- 
tute, appoint,  revoke  and  discharge  all  officers,  both  civil 
and  military;  as  also,  to  alter  and  change  all  names  and 
styles,  forms  and  ceremonies  of  government;  to  the  end 
that  his  majesty's  royal  pleasure  may  be  observed;  and  for 
the  more  orderly  establishment  of  his  Majesty's  royal 
authority,  as  near  as  may  be,  agreeable  to  the  laws  and 
customs  of  his  Majesty's  realm  of  England.  Upon  mature 
deliberation  and  advice,  I  have  thought  it  necessary  to 
revoke  and  discharge,  and  by  these  presents  do  revoke  and 
discharge  the  form  and  ceremony  of  this  his  Majesty's 
town  of  New  York,  under  the  name  or  names,  style  or 
styles,  of  Schout,  Burgomaster  and  Schepens.  And  also, 
for  the  future  administration  of  justice  by  the  laws  estab- 
lished in  these,  the  territories  of  his  Royal  Highness, 
wherein  the  welfare  of  all  the  inhabitants,  and  the  preser- 
vation of  all  their  due  rights  and  privileges,  granted  by 
the  articles  of  this  town  upon  surrender,  under  his  Majesty's 
obedience,  are  concluded,  I  do  further  declare  that,  by  a 
particular  commission,  such  persons  shall  be  authorized  to 
put  the  laws  in  execution;  in  whose  abilities,  prudence  and 
good  affection  to  his  Majesty's  service,  and  the  peace  and 
happiness  of  this  government,  I  have  especial  reason  to 
put  confidence;  which  persons  so  constituted  and  appointed, 
shall  be  known  and  called  by  the  name  and  style  of  Mayor, 
Aldermen  and  Sheriff,  according  to  the  custom  of  Eng- 
land, in  other  of  his  Majesty's  corporations. 

"  Given  under  my  hand  and  seal  at  Fort  James,  in  New 
York,  the  12th  day  of  June,  1665. 

"RICHAKD  NICHOLS." 


ENGLISH  FORMS  OF  MAGISTRACY  ESTABLISHED.  165 

The  first  commission  issued  under  this  form  of  magis- 
tracy, bears  date  on  the  same  day,  (12th  June,  1665)  and 
ordains  "  that  the  inhabitants  of  New  York,  New  Harlem, 
with  all  other  his  Majesty's  subjects  and  inhabitants  upon 
this  island,  commonly  called  and  known  by  the  name  of 
Manhattan  Island,  are  and  shall  forever  be  accounted, 
nominated  and  established  as  one  body  politic  and  corpo- 
rate, under  the  government  of  the  Mayor,  Aldermen  and 
Sheriff,"  and  appoints,  for  one  whole  year,  commencing 
from  the  date  thereof,  certain  persons  as  such  magistrates; 
"  giving  and  granting  unto  them,  or  any  four  of  them,  of 
whom  the  Mayor  or  his  deputy  to  be  always  one,  and  upon 
equal  division  of  voices,  to  have  always  the  casting  and 
decisive  voice,  full  power  to  rule  and  govern,  as  well  all 
the  inhabitants  of  this  corporation,  as  any  strangers, 
according  to  the  general  laws  of  this  government,  and 
such  peculiar  laws  as  are,  or  shall  be  thought  convenient 
and  necessary  for  the  good  and  welfare  of  this  his 
majesty's  corporation ;  and  also  to  appoint  such  under 
officers,  as  they  shall  judge  necessary,  for  the  orderly 
execution  of  justice,"  enjoining  all  persons  to  obey  their 
lawful  orders. 

This  was  a  more  specific  grant  of  powers  than  had 
hitherto  been  vested  in  the  town  magistrates,  and  has  been 
called  Nichols'  Charter.  The  bench  of  civic  functionaries 
received  the  fostering  care  of  the  Duke  of  York,  and 
assumed  many  of  the  forms  and  ceremonies  of  municipal 
corporations  in  England.  In  the  year  1670,  the  Duke 
sent  the  members  seven  gowns,  to  be  worn  on  state 
occasions,  and  a  mace,  to  be  carried  by  a  mace-bearer  at 
the  head  of  their  processions.  A  seal  of  the  city  was  also 
presented  to  the  corporation  at  the  same  time.    A  city 


166  PREPARATIONS  FOR  DEFENCE  AGAINST  THE  DUTCH. 

livery  was  worn  by  beadles  and  other  subordinate  officers 
of  the  city,  the  colors  being  blue,  tipped  with  orange. 

It  was  at  this  time  that  jury  trials  were  first  established 
in  this  city. 

The  administration  of  Colonel  Nichols  was,  in  the  main, 
peaceful,  and  undisturbed  by  any  events  of  importance. 
In  the  year  following  the  capture  of  the  city,  (viz.,  in  1665) 
war  having  broken  out  between  the  states  of  Holland  and 
England,  it  was  expected  in  this  city  that  some  attempt 
would  be  made  by  the  government  of  the  Dutch  "  father- 
land" to  recover  the  territory  of  New  Netherland ;  and 
the  rumor  that  one  of  the  famous  Dutch  admirals,  De 
Ruyter,  had  actually  set  sail  with  a  large  squadron  for 
this  place,  caused  great  commotion  in  the  city,  and  revived 
amongst  a  portion  of  the  population,  the  national  spirit, 
which  had  been  permitted  to  slumber  for  some  time  pre- 
vious. Colonel  Nichols  made  vigorous  preparations  for 
the  enemy,  and  determined  to  repair  and  extend  the  old 
city  fortifications,  and  to  place  them  in  defensible  condi- 
tion. For  the  purpose  of  observing  the  tone  of  the  public 
mind  amongst  his  Dutch  subjects,  he  called  a  public  meet- 
ing, and  inquired  what  the  people  were  willing  to  do 
toward  repairing  the  works.  The  general  feeling,  how- 
ever, was  rather  in  favor  of  permitting  events  to  take 
their  own  course,  and  of  leaving  the  great  powers  to 
pursue  the  contest  on  their  own  resources.  A  majority 
of  the  citizens  excused  themselves  from  an  active  partici- 
pation in  the  quarrel,  some  saying  they  thought  the  place 
strong  enough;  others  that  they  Could  not  work  unless 
their  arms  were  restored  to  them.  Some  of  the  leading 
citizens  were,  however,  disposed  to  assist  the  English 
governor,  in  his  preparations  for  defence;  and  among 


GOVERNOR  LOVELACE. 


167 


these  none  was  more  distinguished  than  Cornelius  Steen- 
wyck,  a  wealthy  Dutch  merchant.  The  Dutch  fleet, 
however,  being  otherwise  engaged,  failed  to  make  its 
appearance  before  this  town,  and  the  rupture  between  the 
European  powers,  was  soon  after  temporarily  healed. 

Colonel  Nichols,  after  governing  the  province  about 
four  years,  prepared  for  his  departure,  having  solicited 
and  obtained  his  recall.  His  administration  had  proved 
as  popular  among  the  inhabitants  as,  from  the  circumstan- 
ces, could  have  been  anticipated.  The  stringent  measures 
which  his  position  had  demanded  in  the  first  instance,  had 
been  gradually  mitigated,  as  the  European  political  at- 
mosphere indicated  a  settled  condition,  and  at  the  time 
of  his  departure,  the  Dutch  inhabitants  in  New  York  were 
in  no  respect  under  greater  restraint  than  English  subjects 
of  their  American  colonies.  Out  of  respect  for  him,  the 
citizens  organized  two  militia  companies,  the  offioers  of 
which,  being  among  the  most  respectable  Dutchmen, 
received  their  commissions  from  him.  These,  accompanied 
by  the  great  body  of  citizens,  complimented  him  by  a 
respectful  leave-taking,  and  Colonel  Nichols  departed  for 
England  in  August,  1668. 

Colonel  Francis  Lovelace,  an  English  officer,  succeeded 
Governor  Nichols  in  the  province.  He  was  a  man  of 
great  moderation,  and  the  people  lived  very  peaceably 
under  him  until  the  events  of  the  year  1673,  which  we 
shall  proceed  to  narrate. 


CHAPTER  XIII. 


THE  RECAPTURE  OF  THE  CITY  BY  THE  DUTCH  IN  1673,  AND  ITS  FINAL 
CESSION  TO  ENGLAND,  BY  TREATY,  IN  1674- 

The  temporary  truce  between  the  Dutch  and  English 
nations  was  destined  to  still  another  rupture;  one  of  the 
consequences  of  which  was  that  the  city  again  became, 
though  only  for  a  short  period,  subject  to  the  dominion  of 
the  States  of  Holland. 

War  against  Holland  having  been  declared  by  the  King 
of  England,  in  the  year  1672,  the  Dutch,  soon  after,  fitted 
out  a  small  fleet,  to  cruise  on  the  American  coast,  with 
instructions  to  inflict  such  injuries  upon  the  English  settle- 
ments and  commerce  as  should  be  found  practicable. 

The  authorities  here  were  apprised  of  some  such  purpose 
on  the  part  of  the  Dutch;  but  the  governor,  Col.  Love- 
lace, seems  to  have  made  light  of  the  matter,  and  to  have 
furnished  no  adequate  resources  to  meet  such  an  emergency, 
paying  indeed  so  little  regard  to  the  subject  that  he  did 
not  hesitate  to  leave  the  city  for  distant  parts  of  the  coun- 
try, on  visits  of  friendship  or  business,  confiding,  mean- 
while, the  command  of  the  fort  to  Captain  John  Manning. 

While  so  absent,  in  February,  1673,  a  rumor  reached  the 
city  of  the  appearance  of  an  enemy's  fleet  off  the  coasts 
of  Virginia;  and  Manning  forthwith  sent  an  express  to 


RECAPTURE  BY  THE  DUTCH, 


169 


the  governor,  who  was  then  visiting  at  Mr.  Pell's  residence, 
on  the  western  borders  of  Westchester  county.  The  gov- 
ernor immediately  returned  to  New  York,  and  mustered 
forces  in  the  city  and  the  neighboring  counties,  to  the  num- 
ber of  four  or  five  hundred  men;  no  enemy,  however, 
appeared,  and  the  recruits  were  suffered  to  disband  and 
return  to  their  homes.  In  the  early  part  of  July,  the  gov- 
ernor again  departed  for  Connecticut,  and  had  been  but  a 
few  days  absent  when  two  ships  were  observed  off  Sandy 
Hook,  having  the  appearance  of  men-of-war.  A  dispatch 
was  immediately  sent  to  the  governor,  and  hasty  attempts 
were  made  by  Manning  to  collect  recruits — drafts  being 
made  upon  the  officers  of  the  country  militia,  and  the 
drums  beating  up  for  volunteers  through  the  streets  of  the 
city.  The  returns,  however,  to  this  summons  were  unavail- 
ing in  the  country  places,  and  those  in  the  city  who  joined 
the  recruiting  parties  were  principally  of  Dutch  descent; 
who,  instead  of  strengthening  the  forces  in  the  fort,  pro- 
ceeded to  spike  up  the  guns  on  the  battery,  in  front  of  the 
city-hall.  Meanwhile  the  enemy's  ships  sailed  into  the 
bay,  on  the  29th  of  July,  1673,  and  Manning  found  himself 
in  a  helpless  condition.  His  soldiers,  in  the  fort,  did  not 
number,  he  says,  over  fifty  men,  exclusive  of  officers,  and 
not  one  half  of  these  had  ever  put  their  heads  over  the 
ramparts,  and  the  common  cry  was  "  where  are  the  coun- 
try people  ?  what  shall  we  do  for  men  ?" 

The  Dutch  ships  having  anchored,  Manning — who  ap- 
pears to  have  been  wholly  wanting  in  resolution  and  spirit 
to  meet  this  occasion — immediately  sent  messengers  to  the 
ships,  to  inquire  "  why  they  came  in  such  a  hostile  manner 
to  disturb  his  Majesty's  subjects  in  this  place  ?"  These 
messengers,  while  on  their  way,  met  a  boat  from  the  enemy; 


170 


RECAPTURE  BY  THE  DUTCH. 


the  boats  passed  each  other  without  communication — one 
continuing  its  journey  to  the  ships,  the  other  approaching 
the  city.  The  latter  proved  to  convey  a  trumpeter, 
bearing  the  following  message  to  the  English  officer  in 
command  : 

Sir  : — The  force  of  war  now  lying  in  your  sight,  is 
sent  by  the  High  and  Mighty  States  and  his  Serene  High- 
ness the  Prince  of  Orange,  for  the  purpose  of  destroying 
their  enemies.  We  have  sent  you,  therefore,  this  letter, 
together  with  our  trumpeter,  to  the  end  that  upon  sight 
hereof  you  surrender  unto  us  the  fort  called  James,  prom- 
ising good  quarter;  or,  by  your  refusal,  we  shall  be  obliged 
to  proceed,  both  by  land  and  water,  in  such  manner  as  we 
shall  find  to  be  most  advantageous  for  the  High  and  Mighty 
States. 

"  Dated  in  the  ship  Swanenburgh,  anchored  betwixt 
Staten  and  Long  Island,  the  9th  of  August  (30  July,  0.  S.) 
1673.    Signed  by  Cornelis  Evertsen  and  Jacob  Benckes." 

To  this  summons  an  answer  was  returned  by  Manning, 
acknowledging  its  receipt,  and  informing  the  Dutch  admi- 
rals that  he  had  already  dispatched  messengers  to  commu- 
nicate with  them,  upon  the  return  of  whom  he  would  give 
a  definite  answer  to  their  summons. 

The  ships  immediately  after  weighed  anchor  and  stood 
up  the  bay,  anchoring  opposite  the  fort,  and  word  was  sent 
to  Manning,  giving  him  half  an  hour  to  answer  their  sum- 
mons. The  latter  demanded  until  the  following  morning, 
at  10  o'clock;  but  his  request  was  refused,  with  the  final 
reply  that  but  half  an  hour  would  be  given  before  the 
opening  of  a  fire  upon  the  fort,  and  that  the  hour-glass 
would  be  immediately  turned  up.  As  the  stated  time 
elapsed  without  any  communication,  ten  guns  were  turned 


RECAPTURE  BY  THE  DUTCH. 


171 


to  leeward,  and  a  heavy  cannonading  was  commenced, 
which  killed  and  wounded  a  number  of  men.  Soon  after, 
the  Dutch  landed  their  forces,  to  the  number  of  six  hundred 
men,  under  Captain  Anthony  Colve,  who  formed,  prepara- 
tory to  their  marching  into  the  town,  on  the  commons  in 
the  vicinity  of  the  present  Park,  being  amply  provided 
with  granadoes  and  the  materials  for  a  storm.  Upon  this. 
Manning,  who  had  remained  passive,  neither  having  fired 
a  gun  at  the  enemy's  ships,  nor  made  any  attempt  to  oppose 
the  landing  of  the  troops,  sent  three  of  his  subordinates 
with  a  communication  for  the  officer  in  command.  Not 
having  any  definite  proposals  to  make,  two  of  the  messen- 
gers were  detained  and  placed  under  the  Dutch  standard, 
while  the  third,  Captain  Carr,  of  Delaware,  was  permitted 
to  return  to  the  fort  and  inform  the  commander  that  but  a 
quarter  of  an  hour  would  be  given  him  to  comply  with 
their  summons.  This  gentleman,  instead  of  performing  his 
mission,  took  himself  out  of  the  city  without  delay.  The 
quarter  of  an  hour  having  elapsed,  a  trumpeter  was  sent 
for  an  answer  to  the  summons,  supposed  to  have  been  de- 
livered; he  was  informed  that  since  the  persons  had  been 
sent  to  make  conditions,  the  commander  of  the  fort  had 
received  no  communication  from  them,  and  knew  not  what 
to  say.  The  Dutch  officer,  on  the  return  of  the  trumpeter, 
exclaimed,  in  a  passion,  "  this  is  the  third  time  they  have 
played  the  fool  with  us;  march!"  The  Dutch  troops, 
headed  by  Captain  Colve,  and  escorting  in  their  front  the 
two  commissioners,  commenced  their  march  down  the  road 
now  called  Broadway.  As  they  came  near  the  fort,  Man- 
ning sent  out  an  officer,  tendering  its  surrender  upon  the 
following  conditions : 

1.  That  the  officers  and  soldiers  should  march  out  with 


RECAPTURE  BY  THE  DUTCH. 


172 


their  arms,  drums  beating,  colors  flying,  bag  and  baggage, 
without  hindrance  or  molestation. 

2.  Thereupon  the  fort  should  be  delivered  up,  with  all 
military  arms  and  ammunition. 

These  terms  were  acceded  to  by  Captain  Colve,  and  the 
ceremony  of  the  English  troops  vacating  the  fort  having 
been  witnessed,  the  Dutch  continued  their  march  down 
Broadway,  and  took  possession  of  the  fort.  The  country 
thus  became  once  more  a  part  of  the  dominion  of  the  States 
of  Holland. 

It  is  understood,  from  documents  of  that  day,  that  the 
Dutch  fleet  had  not  been  specially  destined  for  the  capture 
of  this  city,  to  which  its  strength  was  entirely  inadequate, 
had  the  available  forces  of  the  colony  been  brought  up. 
The  Dutch  were,  however,  informed,  while  at  Sandy  Hook, 
by  some  of  the  inhabitants  of  Long  Island,  whose  national 
prejudices  were  still  friendly  to  the  glory  of  their  father- 
land, that  the  city  could  easily  be  taken,  and  had  thus  been 
persuaded  to  carry  the  undertaking  through  with  a  high 
hand.  The  conduct  of  Captain  Manning  received  the 
most  extreme  censure  on  the  part  of  all  the  English  inhab- 
itants in  this  and  all  the  colonies  of  New  England.  To  be 
fired  at  for  hours  without  returning  a  shot,  and  finally  to 
be  overborne  with  such  passive  non-resistance,  was  a  rank- 
ling thorn  in  the  side  of  the  English.  After  they  again 
came  in  possession  of  the  government,  Manning  was  tried 
by  court-martial  for  cowardice  and  treachery;  he  was  con- 
victed, his  sword  broken  over  his  head  in  front  of  the  city- 
hall,  and  himself  incapacitated,  from  that  time  forward,  from 
holding  any  station  of  trust  or  authority  under  his  majesty. 

The  Dutch  commanders,  for  the  purpose  of  organizing 
their  government,  gave  a  commission  to  Captain  Anthony 


RESTORATION  OF  DUTCH  FORMS  OF  GOVERNMENT.  173 

Colve  to  be  governor;  and  in  the  early  part  of  August, 
1673,  having  changed  the  name  of  the  city  of  New  York 
to  that  of  New  Orange,  issued  their  proclamation  organ- 
izing municipal  institutions,  to  conform  to  those  of  the 
father-land.    This  document  was  in  the  following  words : 

"  The  commanders  and  honorable  council  of  war  in  the 
service  of  their  High  Mightinesses  the  Lords  States  Gen- 
eral of  the  United  Netherlands  and  his  Serene  Highness 
the  Lord  Prince  of  Orange,  etc.  Health. 

"  Whereas  we  have  deemed  it  necessary,  for  the  advan- 
tage and  prosperity  of  our  city,  New  Orange,  recently 
restored  to  the  obedience  of  the  said  High  and  Mighty 
Lords  States  General  of  the  United  Netherlands  and  his 
Serene  Highness  the  Lord  Prince  of  Orange,  to  reduce  the 
form  of  government  of  this  city  to  its  previous  character 
of  schout,  burgomasters  and  schepens,  as  is  practiced  in  all 
the  cities  of  our  father-land,  to  the  end  that  justice  may 
be  maintained  and  administered  to  all  good  inhabitants, 
without  respect  or  regard  to  persons — Therefore  we,  by 
virtue  of  our  commission,  in  the  names  and  on  behalf  of 
the  High  and  Mighty  Lords  States  General  of  the  United 
Netherlands  and  his  Serene  Highness  the  Lord  Prince  of 
Orange,  have  elected,  from  the  nomination  exhibited  by 
those  in  office,  as  regents  of  this  city,  for  the  term  of  one 
current  year. 

As  Schout,  Anthony  De  Milt. 

(  Johannes  Van  Brugh, 
As  Burgomasters  <  Johannes  De  Peyster, 
(  Egidius  Luyck. 

WlLLEM  BEECKMAN, 

Jeronimus  Ebbingh, 
As  Schepens  \  Jacob  Kip, 

Laurens  Vanderspeigle, 
Geleyn  Yerplanck. 


174 


COLVE  S  CHARTER. 


Which  above  named  schout,  burgomasters  and  schepens 
are  hereby  authorized  and  empowered  to  govern  the  inhab- 
itants of  this  city,  both  burghers  and  strangers,  conforma- 
bly to  the  laws  and  statutes  of  our  father-land,  and  make 
therein  such  orders  as  they  shall  find  advantageous  and 
proper  to  this  city.  (Here  the  paper  is  destroyed.)  And 
the  inhabitants  of  this  city  are  well  and  strictly  ordered 
and  enjoined  to  respect  and  honor  the  above  named  re- 
gents, in  their  respective  qualities,  as  all  loyal  and  faithful 
subjects  are  bound  to  do. 

"  Done  at  the  fortress  William  Henry,  this  17th  August, 
a.  d.  1673. 

JACOB  BENCKE3, 

CORNELIS  EYERTSEN,  Jr. 

NICHOLAS  BOES, 

A.  COL  YE, 

A.  Y.  YAN  ZEYL." 

In  January,  1674,  Governor  Colve  having  been  left  in 
sole  authority,  made  a  further  ordinance,  prescribing  more 
particularly  the  functions  of  the  city  magistrates,  by  which 
the  court  was  allowed  civil  jurisdiction  to  the  amount  of 
fifty  beavers,  without  appeal;  in  judgments  above  that 
amount,  an  appeal  lay  to  the  governor  and  council.  Their 
jurisdiction,  in  criminal  cases,  extended  to  those  involving 
capital  punishment;  they  were  allowed  municipal  powers 
in  the  enactment  of  ordinances  (subject  to  the  approval  of 
the  governor,)  "  for  the  peace  and  quiet  and  advantage  of 
the  city." 

During  the  short  period  in  which  the  Dutch  held  the  city 
for  the  last  time,  the  principal  occurrences  were  those  occa- 
sioned by  the  active  efforts  made  by  Governor  Colve  to 
place  the  city  upon  a  defensive  footing,  in  apprehension  of 


CITY  CEDED  TO  THE  ENGLISH. 


175 


a  renewed  attempt  on  the  part  of  the  English,  to  recover 
its  possession.  Among  the  measures  taken  for  this 
purpose,  was  the  repair  of  the  city  palisades  and  the 
works  of  the  fort.  Around  the  latter  was  clustered  a 
number  of  buildings  and  inclosures,  used  for  gardens  and 
orchards,  situated  on  the  present  Whitehall  and  Pearl 
streets.  Twenty-one  of  these  premises  were  ordered  to  be 
removed,  and  the  owners  were  compensated  by  grants  of 
other  lots  in  place  of  those  thus  taken,  and  by  pecuniary 
remuneration  for  the  value  of  the  buildings.  Orders  were 
made  against  exporting  provisions  from  the  city  during  a 
period  of  eight  months;  the  citizen  companies  and  watch 
were  drilled  and  brought  into  military  condition;  the 
sloops,  sailing  on  the  Hudson,  were  restricted  from  making 
their  customary  trips,  and  no  more  than  two  at  a  time  were 
allowed  to  be  absent,  the  others  meanwhile  awaiting  at 
this  city  any  exigency  that  might  occasion  their  service. 

The  Dutch,  however,  enjoyed  their  authority  but  a  short 
time,  as  on  the  9th  of  February,  1674,  a  treaty  of  peace 
between  England  and  Holland  was  signed,  the  sixth  arti- 
cle of  which  restored  this  country  to  the  English.  The 
terms  of  this  article  were,  in  substance,  "  that  whatsoever 
countries,  islands,  ports,  towns,  castles  or  forts,  have  or 
shall  be  taken  on  both  sides,  since  the  time  that  the  late 
unhappy  war  broke  out,  either  in  Europe  or  elsewhere, 
shall  be  restored  to  the  former  lord  or  proprietor  in  the 
same  condition  they  shall  be  in  when  peace  itself  shall  be 
proclaimed." 

It  was  not,  however,  for  several  months  subsequent  to 
the  time  of  this  treaty,  that  the  final  surrender  of  the  city 
was  made  to  the  English.  On  the  10th  day  of  November, 
1674,  this  event  took  place,  and  the  last  act  of  Dutch 


176  FINAL  DELIVERY  OF  THE  CITY  TO  THE  ENGLISH. 

authority  was  thus  performed.  This  event  was  not  dis- 
tasteful to  the  great  body  of  the  citizens,  whose  national 
sentiment  had,  in  a  measure,  given  way  before  the  obvious 
advantages  to  their  individual  interests  of  having  a  settled 
authority  established  over  them,  with  the  additional  privi- 
leges of  English  institutions,  which  were  then  considered 
of  a  liberal  tendency.  The  Dutch  soldiers,  before  their 
departure  for  father-land,  were  abusive  to  the  citizens,  and 
attempted  some  demonstrations  expressive  of  their  want 
of  sympathy  with  the  inhabitants;  but  these  were  promptly 
repressed,  and  the  Dutch  forces,  with  their  vigorous  com- 
mander, Governor  Colve,  set  sail  from  these  shores  soon 
after  the  arrival  of  the  English. 


CHAPTER  XIY. 


THE  AFFAIRS  AND  CONDITION  OF  THE  CITY  BETWEEN  THE  YEARS  1674 
AND  1689. 

The  Duke  of  York,  immediately  upon  the  final  cession 
of  New  York  to  the  dominion  of  England,  by  the  treaty 
with  the  Dutch,  procured  a  confirmation  of  his  former 
title  to  the  country,  and  appointed  as  governor  of  the 
province,  Sir  Edmond  Andros,  Seigneur  of  Saumarez,  to 
whom  the  fort  and  government  were  surrendered  by  Gov- 
ernor Colve,  on  the  10th  of  November,  1674. 

The  general  extent  and  condition  of  the  city  at  about 
this  period  was  as  follows;  and  it  will  be  observed  that 
the  town,  during  the  time  of  the  English,  had  considerably 
increased  in  population. 

"  The  Smith's  Valley"  by  which  name  that  section  of  the 
city  along  the  East  river,  between  Wall  street,  and  the 
present  Franklin  square  was  still  known,  contained  twenty- 
four  buildings. 

"  The  Water-side.''1  The  street  thus  called,  formed,  an- 
ciently, in  the  times  of  the  Dutch,  a  part  of  "  Hoogh 
straat"  (viz.,  between  Wall  street  and  Hanover  square.)  It 
included  the  street  called  the  "Waal,"  and  the  street  called 
the  "  Water."  The  line  of  buildings  called  the  "  Water- 
side" faced  the  East  river,  on  the  present  north  line  of 
12 


178  CONDITION  OF  THE  CITY  AT  ABOUT  THE  YEAR  1674. 

Pearl  street,  between  Wall  and  Whitehall  streets.  It  con- 
tained forty-two  buildings,  occupied,  generally,  by  mer- 
chants, and  was  the  principal  business  street  in  the  city. 

Pearl  street.  The  street  so  called  was  the  same  anciently 
known  as  the  "  Perel  straat,"  occupying  the  line  of  the 
present  Pearl  street,  on  both  sides  of  the  way,  between 
Whitehall  and  State  streets.  It  contained  twenty  build- 
ings, generally  of  a  very  good  character. 

Broadway.  The  name  of  the  ancient  "  Heere  straat"7 
had  been  changed  within  a  year  after  the  first  capture  of 
the  city  by  the  English,  to  that  of  Broadway.  This  street 
had  not  yet  attained  a  position  in  the  thoroughfares  of  the 
town,  to  which  it  succeeded  in  a  few  subsequent  years. 
It  was  remote  from  the  business  parts  of  the  town,  and  as 
the  merchants  in  those  times  had  no  separate  residence 
from  their  places  of  business,  it  is  found  that  the  parts 
of  the  town  near  the  wharf  and  along  the  East  river, 
where  the  ships  commonly  anchored,  were  the  favorite 
dwellings  of  the  merchants.  It  was  within  twenty  years 
after  this  period  that  Broadway  took  rank  among  the 
fashionable  quarters  of  the  town,  and  became  the  place 
of  residence  of  several  professional  men  and  public 
characters.  At  the  time  now  spoken  of,  this  street  ex- 
tended from  the  Bowling  Green  to  Wall  street  and  con- 
tained about  forty-five  buildings,  generally  of  an  inferior 
class,  with  the  exception  of  those  on  the  west  side  of  the 
street,  opposite  the  present  Bowling  Green,  which  were 
of  a  superior  character. 

The  Marketfield.  The  street  so  called  was  anciently 
called  the  "  Marckvelt."  It  occupied  the  present  White- 
hall street,  south  of  Beaver  street.  In  1676  it  contained 
twelve  houses  of  the  better  class. 


STREETS  OF  THE  CITY  IN  1674. 


179 


The  Walls,  anciently  called  the  "  Stadt-wall,"  occupied 
the  present  south  side  of  Wall  street,  the  north  side  being 
the  line  of  the  city  palisades.  The  street,  at  this  period, 
contained  fifteen  buildings,  generally  of  an  inferior  de- 
scription. 

The  High  Street.  A  part  of  the  ancient  "  Hoogh  straat," 
retained  this  name.  The  thoroughfare  known  as  High 
street,  at  the  period  now  referred  to,  was  the  present  Stone 
street,  between  Hanover  square  and  Broad  street.  It 
contained  twenty-eight  buildings,  some  of  them  among  the 
best  in  the  town,  and  others  of  an  inferior  description. 

The  Smith  street.  The  street  so  called  was  the  ancient 
"  Smee  straat,'7  or  the  present  William  street,  between 
Wall  street  and  Hanover  square.  The  buildings,  about 
twenty-six  in  number,  were  generally  of  an  inferior  class. 

Mill  street  lane.  The  street  called  by  this  name  was  not 
occupied  by  residences  in  the  time  of  the  Dutch,  but  was 
nevertheless  an  open  lane,  commonly  called  the  "  Slyck 
Steegh,"  or  dirty  lane.  A  horse  mill,  one  of  the  earliest 
buildings  of  that  character  in  the  city,  still  stood  on  the 
north  side  of  this  street,  next  to  the  corner  of  Broad  street. 
The  street  is  now  called  South  William  street.  It  con- 
tained, at  the  period  referred  to,  six  inferior  dwellings. 

Smith  street  lane,  a  small  street,  contained  ten  buildings 
of  an  inferior  character. 

The  Heere  graft — Beaver  graft — Prince  graft.  These 
continued  to  be  known  by  their  ancient  names,  and  were 
considerably  improved  from  their  former  condition  under 
the  Dutch. 

Marketfield  street.  The  ancient  "  Marckvelt  steegie"  had 
received  this  name,  which  it  still  bears. 

Stone  street.    The  name  of  former  "  Brouwer  straat" 


180 


GRANT  OF  THE  FLOUR  MONOPOLY. 


had  been  changed  to  this  name;  the  site  being  that  of  the 
present  Stone  street,  between  Broad  and  Whitehall  streets. 
It  contained,  at  this  period,  eleven  buildings  of  a  good 
character,  though  the  street  was  gradually  losing  the 
prominent  position  it  formerly  held. 

Brugh  straat  and  Winkle  straat  still  retained  their  ancient 
names. 

Having,  on  the  17th  October,  1675,  settled  the  English 
forms  of  magistracy,  as  they  had  formerly  existed  under 
the  title  of  "  mayor,  aldermen  and  sheriff,"  the  governor 
took  measures  to  advance  the  material  interests  of  the 
city.  The  principal  scheme  devised  for  this  purpose,  was 
the  establishment  of  a  monopoly  to  the  inhabitants  of  this 
city  in  the  bolting  of  flour,  and  the  exportation  of  sea- 
biscuit  and  flour.  All  places  in  the  interior  being  prohib- 
ited from  pursuing  these  branches  of  trade,  under  pain  of 
forfeiture  of  the  contraband  articles.  The  bolting  act  was 
passed  in  the  year  1678,  and  existed  until  the  year  1694, 
when,  by  the  great  efforts  of  the  other  counties  on  Long 
Island  and  along  the  Hudson  river,  its  repeal  was  effected. 
At  the  time  of  the  passage  of  this  act,  the  city  contained 
three  hundred  and  forty-three  houses,  and  between  the 
enactment  and  its  repeal,  over  six  hundred  buildings  were 
erected  on  this  island. 

The  revenue  from  exports  and  imports,  from  two  thou- 
sand pounds,  increased  to  over  six  thousand  pounds  per 
annum. 

The  shipping  which,  in  the  year  1678,  belonged  to  this 
port,  was  no  more  than  three  ships  and  fifteen  sloops,  and 
other  sailing  vessels,  increased  to  sixty  ships  and  one  hun- 
dred and  two  sloops  and  other  vessels. 

In  1678  not  over  four  hundred  head  of  cattle  were 


IMPROVEMENTS  IN  THE  CITY. 


181 


annually  killed  in  the  city.  In  1691  nearly  four  thousand 
were  killed. 

Lands  which  had  been  of  little  value  advanced,  during 
this  period,  to  ten  times  their  former  price. 

Of  the  nine  hundred  and  eighty-three  buildings  in  the 
city,  in  the  year  1694,  six  hundred  depended  in  some  man- 
ner upon  the  trade  in  flour, 

The  immense  importance  of  this  monopoly  to  the  city, 
induced  the  greatest  exertions  on  the  part  of  the  inhabit- 
ants to  prevent  the  repeal  of  the  '•  bolting  act/7  but  without 
effect. 

During  the  administration  of  Governor  Andros,  some 
improvements,  indicating  the  progress  of  the  city,  oc- 
curred; among  which  were  the  following:  In  1677  the 
first  public  wells  in  the  streets  were  constructed.  These 
were  six  in  number,  and  were  erected  in  the  middle  of  the 
streets.  In  the  same  year  the  old  church-yard  on  the  west 
side  of  Broadway,  near  Morris  street,  was  sold  off  in 
building  lots.  In  1676  the  ditch  through  the  centre  of  the 
Heere  graft,  or  present  Broad  street,  was  filled  up  and  the 
street  made  level.  In  the  same  year,  the  tan  pits  which 
had  formerly  occupied  the  sides  of  the  Prince  graft,  or  the 
present  Broad  street,  between  Beaver  street  and  Exchange 
place,  were  filled  up. 

The  administration  of  Governor  Andros  was  generally 
unpopular  in  the  colony;  and  the  ancient  historians,  both 
of  this  province  and  of  New  England,  where  he  afterward 
was  governor,  concur  in  transmitting  him  to  posterity 
"  under  the  odious  character  of  a  sycophantic  tool  to  the 
Duke  of  York,  and  an  arbitrary  tyrant  over  the  people 
committed  to  his  care.  He  knew  no  law  but  the  will  of 
his  master,  and  Kirk  and  Jefferies  were  not  fitter  instru- 


182 


DIVISION  INTO  WAKDS. 


ments  than  he  to  execute  the  despotic  projects  of  James 
the  II." 

Col.  Thomas  Dongan  succeeded  Andros  in  the  govern- 
ment, having  arrived  in  this  city  on  25th  of  August,  1683. 
He  was  a  Roman  Catholic  in  his  religious  tenets,  which 
was  the  occasion  of  much  remark  on  the  part  of  the  Prot- 
estant inhabitants  of  the  colony.  His  personal  character 
was  in  other  respects  not  objectionable  to  the  people,  and 
he  is  described  as  a  man  of  integrity,  moderation,  and 
genteel  manners,  and  as  being  among  the  best  of  the 
governors  who  had  been  placed  in  charge  of  this  province. 
He  remained  in  power  until  the  revolution  in  the  govern- 
ment in  1689. 

Among  the  earliest  acts  of  his  administration,  was  the 
division  of  this  city  into  six  wards,  the  boundaries  of 
which  were  designated  by  an  order  dated  in  the  year  1688, 
as  follows: 

The  South  Ward 

"  To  begin  at  the  corner  house  of  James  Matthews,"  (on 
the  present  north-west  corner  of  Pearl  and  Broad  streets) 
"  by  the  water-side,  and  so  northward  along  the  Heere 
graft,  to  the  house  of  Simon  Jansen  Romeyn"  (on  the 
present  south-west  corner  of  Broad  and  Beaver  streets:) 
"  thence  westward,  up  the  Beaver  graft,  to  the  corner  house 
of  Barent  Coersen"  (on  the  present  south-east  corner  of 
Beaver  and  Whitehall  streets;)  "  from  thence  south,  along 
the  fort,  to  the  water  side,  including  Pearl  street,  to  the 
house  of  James  Matthews,  Esq." 

The  Dock  Ward 

"To  begin  at  the  house  of  Mr.  Stephanus  Van  Cortland, 
by  the  water  side"  (on  the  present  north-east  corner  of 


DIVISION  INTO  WARDS. 


183 


Broad  and  Pearl  streets;)  "so  northward,  to  the  corner 
house  of  Geesie  Denys"  (on  the  present  south-east  corner 
of  Broad  and  Beaver  streets;)  "  and  from  thence  eastward, 
to  the  house  of  David  Provoost"  (on  the  present  south-west 
corner  of  Beaver  and  William  streets;)  "  and  thence  to  the 
house  of  Tryntje  Clock'7  (on  the  present  north-west  corner 
of  Pearl  and  William  streets;)  "and  so  westward,  to  Mr. 
Van  Cortland's  again." 

The  East  Ward 

"  To  begin  at  the  house  of  Thomas  Lewis"  (on  the  present 
north-east  corner  of  Hanover  square  and  William  street; 
n  thence  northward,  to  the  house  of  Lawrence  Huys"  (on 
the  present  south-east  corner  of  Wall  and  William  streets;) 
"  thence,  along  the  wall,  to  the  corner  house  of  Miriam 
Levy"  (on  the  present  south-west  corner  of  Wall  and  Pearl 
streets;)  "  and  so  to  Thomas  Lewis's  again;  with  all  the 
houses  in  the  Smith's  Fly  and  outside  the  gates,  to  the 
south  side  of  the  Fresh  Water." 

The  North  Ward 

"  To  begin  at  the  house  of  Arien  Johnson  Hagenaer"  (on 
the  present  north-east  corner  of  Beaver  and  New  streets;) 
u  thence  east,  along  the  Beaver  graft  and  Prince  street,  to 
the  house  of  Christian  Laurier"  (on  the  present  north-west 
corner  of  Beaver  and  William  streets;)  "so  north,  to  the 
house  of  Gerrit  Hendricks"  (on  the  present  south-west 
corner  of  Wall  and  William  streets;)  "  thence  west,  to  the 
corner  of  the  New  street;  and  thence  south, to  Arien  John- 
son's again." 

The  West  Ward 

"  To  begin  at  the  house  of  Thomas  Coker"  (on  the  present 
north-west  corner  of  Broadway  and  Battery  place;)  "  so 


184 


DIVISION  INTO  WARDS. 


northward,  to  the  gate"  (at  the  present  Trinity  Church;) 
"  thence  eastward,  along  the  wall,  to  the  corner  of  the 
New  street;  thence  south,  to  the  house  of  Peter  Bresteede" 
(on  the  present  north-west  corner  of  Beaver  and  New 
streets;)  "  thence  west,  to  widow  of  Jan  Jansen  Bresteede" 
(on  the  present  north-east  corner  of  Broadway  and  Beaver 
street;)  "  and  so  to  Thomas  Coker's  again." 

The  Out  Ward 

"  To  contain  the  town  of  Harlem,  with  all  the  farms  and 
settlements  on  this  island,  from  north  of  the  Fresh  Water." 

The  citizens  of  these  several  wards  were  empowered 
annually  to  elect  an  alderman  and  a  common-councilman, 
to  represent  them  in  the  city  council. 

On  the  22d  of  April,  1686,  the  charter,  commonly  known 
as  "  Dongan's  Charter,"  was  granted  to  the  city.  By  this 
instrument  the  ancient  municipal  privileges  of  the  Corpo- 
ration of  New  York  were  confirmed,  and  other  franchises 
of  an  important  character  were  granted  to  the  city. 

Considerable  improvements  were  made  in  the  city  in 
Governor  Dongan's  time. 

The  city  wall,  erected  in  the  year  1653,  had  run  through 
the  farm  granted  in  1644  to  Jan  Jansen  Damen,  and  nearly 
the  whole  distance  between  Broadway  and  Pearl  street, 
along  the  north  side  of  the  wall,  was  still  in  the  possession 
of  Damen's  heirs;  a  division  of  the  farm,  into  several  par- 
cels, having,  however,  been  previously  made  among  them. 
In  the  year  1685  the  following  conveyances  were  made  by 
several  of  the  heirs  to  Mr.  John  Knight,  one  of  Dongan's 
suite,  viz  :  by  Abraham  Yerplanck  and  his  wife,  of  one 
hundred  and  five  feet  front,  along  the  wall,  and  eighty  feet 
in  depth;  by  Picter  Stoutenburgh,  assignee  of  one  of  the 


WALL  STREET. 


185 


heirs,  one  hundred  and  fifty-six  feet  front,  and  eighty  feet 
depth;  by  John  Vinje  and  wife,  one  hundred  and  seventy- 
three  feet  eleven  inches  front  and  eighty  feet  depth;  by 
Lucas  Van  Tienhoven  and  wife,  seventy-seven  feet  four 
inches  front  and  eighty  feet  depth;  by  Jacob  Kip  and  wife, 
one  hundred  and  eighty-two  feet  four  inches  front  and 
eighty  feet  depth;  by  Van  Tienhoven  and  Smith,  three 
hundred  and  eighteen  feet  nine  inches  front  and  eighty  feet 
depth — the  whole  extent  thus  granted,  fronting  on  the 
present  north  side  of  Wall  street,  amounting  to  over  one 
thousand  feet. 

This  purchase  was  probably  a  speculative  movement,  in 
which  some  of  the  high  functionaries  of  government  were 
concerned;  as  it  was  found  that  immediate  measures  were 
taken  by  the  provincial  authorities  to  demolish  the  old 
fortifications,  and  thus  bring  the  lots  into  marketable  con- 
dition. A  survey  of  the  line  proposed  to  be  established 
as  the  north  side  of  Wall  street,  was  ordered  in  the  same 
year,  and  the  street  ordered  to  be  laid  out  thirty-six  feet 
in  width.  In  1688,  Governor  Dongan  having  determined 
"  to  enlarge  the  city,  and  if  occasion  should  require,  to  lay 
the  city  fortifications  further  out,''  appointed  commissioners 
to  examine  the  existing  condition  of  the  old  fortifications 
on  the  line  of  Wall  street;  from  whose  report  it  appears 
that  the  half-moon,  or  fortification  on  the  shore  of  the 
East  river,  was  mostly  washed  away — the  gate,  which  had 
extended  across  the  present  Pearl  street,  was  completely 
decayed  and  fallen  down — the  "  curtain"  or  palisades  from 
the  gate  to  the  artillery  mount,  on  the  present  north-west 
corner  of  Wall  and  William  streets,  which  had  formerly 
been  constructed  of  double  stockades,  and  a  ditch,  with 
breast-work  within  of  salt  sods,  was  all  down,  the  ground 


186 


A  NEW  STREET  ALONG  THE  EAST  RIVER. 


laid  out  in  lots,  some  of  which  were  already  built  upon. 
The  artillery  mount  had  no  guns — the  walls  were  in  an  in- 
different condition — the  sod-work  out  of  repair — the  ditch 
and  stockades  in  ruins — and  a  small  old  house  in  the  mid- 
dle of  the  mount  in  a  state  of  dilapidation.  The  "  cur- 
tain/' from  the  artillery  mount  to  the  land-gate  mount  on 
the  present  north-east  corner  of  Broadway  and  Wall 
street,  which  had  also  been  formerly  a  double  stockade, 
with  a  ditch  and  breast-work,  was  completely  in  ruins,  the 
land  being  laid  out  in  lots;  the  land-gate  mount  was  in  a 
state  of  decay,  and  the  gate  across  Broadway  ready  to  fall 
down;  the  line  of  fortifications,  extending  from  the  gate  to 
the  "  locust  trees,"  near  the  shore  of  the  North  river,  was 
all  down;  the  King's  Garden,  at  the  locust  trees,  was  in  a 
ruinous  condition,  and  the  "  pasty  mount,"  near  the  present 
corner  of  Exchange  place  and  Lombard  street,  was  rapidly 
going  to  decay.  The  curtain,  from  the  pasty-mount  to  the 
point  of  the  merry-mount  of  Fort  James  (near  the  present 
corner  of  Bowling  Green  and  State  street)  was  completely 
ruined. 

The  property  on  Wall  street  having  come  into  the  pos- 
session of  an  influential  party,  the  street  was  afterward 
favored  by  the  erection  of  the  city-hall,  on  the  site  of  the 
present  custom  house,  and  of  Trinity  Church,  facing  its 
westerly  extremity,  and  soon  became  one  of  the  principal 
streets  in  the  city. 

In  the  year  1687,  measures  were  first  taken  to  build  a 
new  street  in  the  East  river,  between  the  present  White- 
hall street  and  Old  slip,  on  the  present  line  of  Water  street. 
The  corporation  sold  these  water  lots  on  the  condition  that 
the  purchasers  should  make  the  street  toward  the  water 
(the  present  Water  street,)  and  protect  it  against  the  wash- 


VESSELS  BELONGING  TO  THE  CITY. 


167 


ing  of  the  tide  by  a  substantial  wharf  along  the  fronts  of 
their  lots.  This  improvement,  however,  was  not  finished 
within  a  number  of  years  subsequently. 

From  a  return  of  vessels  belonging  to  the  port  of  New 
York,  in  the  year  1684,  the  following  list  is  made  out : 

Barques — the  "  Dolphin/  the  "  James/'  and  one  belong- 
ing to  Jacob  Leisler. 

Brigantines — the  "  Delaware  Merchant/'  one  belong- 
ing to  John  Stoughton,  and  one  belonging  to  Frederick 
Philipse. 

Sloops — owned  by  Frederick  Philipse,  John  De  Bruyn, 
John  Joosten,  Lucas  Andriezen,  S.  Burden.  William  Mer- 
ritt,  Martin  Crigier,  John  Peete,  Thomas  Lewis,  Nicholas 
Garret.  George  Heathcott,  Captain  Brockholst,  Brandt 
Schuyler,  John  Delavall.  Jacob  Teller,  Johannes  Beek- 
man,  Colonel  Morris,  Francis  Richardson,  William  Framp- 
ton,  John  Potbaker,  Johannes  Provoost,  "  The  Star,'7  Jo- 
chem  Staats,  Abraham  Staats,  Gabriel  Thompson.  Jonathan 
Marsh. 

There  were,  besides,  forty-six  open  boats. 


CHAPTER  XV. 


REVOLUTION  AND  AFFAIR  OF  LEISLER  IN  1689. 

One  of  the  most  exciting  events  in  the  history  of  New 
York,  was  that  of  the  revolution,  or  usurpation  of  the 
powers  of  government  by  a  portion  of  the  citizens,  of  whom 
Jacob  Leisler  was  one  of  the  most  responsible  leaders,  and 
became  the  principal  sufferer  at  its  close. 

In  those  times  the  great  battle  between  Protestantism 
and  Catholicism  was  being  waged  throughout  the  Chris- 
tian world;  and  in  the  American  colonies,  which  were  the 
refuge  of  many  Protestants  who  had  been  compelled  to  fly 
from  their  native  land,  for  safety,  the  theme  was  one  of 
engrossing  interest. 

As  this  government  was  then  under  the  King  of  Eng- 
land, the  character  of  the  reigning  power  in  that  country 
was  an  object  of  the  deepest  solicitude  to  the  people  of 
New  York.  The  elevation,  therefore,  of  King  James  II. 
to  the  throne,  which  took  place  in  1686,  was  not  well  re- 
ceived by  our  people,  as  his  predilections  were  suspected  to 
be  favorable  to  the  Catholic  cause,  although  he  had  made 
many  promises  to  the  contrary,  previous  to  his  acces- 
sion to  the  throne.  It  was  not,  therefore,  without  some 
exasperation  of  feeling  that  the  people  of  this  province 
saw  the  king  disappointing  the  expectations  of  his  Protest- 
ant subjects,  by  the  appointment,  throughout  his  dominions, 


THE  REVOLUTION  OF  1689. 


189 


of  various  officers  of  the  opposite  creed.  In  New  York, 
the  governor  (Dongan)  was  one  of  this  class,  and  the  sub- 
ordinate offices  were  partly  filled  by  persons  of  the  same 
character;  although  this  favoritism  for  Catholics  was  not 
exclusive,  as  the  majority  of  the  members  of  the  governor's 
council  were  old  inhabitants,  whose  religious  principles 
were  settled  in  the  faith  of  the  Dutch  Reformed  Church. 
But  the  state  of  public  feeling  could  not  easily  brook  the 
apprehension  that  their  religious  freedom  might  be  indi- 
rectly subverted  by  reason  of  the  avenues  of  official  power 
and  patronage  being  in  possession  of  their  opponents;  and 
hence,  during  the  reign  of  King  James,  the  people  of  this 
province  were  restive,  and  took  such  opportunities  as 
offered  themselves,  of  testifying  their  opposition  to  the 
government,  not  by  open  resistance  to  the  exercise  of  its 
powers,  but  by  a  system  of  secret  agitation  and  discussion. 

This  state  of  public  feeling  was  not  peculiar  to  New 
Yorkfbut  was  equally  manifested  through  the  great  body 
of  the  people  of  Great  Britain,  and  in  other  of  her  colo- 
nies; and  it  resulted  in  a  movement,  on  the  part  of  the 
Protestants  of  England,  to  revolutionize  the  government  of 
that  country,  for  which  purpose  the  next  Protestant  suc- 
cessor to  the  throne,  after  James,  was  fixed  upon  as  the 
means  of  carrying  this  revolution  into  effect.  This  person 
was  Mary,  who  had  married  William,  Prince  of  Orange, 
and  was  then  residing  with  her  husband,  in  Germany.  The 
project  was  successfully  carried  into  operation,  and  the 
new  king  and  queen  were  triumphantly  placed  upon  the 
throne;  King  James  fleeing  his  country,  and  taking  refuge 
on  the  soil  of  France. 

The  news  of  this  event,  which  was  received  in  the  Amer- 
ican colonies  in  the  spring  of  1689.  was  the  signal  for  the 


190 


THE  REVOLUTION  OF  1689. 


overturning  of  the  existing  powers  on  this  side  the  ocean. 
In  New  England  the  people  seized  upon  their  governor, 
Sir  E.  Andros,  and  sent  him  to  England.  In  New  York 
Dongan  did  not  risk  the  safety  of  his  person  by  attempting 
to  hold  fast  the  reins  of  government,  but  betook  himself 
on  board  a  ship  lying  in  the  harbor,  and  departed  the 
country  within  a  short  time. 

It  was  now  a  great  question  among  the  people  how  the 
government  should  be  carried  on,  pending  the  interval 
which  must  elapse  before  advices  should  arrive  from  the 
home  government;  and  here  arose  the  first  intestine  diffi- 
culty among  the  people  themselves;  for  although  the  great 
fact  of  the  Protestant  succession,  and  the  legitimacy  of  the 
government  of  William  and  Mary,  was  almost  universally 
recognized  among  the  inhabitants  of  New  York,  yet  it 
was  maintained  by  a  portion  of  the  people,  headed  by  those 
Protestants  who  had  held  official  station  under  Dongan, 
that  the  colonial  government  was  not  subverted  by  the 
revolution  in  England,  but  in  the  absence  of  the  abscond- 
ing governor,  his  powers  were  inherited,  until  further 
orders,  by  his  second  in  authority;  and  that  the  lieutenant- 
governor,  Nicholson,  and  the  former  council,  were  legally 
invested  with  the  powers  of  government. 

On  the  other  hand,  a  large  party  of  the  extreme  revolu- 
tionists maintained,  that  by  the  overthrow  of  the  late  king 
and  the  abandonment  of  the  country  by  Governor  Dongan, 
the  whole  machinery  of  his  government  was  totally  over- 
thrown; and  none  claiming  to  hold  official  station,  by 
virtue  merely  of  appointment  from  the  subverted  authori- 
ties, could  legitimately  continue  the  exercise  of  their 
functions. 

This,  it  is  certain,  was  a  somewhat  subtle  question,  and 


REVOLUTION  IN  16S9. 


191 


when  submitted  to  the  great  body  of  the  people,  would  be 
more  apt  to  be  decided  by  their  prejudices  than  by  mere 
legal  logic.  In  this  state  of  uncertainty,  therefore,  it  was 
resolved,  by  a  large  body  of  the  inhabitants,  to  take  pos- 
session of  the  fort,  for  the  purpose  of  securing  the  physical 
possession  of  the  government  in  favor  of  William  and 
Mary,  leaving  the  political  powers  still  an  unsettled  ques- 
tion. Accordingly  this  party,  availing  themselves  of  the 
arrangement  which  had  already  been  adopted  by  general 
consent,  of  temporary  occupation  of  the  fort  by  the  several 
militia  companies,  concluded,  by  a  concerted  action  among 
the  captains  of  the  companies,  that  one  of  their  number, 
commanding  a  corps  entirely  favorable  to  their  party, 
should  take  permanent  possession  of  the  fort,  and  hold  it 
until  orders  from  the  government  in  England  should 
establish _a  legitimate  authority  in  the  land.  The  person 
fixed  upon,  for  carrying  this  design  into  effect,  was  Jacob 
Leisler,  a  merchant  of  good  standing  and  wealth,  and 
probably  the  man  in  the  highest  repute,  in  the  community, 
of  any  of  that  party. 

This  act  took  place  on  the  2d  of  June,  1689,  and  was  the 
signal  for  the  sudden  departure  of  Lieutenant  Governor 
Nicholson  and  the  breaking  up  of  his  council.  Leisler  then, 
on  the  3d  of  June,  issued  a  public  manifesto,  declaring  that 
the  fort  was  held  only  until  the  arrival  of  a  person  prop- 
erly constituted  by  the  authorities  in  Great  Britain,  to  take 
in  hand  the  administration  of  the  government,  and  would 
then  be  immediately  delivered  up;  and  that  he  daily  ex- 
pected news  of  some  more  definite  arrangement,  to  be 
received  from  England. 

But  this  expectation  was  disappointed;  and  while  wait- 
ing in  vain  for  the  arrival  of  orders  which  should  supersede 


192  REVOLUTION  IN  16S9. 

the  loose  system  then  existing,  it  became  apparent  that 
some  measures  were  imperatively  necessary  to  constitute  a 
magistracy  and  other  officers,  for  the  purpose  of  maintain- 
ing order  and  government  in  the  country.  How,  therefore, 
to  meet  this  responsibility,  became  a  serious  question  with 
the  party  which  had  thus  far  carried  out  its  views;  for  a 
great  opposition  existed  among  the  friends  of  those  who 
had  been  obstructed  in  their  claims  to  the  exercise  of  their 
official  functions,  and  who  still  maintained  a  considerable 
party,  resting  its  principles  upon  the  basis  of  law  and 
order,  and  charging  that  the  acts  of  the  revolutionists 
were  uncalled  for,  and  were  calculated  to  breed  confusion 
and  a  mutinous  spirit  in  the  community. 

In  this  emergency  the  successful  party,  by  means  of  a 
Committee  of  Safety,  representing  much  the  largest  por- 
tion of  the  community,  resolved  to  confer,  on  the  part  of 
the  people,  absolute  power  upon  Mr.  Leisler,  to  conduct  the 
government  for  William  and  Mary,  according  to  his  dis- 
cretion, under  the  title  of  commander-in-chief ;  this  com- 
mission was  dated  16th  August,  1689.  With  respect  to 
the  city  government,  the  Committee  of  Safety  ordered  a 
popular  election  of  the  mayor,  sheriff,  clerk  and  members 
of  the  common  council;  and  at  this  election,  which  took 
place  in  October,  1689,  a  magistracy,  composed  wholly  of 
friends  of  Leisler,  wa.s  elected.  But  the  opposition  party 
denied  the  legality  of  the  election,  and  refused  to  transfer 
the  seal  and  charter  and  other  insignia  of  the  city. 

By  this  election  and  the  recent  proceedings  of  the  Com- 
mittee of  Safety,  the  commotion  in  the  city  was  greatly 
increased,  and  feelings  of  intense  hatred,  dividing  friends, 
relatives  and  families,  centred  in  the  hearts  of  the  differ- 
ent factions.    Each  party  charging  (he  other  with  evil 


REVOLUTION  EN  1689. 


193 


designs  against  the  welfare  of  the  country;  their  personal 
feelings  meanwhile  becoming  more  embittered  by  the  ela- 
tion or  shame  arising  from  the  success  or  failure  of  the 
measures  pursued  by  each  for  the  humiliation  and  defeat 
of  the  other.  Yet  no  greater  diflference  is  found  to  have 
actuated  these  parties  than  the  question  as  to  who  should 
carry  on  the  government,  for  on  the  great  political  ques- 
tion of  the  day  they  were  entirely  agreed. 

The  party  opposed  to  Leisler,  being  headed  by  the  mem- 
bers of  the  late  government,  and  supported  by  most  of  the 
wealthy  and  aristocratic  portion  of  the  community,  while 
Leisler's  friends,  though  composed  of  many  of  the  best  men 
in  the  city,  were  generally  of  moderate  fortunes  and  of 
less  conspicuous  social  condition,  they  severally  became  so 
distinctly  marked  by  these  circumstances,  that  they  have 
been  properly  classified  into  the  "  aristocratic"  and  "  popu- 
lar" parties.  To  his  opponents  Leisler  gave  the  name  of 
the  "  grandees;"  and  as  the  ascerbity  of  feeling  increased, 
he  classed  them  indiscriminately  as  "  Papists"  and  "  King 
James'  men."  On  the  other  side  they  applied  equally  con- 
temptuous terms  to  the  successful  party;  calling  them  a 
rabble,  men  of  no  note,  merely  seeking  to  plunder  the  pub- 
lic treasury. 

But  words  alone  did  not  suffice  to  evince  the  exaspera- 
tion of  feeling  prevailing  on  both  sides;  for  Leisler's  oppo- 
nents sought,  by  every  means,  to  check  the  progress  of  the 
government,  and  bring  it  into  trouble.  A  conspicuous 
man,  among  the  opponents  of  Leisler,  was  Nicholas  Bayard, 
a  member  of  the  late  council,  and  colonel  of  the  city 
militia.  On  the  20th  of  October,  Bayard  issued  his  orders 
to  the  captains  of  the  two  companies  under  his  command, 
13 


194 


REVOLUTION  IN  1689. 


stating  that  inasmuch  as  Leisler  had  usurped  the  govern- 
ment, in  an  illegal  and  hostile  manner,  without  the  least 
authority  from  their  Majesties,  William  and  Mary,  he  felt 
it  his  duty,  as  a  member  of  the  council  and  as  a  colonel  of 
the  militia,  neither  of  which  were  in  any  manner  vacated 
or  superseded,  to  command  the  captains  to  desist  from  aid- 
ing or  abetting  Leisler  and  his  associates,  or  from  permit- 
ting any  of  the  soldiers  to  be  employed  in  his  service;  but 
on  the  contrary,  to  submit  to  the  commands  of  the  govern- 
ment established  by  law,  as  they  should  answer  to  the  con- 
trary at  their  peril.  Bayard  was  then  in  Albany,  whither 
also  several  other  of  the  principal  men  in  opposition  to 
Leisler  had  retired,  beyond  the  reach  of  his  arm.  They 
so  far  affected  the  minds  of  the  leading  men  in  that  part 
of  the  country,  as  to  bring  the  magistrates  and  a  great 
portion  of  the  people  into  their  own  views;  and  when 
Leisler,  actuated  probably  by  the  desire  to  wreak  his  ven- 
geance upon  his  indefatigable  opponents,  sent  an  armed 
force,  ostensibly  to  garrison  the  fort,  and  assist  in  main- 
taining the  cause  of  the  Protestant  succession,  his  people 
were  refused  admission  into  the  towD,  and  his  title  to  ad- 
minister the  government  was  denied.  This  proceeding 
was  an  unfortunate  one  for  Leisler,  as  it  was  not  called  for 
by  any  circumstances  then  existing,  the  whole  country  hav- 
ing declared  for  William  and  Mary.  It  evinced  a  personal 
feeling  inconsistent  with  the  moderate  and  temperate  exer- 
cise of  functions  to  which  his  title  was  at  least  questiona- 
ble. But  notwithstanding  the  repulse  met  with  from  the 
magistrates  of  Albany,  Leisler  prepared  to  enforce  sub- 
mission to  his  commands;  and  after  a  seige  the  fort  was 
taken,  and  the  leaders  of  the  opposite  faction  hastily  dis- 


REVOLUTION   IN"  1639. 


195 


persed  themselves  throughout  New  England;  their  estates 
being  confiscated,  and  all  the  evils  of  a  conquered  people 
being  inflicted  upon  them. 

These  fugitives,  under  the  exasperation  of  feeling  which 
their  circumstances  were  calculated  to  produce,  were  now 
moving,  with  all  the  energy  of  desperation,  to  incline  the 
minds  of  the  governments  and  people  of  the  several  New 
England  colonies,  which  had  hitherto  regarded  Leisler's 
proceedings  with  favor,  to  refuse  their  further  countenance 
of  his  government. 

Matters  were  thus  situated  when,  in  December,  1689,  a 
messenger  arrived  in  Boston,  bearing  a  missive  from  the 
English  government,  addressed  as  follows:  "  To  Francis 
Nicholson,  Esq.,  or  in  his  absence,  to  such  as,  for  the  time 
being,  takes  care  for  preserving  the  peace  and  administer- 
ing the  laws  in  his  majesty's  province  of  New  York." 
This  letter  was  dated  in  July  previous,  at  which  time  the 
advices  in  England  were  that  Nicholson  was  in  pos- 
session of  the  government.  The  opponents  of  Leisler, 
who  were  then  in  New  England,  first  heard  of  the  arrival 
of  the  messenger,  and  of  the  nature  of  the  direction  of  the 
missive  borne  by  him.  Not  knowing  its  contents,  how- 
ever, and  desirous  of  availing  themselves  of  any  thing 
contained  therein,  which  might  assist  in  fortifying  the 
position  of  their  party,  it  was  resolved  that  the  members 
of  the  late  council  should  venture  once  more  within  the 
limits  of  New  York,  and  endeavor  to  obtain  the  delivery 
of  the  packet  into  their  own  hands,  on  the  ground  that 
they  were  still,  in  a  legal  point  of  view,  the  officers  who. 
in  the  absence  of  Nicholson,  "  took  care  for  preserving  the 
peace  and  administering  the  laws  in  his  majesty's  province 
of  New  York."    Accordingly,  Colonel  Bayard  and  Fred- 


196 


REVOLUTION  IN  1689. 


erick  Philipse,  another  member  of  the  late  Council,  secretly 
introduced  themselves  into  the  city,  and  awaited  the  at- 
tendance of  the  messenger,  having  sent  for  him  and  made 
their  pretensions  known.  But  the  arrival  of  the  messen- 
ger, was  presently  ascertained  by  the  party  in  power,  and 
he  was  conducted  to  the  fort,  where  he  found  Leisler  in 
command.  After  some  deliberation,  the  messenger  reliev- 
ed himself  of  his  delicate  duty,  by  delivering  the  package 
to  those  whom  he  found  actually  in  power,  not  considering 
it  within  his  functions  to  distinguish  between  the  relative 
claims  of  the  contesting  parties.  Leisler  received  the 
package,  which  contained  an  authority  to  the  person  to 
whom  it  was  addressed  to  take  the  chief  command,  as 
Lieutenant  Governor,  and  to  appoint  a  council  to  assist 
him  in  conducting,  the  government. 

Accordingly,  Leisler,  on  the  llth  December,  1689, 
assumed  the  title  of  lieutenant-governor,  and  appointed  a 
council  of  eight  persons,  representing  the  different  parts 
of  the  province.  It  was  generally  considered  among  the 
people,  that  Leisler's  claims  to  the  government  were 
strengthened  by  these  occurrences,  and  his  commissions  for 
the  appointment  of  magistrates  and  other  officers,  which 
were  then  issued  throughout  different  parts  of  the  province, 
were  acknowledged  by  most  of  the  people,  and  the  affairs 
of  the  government  immediately  assumed  a  condition  of 
system  and  order. 

But  the  leaders  and  principal  men  of  the  opposite  fac- 
tion were  doubly  incensed  by  the  result  of  the  late  occur- 
rences, and  in  a  riot,  they  attempted  to  seize  Leisler  in  the 
street;  he  was,  however,  rescued  by  his  friends,  and  then 
causing  the  drum  to  beat  to  arms,  he  pursued  the  rioters, 
and  threw  many  into  prison.    Still,  however,  the  leaders 


REVOLUTION  IN  1689. 


197 


themselves,  working  in  secret  places,  used  the  most  extreme 
measures  to  breed  dissension  among  the  people.  Deter- 
mined now,  under  the  sanction  of  his  newly  acquired  title, 
to  exterminate  his  opponents,  Leisler  issued,  on  the  17th 
of  January,  a  warrant  for  the  arrest  of  Nicholas  Bayard, 
Stephanus  Van  Cortlandt,  William  Nichols  and  others,  on 
the  charge  of  high  misdemeanors  against  his  majesty's 
authority  in  this  province.  In  pursuit  of  Bayard,  the 
officers  having  the  process,  broke  into  his  dwelling,  and 
learning  of  his  jlight  to  a  neighboring  house,  followed  and 
seized  him;  Nichols  was  likewise  arrested,  and  the  others 
escaped.  Leisler  threw  the  prisoners  into  close  confine- 
ment, and  on  the  following  day  (18th  January,  1690)  called 
a  Court  of  Oyer  and  Terminer,  to  try  them  for  treason. 
Being  now  in  the  power  of  his  enemies,  and  under  the  im- 
pending danger  of  a  trial  for  his  life,  Bayard  resorted  to 
supplication,  acknowledging  his  errors,  promising  to  be- 
have himself  for  the  future  with  all  submission,  praying 
that  his  former  acts  might  be  attributed  to  passion,  <fcc. 
In  this  abject  condition  the  prisoners  were  not  pursued  to 
the  extremity  of  the  law,  but  nevertheless  remained  in 
prison  until  the  arrival  of  the  new  governor,  a  period  of 
fourteen  months. 

Meanwhile  Leisler  continued  the  issue  of  warrants  for 
the  arrest  of  the  leading  malcontents,  and  soon  eradicated 
from  his  province  the  presence  of  all  who  could  hinder  the 
progress  of  his  government.  Nevertheless,  while  an  appa- 
rent tranquillity  reigned  within  his  domain,  storms  were 
brewing  without.  Driven  from  their  homes,  the  leaders 
of  the  opposite  party  were  constantly  busy  in  concocting 
measures  for  their  final  triumph.  They  succeeded  in  gain- 
ing many  friends  among  the  leading  characters  in  the  New 


198 


REVOLUTION  IN  1689. 


England  colonies,  and  were  actively  engaged  in  bringing 
their  case  to  the  view  of  their  majesties'  ministers  in  Great 
Britain,  aggravating  and  exaggerating  the  real  state  of 
things  in  New  York  into  an  actual  rebellion  against  the 
dominion  of  Great  Britain. 

While  these  active  opponents  were  scheming  the  over- 
throw of  Leisler's  government,  he  himself  was  so  much 
occupied  with  the  internal  affairs  of  his  province  as  to  find 
all  his  energies  employed,  during  the  spring  and  summer 
of  the  year  1690,  in  counteracting  the  movements  of  the 
French  and  Indians  along  our  western  settlements.  It 
was  in  the  early  part  of  the  year  1690  that  the  murderous 
assault  upon  Schenectady  was  made  by  a  party  of  French 
and  Indians.  They  entered  the  town  at  midnight,  and 
having  made  their  arrangements,  the  war-whoop  was  cried 
as  a  signal  for  general  slaughter.  All  the  houses,  except 
one,  were  burnt,  and  most  of  the  people  murdered,  a  few 
escaping  on  foot,  through  a  deep  snow,  to  Albany.  For 
retaliation  of  this  assault,  Leisler,  joined  by  others  of  the 
New  England  colonies,  engaged  themselves  in  maturing  an 
expedition  against  Canada;  but  its  result  was  unsuccessful. 
Other  expeditions,  in  which  the  success  was  considerable, 
were  fitted  out,  under  Leisler's  auspices,  against  the  French 
marine.  Several  vessels  were  captured  by  these  expedi- 
tions; but  upon  the  whole,  it  must  be  admitted  that  Leis- 
ler's administration  was  unsuccessful,  while  at  the  same 
time  it  is  apparent  that  his  motives  were  pure  and  patriotic. 

With  all  the  mishaps  of  fortune  within  the  past  two 
years,  a  still  more  extraordinary  accident  was  destined  to 
produce  a  state  of  confusion  and  tumult  in  New  York,  far 
exceeding  any  which  had  yet  been  experienced,  the  occa- 
sion of  which  was  as  follows  :    The  government  in  Eng- 


REVOLUTION  EN  16S9. 


199 


land  nad  been  persuaded  to  send  out  a  new  governor  to 
this  province,  in  the  person  of  Colonel  Henry  Sloughter, 
who,  with  several  ships  and  a  considerable  command,  set 
sail  from  England;  but,  by  some  misfortune,  the  vessels 
were  separated,  and  the  first  arrival  of  any  part  of  the 
fleet  at  New  York  was  that  of  the  ship  Beaver,  in  Janu- 
ary, 1691,  containing  Major  Richard  Ingoldsby,  the  second 
in  command,  and  his  troops.  The  commissions  for  the 
new  government^  were,  however,  in  the  possession  of 
Sloughter;  nor  could  Ingoldsby  produce  any  papers  what- 
ever, authorizing  him  to  act  either  for  Sloughter  or  on 
his  own  behalf,  in  taking  or  receiving  possession  of 
New  York. 

Inasmuch  as  it  was  pretty  certainly  ascertained  that  the 
arrival  of  the  new  governor  would  be  followed  by  the 
re-establishment  of  the  old  council  and  their  party  into 
power,  and  the  disgraceful  prostration  of  Leisler  and  his 
friends,  it  may  be  imagined  that  the  arrival  of  a  part  of 
the  expected  armament  was  the  occasion  of  a  high  degree 
of  excitement  in  the  city.  Leisler  was  willing  to  resign 
the  helm  of  government  to  his  properly  constituted  suc- 
cessor; but  consistency  and  self-respect  constrained  both 
him  and  his  party  to  maintain  the  legality  of  their  pre- 
vious course,  and  in  retiring  from  the  position  thus  far 
occupied,  to  do  so  with  the  dignity  of  conscious  rectitude. 

But  now,  with  the  arrival  of  Ingoldsby,  Leisler's  oppo- 
nents raised  themselves  from  their  prostrate  condition,  and 
were  clamorous  for  the  immediate  transfer  of  the  fort  to 
the  possession  of  Ingoldsby.  ,  Yet  Ingoldsby  could  show 
no  authority  to  change  the  government,  or  to  receive  the 
fortress  into  his  possession.  How,  therefore,  was  Leisler 
to  act  ?    If  he  delivered  the  government  to  any  but  a 


200 


RESOLUTION  EN  1689. 


successor  legally  appointed  to  supersede  himself,  he  indi- 
rectly admitted  the  illegality  of  his  own  pretensions  to  act 
by  authority  of  the  English  government;  while,  if  he 
refused  admission  of  the  king's  soldiers  into  the  fort,  he 
was,  in  a  manner,  insulting  the  forces  of  the  king  whom 
he  professed  to  serve. 

He  therefore,  while  proffering  Ingoldsby  quarters  in  the 
town  for  his  soldiers,  refused  to  deliver  the  fort  to  any 
one  but  a  person  holding  authority  from  the  king's  govern- 
ment to  receive  it. 

Under  these  circumstances  Ingoldsby,  feeling  his  dignity 
as  an  English  officer  somewhat  touched  by  the  refusal  to 
give  him  quarters  in  the  fort,  and  led,  moreover,  by  the 
excited  state  of  the  populace  to  enter  somewhat  sympa- 
thetically into  the  arena  of  the  political  contest,  became  a 
willing  instrument  in  the  hands  of  the  party  opposed  to 
Leisler. 

On  the  30th  January,  1691,  he  issued  a  proclamation, 
requiring  the  people  to  aid  and  assist  him  in  overcoming 
all  that  stood  in  opposition  to  his  majesty's  command,  and 
proclaiming  further  that  "  we  shall  deem  and  account  all 
such  as  stood  in  opposition,  to  be  rebels  against  their 
majesties,"  &c.  On  the  following  day  Leisler  issued  his 
manifesto,  reciting  the  demand  of  the  fort  by  Ingoldsby, 
and  his  proclamation,  aud  protesting,  in  behalf  of  the 
king  and  queen,  against  the  proceedings  of  Ingoldsby  and 
his  accomplices,  for  whatever  bloodshed  should  ensue,  and 
forbidding  Ingoldsby  to  commit  any  hostile  act  against 
the  fort,  city  or  province,  at  his  utmost  peril.  And  there- 
upon he  called  upon  the  militia  forces  to  be  in  arms  and 
ready  upon  call. 

These  vigorous  measures  induced  Ingoldsby,  on  the  fol- 


REVOLUTION  IN  16S9. 


201 


lowing  day  (Feb.  1st)  to  address  a  letter  to  Leisler,  saying 
that  he  had  read  the  protest,  which  seemed  to  him  of  a 
dangerous  tendency;  and  explaining  that  what  had  been 
done  by  himself  was  simply  to  insure  the  preservation  of 
the  peace. 

It  was  an  extraordinary  circumstance  that  Sloughter 
was  nearly  two  months  wandering  on  the  ocean  after  the 
arrival  of  Ingoldsby;  and  during  all  that  time  the  popu- 
lation were  momentarily  on  the  verge  of  civil  war. 
Every  day's  suspense  added  to  the  fuel  of  impatience 
which  now  burned  in  the  hearts  of  all  the  inhabitants. 
Leisler  gathered  large  forces  within  the  fort  in  readiness 
for  swooping  upon  the  opposite  faction,  should  a  blow  be 
struck  at  the  integrity  of  his  power;  while  the  other 
faction,  by  every  provocation  of  insult  and  daring,  sought 
to  place  the  burden  of  the  first  blow  upon  Leisler  and  his 
friends. 

Thus  were  things  situated  when,  on  the  19th  of  March, 
1691,  the  missing  vessel  was  seen  coming  into  the  harbor, 
and  it  became  evident  that  the  troubles  of  the  times  were 
approaching  a  climax  of  some  sort.  Sloughter  imme- 
diately landed;  called  together  his  new  council  which  was 
composed  of  the  enemies  of  the  Lcislcrian  party,  and  pro- 
ceeded to  the  city-hall,  where  he  published  his  commission 
in  the  presence  of  a  large  body  of  the  people;  and  having 
sworn  in  the  members  of  the  council,  he  directed  Ingoldsby 
to  demand  possession  of  the  fort.  This  took  place  at 
eleven  o'clock  at  night.  Leisler  was  awaiting  the  sum- 
mons, but  with  a  pertinacity  somewhat  unreasonable  under 
the  circumstances,  he  desired  to  send  a  letter  by  one  of  his 
officers,  directed  to  Sloughter  in  person;  this  officer,  who 
had  seen  Sloughter  in  England,  was  also  desired  to  observe 


202 


REVOLUTION  IN  1689. 


if  this  was  the  same  man,  and  no  counterfeit,  got  up  by 
Leisler's  opponents  for  the  purpose  of  surreptitiously 
getting  possession  of  the  government.  The  officer,  there- 
fore, with  somewhat  misplaced  formality,  expressed  his 
satisfaction  to  Sloughter,  to  find  that  he  was  the  person 
he  had  seen  in  England;  to  which  the  governor  tartly 
replied,  that  it  certainly  was  true  that  he  had  been  seen  in 
England,  and  now  intended  to  make  himself  observed  in 
New  York.  He  then  commanded  Ingoldsby  to  proceed  a 
second  time  to  receive  the  fort  into  his  possession. 

Leisler  now,  to  be  still  further  ceremonious,  sent  two 
of  his  principal  officers,  one  of  whom  was  the  mayor,  who 
accompanied  Ingoldsby  on  his  return  the  second  time,  and 
were  commissioned,  it  is  supposed,  to  tender  the  transfer 
of  the  fort,  and  make  some  explanations;  but  they  were 
not  allowed  to  speak,  and  were  handed  over  to  the  guards; 
and  Ingoldsby  was  again  sent  to  demand  the  possession 
of  the  fort.  This  summons,  being  delivered  very  late  at 
night,  was  ineffectual,  and  Sloughter  thereupon  dismissed 
his  council  until  the  next  morning. 

On  the  following  morning,  Leisler  addressed  a  letter 
of  the  following  purport  to  the  governor.  Dated  20th 
March,  1G91.  "May  it  please  your  excellency:  this  his 
majesty's  fort,  being  besieged  by  Major  Ingoldsby  so  far 
that  not  a  boat  could  depart,  nor  persons  be  conveyed  out 
of  the  same,  without  being  in  danger  of  their  lives,  which 
has  so  occasioned  that  I  could  not  be  so  happy  as  to  send 
a  messenger  to  give  me  certainty  of  your  excellency's  safe 
arrival;  but  the  joy  I  had  by  a  full  assurance  from  Ensign 
Stoll  of  your  excellency's  arrival,  has  been  somewhat 
troubled  by  the  detention  of  two  of  my  messengers.  I 
see  here  well  the  stroke  of  my  enemies,  who  are  wishing 


REVOLUTION  IN  1689. 


203 


to  cause  me  some  mistakes  at  the  end  of  the  loyalty  I  owe 
to  my  gracious  king  and  queen,  and  by  such  ways  to  blot 
out  all  my  faithful  service  till  now;  having,  by  my  duty 
and  faithfulness  been  vigorous  to  them.  But  I  hope  to 
avoid  such  an  error. 

Please  only  to  signify  and  order  the  major  to  release 
me  from  the  charge  of  his  majesty's  fort,  and  that  I  may 
deliver  to  him  the  arms  and  stores  belonging  thereto,  and 
give  him  directions  to  treat  me  in  a  manner  suitable  to  one 
who  shall  give  your  excellency  an  exact  account  of  all  his 
actions  and  conduct ;  who  is,  with  all  respect, 

Your  Excellency's  most  humble  servant, 

JACOB  LEISLER 

Accordingly,  Nicholson  was  despatched  to  take  posses- 
sion of  the  fort;  and  having  fulfilled  that  part  of  his  duty, 
proceeded  to  the  discharge  of  his  additional  orders,  which 
were  to  release  Bayard  and  Nichols,  who  still  remained 
prisoners  in  the  fort,  and  to  arrest  Leisler  and  such  of  his 
accomplices  as  were  with  him,  and  to  bring  them  before 
the  governor  and  his  council. 

Bayard  and  Nichols  shortly  after  appeared,  and  were 
sworn  in  as  members  of  the  council;  and  having  taken 
their  seats.  Leisler  and  eleven  of  his  principal  friends  were 
brought  in  prisoners,  and  once  more  the  great  leaders  of 
the  factions  were  brought  face  to  face.  The  prisoners  were 
all  committed  to  the  guards. 

The  governor,  in  the  course  of  a  day  or  two,  discovered 
the  condition  of  the  public  pulse,  which  was,  on  all  sides, 
heating  at  fever  heat,  and  not  unwilling,  from  these  and 
other  reasons,  to  rid  himself  of  the  responsibility  of  acting 
en  the  case  of  the  prisoners,  readily  acceded  to  a  proposi- 


204 


REVOLUTION  IN  1689. 


tion  of  the  members  of  his  council,  to  transfer  the  case 
from  a  military  to  a  civil  court ;  and  accordingly,  on 
the  23d  of  March,  issued  an  order  for  an  examination  of 
the  prisoners,  preparatory  to  transferring  them  from  the 
guards  to  the  common  prison. 

On  the  following  day  (24th  March)  the  government 
called  a  special  Court  of  Oyer  and  Terminer,  to  be  held 
immediately;  and  on  the  26th,  Leisler  and  his  companions 
were  committed  into  the  hands  of  the  sheriff,  by  two  of 
the  city  magistrates,  on  the  charge  of  traitorously  levying 
war  against  the  sovereign,  and  of  other  high  misde- 
meanors. 

The  Court  of  Oyer  and  Terminer  met  about  a  fortnight 
afterward,  'and  the  prisoners  being  called  on  to  plead, 
they  refused  to  acknowledge  the  validity  of  the  court,  or 
to  plead  to  the  indictment.  The  principal  charges  against 
Leisler  and  his  friends,  were  as  follows  : 

The  disruption  of  Nicholson's  council. 

Imprisoning  many  innocent  people. 

Proscribing  and  forcing  others  to  fly. 

Seizing  and  forfeiting  goods  of  merchants  and  others. 

Levying  taxes  without  due  authority. 

Raising  forces  and  keeping  the  fort  against  Ingolds- 
by;  and 

Denying  the  surrender  to  Governor  Sloughter. 

The  result  of  the  deliberations  of  the  court  was  the  con- 
viction of  the  prisoners,  as  mutes,  and  their  sentence  to 
death.  This  conclusion  was  made  known  to  the  public 
toward  the  latter  part  of  April,  and  caused  great  tumults 
and  riots  in  different  parts  of  the  province,  and  also  in 
New  England. 

It  was  very  evident  that  the  leaders  of  the  party  now  in 


REVOLUTION  IN  1689. 


205 


power,  and  forming  the  council  of  the  province,  would  not 
be  satisfied  with  any  vengeance  less  than  the  death  of 
Leisler.  Governor  Sloughter,  a  dissolute  and  unprincipled 
man,  made  some  effort  to  screen  himself  from  the  pressure 
of  these  urgent  applicants,  and  pretended,  for  a  few  days, 
to  be  determined  to  submit  the  case  to  the  government  in 
England,  before  complying  with  that  last  official  duty  ap- 
pertaining to  his  office,  the  signing  of  the  death  warrant. 
But  on  the  14th  of  May,  the  council  requested  the  governor 
to  carry  the  sentence  into  effect,  and  thus  allay  the  ferment 
in  the  public  mind,  which  was  every  day  increasing.  On 
the  16th,  which  was  Saturday,  the  assembly,  by  a  majority 
vote,  joined  in  the  recommendation,  and  on  the  same  day 
Leisler  and  his  son-in-law,  Jacob  Milborne,  were  brought 
out  for  execution.  On  the  gallows,  Leisler  made  a  speech 
to  the  following  purport : 

"  The  great,  wise  and  omnipotent  creator  of  all  things, 
visible  and  invisible,  who,  from  the  time  of  our  first  com- 
ing ashore  in  this  vale  of  tears,  misery  and  affliction,  hath 
to  this  present  moment  protected  us,  be  magnified,  praised 
and  glorified  forever.  Amen. 

"  Gentlemen  and  Brethren  : — I  hope,  through  the 
grace  and  fear  of  the  Lord  Jesus,  that  we  are  not  insensi- 
ble of  our  dying  condition:  but  like  penitent  mortals  we 
submit  our  lives  and  all  that  appertains  to  us,  into  the 
hands  of  divine  protection,  prostrating  ourselves  before 
the  foot-stool  of  that  immaculate  Lamb  of  God  who  taketh 
away  the  sins  of  the  world;  hoping  that,  through  His  mer- 
itorious death,  our  iniquities  may  be  done  away  with,  and 
our  pardons  sealed  on  earth  before  we  go  hence;  humbly 
imploring  that  not  through  our  own  merits  of  justification, 
but  through  the  merit  of  Him  that  is  willing  to  save  our 


206 


REVOLUTION  IN  1689. 


souls,  we  may  become  precious  in  the  eyes  of  God,  and 
live  forever  in  the  Kingdom  of  Eternal  Glory,  when  time 
shall  be  no  more. 

"  It  is  true  that  we  have,  at  the  request  of  the  principal 
part  of  the  inhabitants  of  this  province,  and  in  opposition 
to  the  wi-hes  of  our  families,  taken  in  hand  great  and 
weighty  matters  of  state,  requiring,  it  is  true,  more  wise, 
cunning  and  powerful  pilots  than  either  of  us  could  claim 
to  be;  but  considering  that  in  the  time  of  this  distracted 
country's  greatest  necessity,  no  persons  could  be  found, 
that  were  in  any  capacity  of  uniting  us  against  a  common 
enemy,  who  would  take  the  helm — we,  for  the  glory  of  the 
Protestant  interest,  the  establishment  of  the  present  gov- 
ernment, and  the  strengthening  of  the  country  against  all 
foreign  attempts,  thought  it  a  serviceable  act  that  our  poor 
endeavors  should  not  be  wanting  in  any  thing  that  was 
needful. 

"  We  will  not  deny  that  many  excesses  have  been  com- 
mitted, oftentimes  against  our  will,  between  the  time  of 
our  undertaking  and  the  arrival  of  Governor  Sloughter; 
and  oftentimes  we  wished,  during  our  unhappy  abode  in 
power,  to  see  a  period  put  to  the  distracted  affairs  such  as 
then  were  raging,  and  perhaps  as  to  some  of  which  we 
were  not  faultless.  Of  such  as  we  have  injured,  we  hum- 
bly beg  forgiveness,  desiring  them  every  one,  with  Chris- 
tian charity,  to  bury  all  malice  in  our  graves.  And  here, 
before  God  and  the  world,  we  do  declare,  as  dying  sinners, 
that  we  not  only  forgive  the  greatest  and  most  inveter- 
ate of  our  enemies,  but  according  to  the  pattern  of  our 
dying  Savior,  we  say  '  Father  forgive  them,  for  they  know 
not  what  they  do.'  So  far  from  revenge  do  we  depart  this 
world,  that  we  require  and  make  it  our  dying  request  to 


REVOLUTION  IX  16S9. 


207 


all  our  relations  and  friends,  that  they  should,  in  time  to 
come,  be  forgetful  of  any  injury  done  to  us  or  either  of  us; 
so  that,  on  both  sides,  the  discord  and  dissension  (which 
was  created  by  the  devil  in  the  beginning)  may,  with  our 
ashes,  be  buried  in  oblivion,  never  more  to  rise  up  for  the 
trouble  of  future  posterity.  The  Lord  grant  that  the 
offering  of  our  blood  may  be  a  full  satisfaction  for  all  the 
disorders  to  this  time  committed,  and  that,  forever  after, 
the  spirit  of  unity^may  remain  among  our  brethren  on 
earth. 

"  All  that  for  our  dying  comfort  we  can  say,  concerning 
the  point  for  which  we  are  condemned  is  to  declare,  as  our 
last  words,  before  that  God  whom  we  hope  before  long  to 
see,  that  our  sole  aim  and  object  in  the  conduct  of  the  gov- 
ernment was  to  maintain  the  interest  of  our  sovereign  lord 
and  lady,  and  the  Reformed  Protestant  Churches  in  these 
parts.  If  there  be  any  that  think  otherwise,  (as  from 
scandalous  reports  and  misrepresentations  we  must  believe 
there  are,)  we  shall  not  trouble  them  with  many  argu- 
ments, being  persuaded  that  every  good  Protestant  of 
this  country,  who  has  been  acquainted  with  our  transac- 
tions, can,  from  his  conscience,  aver  the  falsehood  and 
maliciousness  of  such  aspersions.  As  for  Major  Ingolds- 
by7s  coming  to  demand  the  garrison  after  his  arrival,  had 
he,  but  in  the  least,  produced  any  testimonial  of  his  author- 
ity to  receive  the  same  and  discharge  us,  we  would  as 
readily  have  delivered  the  fort  as  he  could  ask  it;  but  as 
these  things  are  past  and  gone,  they  are  not  worth  noting. 

"  The  Lord,  of  his  infinite  mercy,  preserve  the  king  and 
queen  from  traitors  and  deceitful  enemies;  God  be  mer- 
ciful unto,  and  bless  with  peace  and  unity  these  their 
kingdoms,  unto  which  we  belong;  God  preserve  this  prov- 


208 


/ 

REVOLUTION  IN  1689. 


ince  from  enemies  abroad  and  spiteful  wretches  at  home; 
God  bless  the  governor  of  this  place;  God  bless  the  coun- 
cil, assembly  and  government  now  established,  that  they 
may  all  be  united  to  propagate  their  majesties'  interest,  the 
country's  good,  and  the  establishment  of  piety.  The  Lord 
of  heaven,  of  his  infinite  mercy,  bless  all  that  wish  well  to 
Zion,  and  convert  those  that  are  out  of  the  way;  let  his 
mercies  likewise  administer  true  comfort  to  all  that  are 
desolate,  grieved,  oppressed,  in  misery  or  other  afflictions, 
especially  the  souls  of  that  poor  family  unto  which  we  for- 
merly belonged.  Our  only  comfort  in  this  case  is  that  God 
has  promised  to  take  care  of  the  widows  and  the  fatherless. 
Recommending  them  all,  this  dying  moment,  into  the  hands 
of  one  that  is  able  and  willing  to  save  those  that  seek  him; 
desiring  them  to  put  their  perpetual  confidence  in  the  mer- 
cies of  one  that  never  faileth,  and  not  to  weep  for  us  that 
are  departing  to  our  God;  but  rather  to  weep  for  them- 
selves that  are  here  behind  us,  to  remain  in  a  state  of 
misery  and  trouble. 

"  Gentlemen,  you  will  all,  I  hope,  Christian-like,  be  char- 
itable to  our  distressed  families  that  are  to  remain  with 
you.  Join  with  us  in  the  prayer  for  the  preservation  of 
our  immortal  souls  in  a  kingdom  of  never  dying  glory, 
unto  which.  God,  of  his  infinite  mercy,  bring  us  all.  Amen, 
Amen." 

Milborne  made  a  short  prayer  for  the  king  and  queen 
and  present  officers  of  the  province.  Then,  turning  to  Mr. 
Livingston,  one  of  the  leading  men  of  the  opposite  party, 
who  had  been  to  England  on  a  mission  respecting  the  state 
of  the  country,  he  said,  "  You  have  brought  about  my 
death,  but  before  God's  tribunal  I  will  implead  you  for  the 
same."    Turning  to  his  father-in-law,  he  said,  "  We  are 


REVOLUTION  EM  1689. 


209 


thoroughly  wet  with  rain,  but  in  a  little  time  we  shall  be 
washed  with  the  Holy  Spirit.''  The  sheriff  asked  him 
whether  he  would  not  bless  the  king  and  queen;  -i  He  an- 
swered, "  It  is  for  them  I  die,  and  for  the  cause  of  the  Pro- 
testant religion,  in  which  I  was  born  and  bred." 

Leisler,  turning  to  his  son-in-law,  said,  "  I  must  now  die, 
but  why  must  you  also  ?  You  have  been  in  our  service 
merely."  He  also  declared  anew  that  his  actions  had  been 
for  the  cause  of  William  and  Mary,  the  defence  of  the 
Protestant  religion,  and  the  good  of  the  country. 

When  the  handkerchief  was  put  about  his  head,  he  said, 
"  I  hope  my  eyes  shall  see  our  Lord  Jesus  Christ  in  heaven; 
I  am  ready !  I  am  ready !"  Milborne  exclaimed,  "  I  am 
ready;  Father,  into  thy  hands  I  recommend  my  soul." 

During  the  performance  of  this  ceremony  the  rain  was 
drizzling  down  upon  the  assembled  multitude;  and  a  more 
wretched  and  distracted  community  than  the  city  then  con- 
tained, could  hardly  be  imagined. 

Four  years  afterward  (1695)  the  Parliament  of  Great 
Britain  reversed  the  attainder,  for  treason,  of  Leisler,  and 
restored  his  property  to  his  heirs.  Some  further  account 
of  the  personal  and  family  history  of  Mr.  Leisler,  has  been 
given  in  another  part  of  this  book. 


14 


CHAPTER  XVI, 


AFFAIRS  OF  THE  CITY  FROM  THE  YEAR  1691  TO  THE  CLOSE  OF  THE 
CENTURY. 

Governor  Sloughter  having  undertaken  a  journey  to 
Albany,  a  few  days  after  the  death  of  Leisler,  he  concluded 
a  treaty  with  the  Iroquois  Indians,  and  returned  to  New 
York;  but  his  turbulent  administration  was  destined  to  a 
speedy  termination,  as  he  died,  suddenly,  on  the  23d  July, 
1691.  Suspicions  were  entertained  that  unfair  means  had 
brought  about  his  end,  but  a  post-mortem  examination 
confuted  these  ideas,  and  his  death  was  reported  by  the 
physicians  to  have  occurred  from  natural  causes.  His 
remains  were  interred  in  Stuyvesant's  vault,  next  to  those 
of  the  old  Dutch  governor. 

His  successor,  for  a  temporary  period,  was  Major  Rich- 
ard Ingoldsby",  the  second  military  officer  in  the  garrison, 
who  remained  in  office  until  the  29th  of  August,  1692, 
when  he  was  superseded  by  Colonel  Benjamin  Fletcher, 
who  had  been  commissioned  as  governor  of  the  province. 

On  the  2d  of  April,  1698,  Governor  Fletcher  was  super- 
seded by  the  arrival  of  Richard,  Earl  of  Bellamont,  who 
remained  in  office  until  his  death,  which  occurred  in  this 
city  on  the  5th  of  March,  1701.  He  was  interred  under 
the  chapel  in  the  fort. 


IMPROVEMENTS  EN  THE  CITY,  1690  TO  1700.  211 

Several  improvements  of  importance  took  place  in  the 
city  during  the  ten  years  previous  to  the  close  of  the  sev- 
enteenth century. 

It  having  been  determined  to  fill  in  the  shore  along  the 
East  river,  which  had  hitherto  not  been  encroached  upon, 
the  corporation  sold  the  water  lots  from  the  city-hall  at 
the  present  Coenties  slip,  to  the  present  Fulton  street. 
The  lots  were  laid  out  with  a  front  of  about  forty  feet 
each,  the  conditions  of  the  sale  stipulating  that  the  build- 
ings erected,  should  cover  the  entire  front  with  one  build- 
ing: the  gable  end,  or  front  toward  the  street,  to  be  of 
brick  or  stone,  and  the  building  to  be  at  least  two  stories 
in  height.  Provision  was  also  made  for  the  erection  of  a 
wharf  along  the  water  side,  of  thirty  feet  in  width,  which 
should  be  a  free  street.  This  was  the  origin  of  the  pres- 
ent Water  street  in  the  parts  above  designated.  The  lots 
which  extended  in  depth  from  the  present  Pearl  to  Water 
street,  sold  at  average  prices  of  twenty  pounds  each,  and 
were  principally  purchased  by  merchants. 

The  title  of  the  corporation  to  the  land  under  water  was 
contested  in  the  first  instance  by  the  owners  along  the 
shore,  but  an  examination  of  the  original  patents,  except 
in  one  or  two  instances,  failed  to  show  a  right  in  the  indi- 
vidual owners,  beyond  high  water  mark.  This  scrutiny 
of  the  ancient  patents,  however,  raised  a  question  as  to 
the  ownership  of  the  present  vacant  space  in  Hanover 
square,  which  was  found  to  be  covered  by  the  patent  to 
Govert  Loockermans,  (who  formerly  resided  on  the  north 
side  of  Hanover  square,)  and  was  therefore  claimed  by  his 
heirs.  As  the  claimants  designed  to  build  on  the  vacant 
ground,  which  would  close  up  the  fine  open  view  upon  the 
water,  then  enjoyed  by  the  residents  on  Hanover  square. 


212  STREETS  LAID  OUT  AS  FAR  AS  MAIDEN  LANE. 

their  claim  was  strongly  contested,  and  it  was  attempted 
to  be  set  up,  in  opposition  to  their  right,  that  this  open 
ground  had  laid  in  common  for  many  years,  and  that  the 
public  had  acquired  a  title  by  adverse  possession.  Many 
of  the  ancient  inhabitants  of  the  city,  in  the  early  times 
of  the  Dutch,  were  called  upon  to  state  their  remembrance 
of  this  place.  Among  others,  the  venerable  Johannes 
Van  Brugh,  and  his  wife,  the  daughter  of  the  first  Dutch 
clergyman,  Dornine  Bogardus,  who  still  resided  (1693)  at 
their  ancient  residence  on  the  present  north  side  of  Hano- 
ver square.  He  remembered  the  place  to  have  been  in 
common  for  forty-six  years,  and  his  wife  for  a  still  longer 
period,  viz.,  fifty-six  years,  which  carried  her  recollection 
back  to  the  year  1637. 

It  was  during  this  period,  also,  that  streets  were  first 
laid  out  above  Wall  street,  as  high  as  Maiden  lane.  This 
latter  street,  however,  was  a  very  ancient  road,  having 
been  established  as  such  in  the  earliest  times  of  the  Dutch. 
Its  course  through  a  valley,  was  the  easiest  route  of  pas- 
sage from  the  two  great  highways  along  the  north  and 
East  river  sides,  and  was  from  the  first  used  as  such.  This 
road  was,  in  the  times  of  the  Dutch,  known  as  "  T'Maagde 
Paatje,"  or  the  Maiden's  Path;  and  formed  the  northerly 
boundary  of  the  farm  granted  in  1644,  to  Jan  Jansen  Da- 
men.  When  this  farm  came  to  be  divided  among  the  heirs 
of  Damen,  some  parts  of  it  along  the  Maiden's  Path  were 
sold  off  to  speculators.  These  parcels  were  described 
in  the  ancient  deeds  as  the  "  Claver  Waytie,"  or  Clover 
Pasture,  etc.;  and  came  afterward  into  the  market  as 
building  lots.  The  "  Maagde  Paatje,"  about  the  period 
now  referred  to,  received  its  present  name  of  Maiden 
Lane. 


ERECTION  OF  PUBLIC  BUILDINGS  AND  CHURCHES.  213 

We  may  also,  indicate,  among  other  improvements  of 
this  period,  the  erection  of  several  public  buildings  of  a 
class  hitherto  unexampled  in  New  York.  Among  other 
prominent  buildings  of  a  public  character,  erected  during 
this  period,  was  the  city-hall.  The  old  "  stadt  huys," 
which  had  stood  since  the  year  1642,  and  had  attained  an 
age  of  over  half  a  century,  was  far  gone  to  decay,  and  in 
the  year  1697  was  considered  in  such  a  dangerous  condi- 
tion that  the  judges  refused  to  hold  their  courts  therein; 
and'  the  common  council,  also,  were  compelled  to  change 
their  sessions  room  to  the  house  of  George  Kiscarrick,  ad- 
joining the  city-hall,  where  they  hired  a  room  at  the  rate  of 
twelve  pounds  per  annum.  The  authorities,  having  come 
to  the  determination  to  erect  a  new  building  for  civic  pur- 
poses, the  site  fixed  upon  was  in  Wall  street,  opposite 
Broad,  the  same  position  now  occupied  by  the  Custom 
House.  The  estimated  cost  of  the  new  building  was  three 
thousand  pounds,  but  probably  exceeded  that  sum.  In 
August,  1699,  the  ancient  "  stadt  huys,"  at  the  head  of 
Coenties  slip,  was  sold  at  auction  and  struck  off  at  nine 
hundred  and  twenty  pounds,  to  J olm  Rodman,  a  merchant. 

Another  prominent  building  erected  during  the  period 
now  spoken  of,  was  the  first  Trinity  Church,  on  the  site 
of  the  present  edifice  so  called.  The  date  of  the  erection 
of  this  building  was  in  1696.  It  was  destroyed  by  the 
great  fire  in  this  city,  during  the  time  of  the  Revolution- 
ary war. 

The  Dutch  congregation  also  erected  a  new  church 
edifice  on  a  street  called  the  "  Tuyen,"  or  Garden  street, 
on  the  north  side  of  the  present  Exchange  place,  between 
Broad  and  William  streets.  The  ground  was  purchased 
in  the  year  1691;  soon  after  which  the  building  was 


214 


THE  BATTERY. 


commenced.  The  engraving  on  the  opposite  page  gives  a 
view  of  the  condition  of  the  neighborhood  of  this  chnrch, 
the  spire  of  which  is  observed  above  the  buildings.  The 
two  corners  here  seen  are  the  present  north-east  and  south- 
east corners  of  Broad  street  and  Exchange  place. 

Another  indication  of  the  progress  of  the  city  toward 
its  present  condition,  may  be  ascribed  to  the  period  referred 
to,  in  the  commencement  of  what  is  called  the  Battery,  at 
the  south  point  of  the  island.  This  part  of  the  city  had 
anciently  been  known  as  the  k£  Schreyer's  Hook,"  a  number 
of  rocks,  called  the  "  Capske,"  having  long  presented 
their  heads  above  the  water,  and  probably  being  now 
beneath  the  made  ground  of  the  present  Battery.  War 
existing  between  France  and  England  in  1693,  and  a 
report  having  arisen  that  the  enemy  contemplated  a  visit 
to  this  city,  the  governor  determined  to  "  erect  a  plat- 
form on  the  outmost  point  of  rocks  under  the  fort,  whereon 
to  build  a  battery  to  command  both  rivers.  The  works 
then  constructed  extended  from  the  present  Whitehall 
street,  westward  two  or  three  hundred  feet,  and  were 
commonly  known  as  the  Whitehall  Battery. 

We  may  point  out  another  indication  of  the  progress  of 
the  city,  in  the  fact  that  the  first  attempt  to  light  the 
streets  was  made  in  November,  1697;  the  ordinance  for 
which  was  as  follows  : 

"  The  Board,  taking  into  consideration  the  great  incon- 
veniency  that  attends  this  city,  being  a  trading  place,  for 
want  of  having  lights  in  the  dark  time  of  the  moon  in  the 
winter  season,  it  is  therefore  ordered  that  all  and  every  of 
the  housekeepers  within  this  city  shall  put  out  lights  in 
the  windows  fronting  the  respective  streets  of  the  city, 
between  this  and  the  25th  of  March  next,  in  the  following 


STREET  LAMPS,  WATCII,  &C. 


215 


manner  :  Every  seventy  house,  in  all  the  streets,  shall,  in 
the  dark  time  of  the  moon,  cause  a  lantern  and  candle  to 
be  hung  out  on  a  pole — the  charge  to  be  defrayed  equally 
by  the  inhabitants  of  said  seven  houses." 

During  the  same  period  a  night  watch  was  established, 
composed  of  "four  good  and  honest  inhabitants  of  the 
city,  whose  duty  it  shall  be  to  watch  in  the  night  time, 
from  the  hour  of  nine  in  the  evening  till  break  of  day. 
until  the  the  25th  of  March  next;  and  to  go  round  the 
city,  each  hour  of  the  night,  with  a  bell,  and  there  to 
proclaim  the  season  of  the  weather  and  the  hour  of  the 
night." 

It  was  stated,  in  a  former  chapter,  that  the  old  city  pali- 
sades, along  Wall  street,  had  been  for  many  years  in  a 
state  of  dilapidation,  and  their  removal  was  resolved  upon 
shortly  previous  to  Leislers  usurpation.  That  occur- 
rence, however,  put  a  stop  to  the  movement;  and  the  break- 
ing out  of  a  war  between  France  and  England,  immediately 
subsequent  to  the  establishment  of  order  in  the  country, 
and  the  apprehension  of  invasion  induced  the  authorities 
to  make  some  repairs  to  these  ancient  works.  It  is  be- 
lieved, however,  that  in  the  year  1699  their  final  demolition 
was  accomplished. 

The  appearance  of  the  city,  about  the  close  of  the  seven- 
teenth century,  is  described  by  Madame  Knight,  an  Eng- 
lish lady,  as  of  an  agreeable  character — "  the  buildings, 
brick  generally,  in  some  houses  of  divers  colors  and  laid 
in  cheques,  being  glazed,  they  look  very  well."  Of  the 
insides  she  remarks  that  "  they  were  neat  to  admiration." 
The  fire-places  had  no  jambs,  but  their  backs  ran  flush 
with  the  walls;  the  fire-places  were  of  tiles,  and  extended 
far  out  into  the  rooms,  in  some  instances  to  the  width  of 


CONDITION"  OF  THE  STREETS. 


live  feet.  The  ladies  of  the  ancient  Dutch  families  wore 
caps,  leaving  the  ears  bare,  and  an  abundance  of  ear-rings 
and  other  jewelry. 

Most  of  the  streets  in  the  lower  part  of  the  city  were 
paved  to  the  width  of  ten  feet  from  the  fronts  of  the  houses, 
on  each  side  of  the  way.  The  centre  of  the  street  was 
left  without  pavement,  for  the  more  easy  absorption  of  the 
water,  as  there  were  then  no  sewers  in  the  city.  The  kind 
of  pavements  used  were  pebble  stones.  There  were  no 
side-walks  for  foot  passengers  as  at  present,  but  in  some 
places  brick  pathways,  called  in  early  times  "  strookes," 
were  laid  for  that  purpose. 

There  were  several  wells  in  the  centre  of  the  streets,  for 
the  use  of  the  public.  One  of  these,  called  "  De  Riemer's 
Well,77  was  situated  in  the  centre  of  the  present  Whitehall 
street,  near  Bridge.  Another  called  "  Ten  Eyck  and  Vin- 
cent's Well77  was  situated  in  the  centre  of  the  present  Broad, 
between  Stone  and  South  William  streets.  Another  called 
"  Tunis  De  Kay7s  Well,77  was  situated  in  the  centre  of 
Broad  street,  a  short  distance  above  Beaver  street.  An- 
other called  the  "  Frederick  WesselFs  Well,77  was  situated 
in  the  centre  of  the  present  Wall  street,  west  of  William. 
Another  called  the  "  Well  of  William  Cox,77  was  situated 
near  the  present  head  of  Coenties  slip.  Another  called 
"  Mr.  Rombout7s  Well,77  was  situated  in  the  centre  of 
Broadway,  near  Exchange  place.  Another  called  "  the 
Well  of  Suert  01phert7s,77  was  situated  in  the  same  neigh- 
borhood. 

There  were  two  public  markets  for  flesh  and  one  for  fish 
in  the  city.  The  flesh  markets  were  situated,  one  on  the 
present  site  of  the  Bowling  Green,  and  the  other  in  the 
centre  of  the  present  Hanover  square,  which  was  then  a 


SHIPPING  OF  THE  CITY  IN  1701.  217 

green,  adorned  by  several  large  trees.  The  fish  market 
was  at  the  present  Coenties  slip. 

The  great  dock  of  the  city  extended  between  the  present 
Coenties  slip  and  Whitehall  street,  as  may  be  observed  on 
the  map  of  1695.  The  annual  rates  of  dockage  were  as 
follows  :  For  vessels  of  one  to  five  tons,  six  shillings;  of 
five  to  ten  tons,  nine  shillings;  of  ten  to  fifteen  tons, 
twelve  shillings;  of  fifteen  to  twenty-five  tons  one  pound; 
of  twenty-five  to  fifty  tons,  one  pound  ten  shillings;  over 
fifty  tons,  two  pounds  ten  shillings. 

At  the  close  of  the  seventeenth  century,  there  were 
about  seven  hundred  and  fifty  dwelling  houses  within  the 
limits  of  the  city,  beside  a  considerable  number  of  planta- 
tions and  buildings  in  other  parts  of  the  island.  The 
population  of  the  city  was  composed  of  about  four  thou- 
sand five  hundred  whites,  and  seven  hundred  and  fifty 
blacks,  including  slaves  and  freemen.  The  names  of  the 
inhabitants,  from  the  census  of  1703.  are  alphabetically 
arranged  in  the  index,  and  arc  referred  to  as  giving  a 
complete  view  of  the  population  at  that  period. 

To  give  a  general  view  of  the  amount  of  shipping  out 

of  this  port  at  the  close  of  the  seventeenth  century,  we 

furnish  a  list  of  the  arrivals  during  the  year,  from  June, 

1701,  to  the  end  of  May  in  the  following  year  : 

1701.    June.  Ship  Lark,  from  Fayal. 

"  Sloop  Morning  Star,  from  Barbadoes. 

"  "  Albermarle,  from  Boston. 

"  "  Phoenix,  from  Jamaica. 

July.         "  Albermarle,  from  Boston. 

"  u  Friendship,  from  Boston. 

"  "  Mary,  from  Antigua. 

"  u  Sawyer,  from  Boston. 

"  "  Hope,  from  Jamaica. 

"  Ship  Hope,  from  London. 


218  SHIPPING  OF  THE  CITY  IN  1701,  2. 

1701.  July.  Sloop  James,  from  Jamaica. 

"  "     Cornelia  and  Betty,  from  Barbadoes 

August  "     Swan,  from  Antigua. 

"  "     Callopatch,  from  Barbadoes. 

"  "     Anne,  from  Boston, 

"  Brig  Industry,  from  Jamaica. 

"  Sloop  Rachel,  from  Nevis. 

"  "     Mary  and  Sarah,  from  Boston. 

"  "     Jacob,  from  Jamaica. 

"  "     Friendship,  from  Philadelphia. 

"  "     Sawyer,  from  Boston. 

"  "     Loyal  York,  from  Carolina. 

"  Brig  Francis,  from  Jamaica. 

"  Sloop  Bonata,  from  Carolina. 

"  "     Flyiug  Horse,  from  Barbadoes. 

"  Pinke  Blossom,  from  Jamaica. 
September.     "     John,  from  Jamaica. 

"  Brig  Bristol,  from  the  Bermudas. 

"  Sloop  Joseph  and  Betty,  St.  Christopher. 

H  "     Mary  and  Sarah,  from  Boston. 

October.  "     Friendship,  from  Boston. 

"  "     Welcome,  from  Nevis. 

"  "     Restoration,  from  Barbadoes. 

"  "     Sawyer,  from  Boston. 

"  Brig  Catharine,  from  Barbadoes. 

"  Sloop  Rachel,  from  Boston. 

"  "     Catharine,  from  Madeira. 

"  "     Rebecca,  from  Rhode  Island. 

"  Brig  John  Adventure,  from  Barbadoes. 
November.     "     Dolphin,  from  London. 

"  Sloop  Friendship,  from  Philadelphia. 

"  "     Primrose,  from  Surinam. 

"  Pinke  New  York,  from  England. 
December.  Sloop  Mary,  from  Boston. 

"  "     Catharine,  from  Madeira. 

"  Ship  New  York  Merchant,  from  London. 

1702.  January.   Sloop  Rachel,  from  Boston. 

"  Ship   Catharine,  from  Madeira. 

"  Sloop  Hannah  and  Ruth,  from  Boston. 

u  Ship  Endeavor,  from  London. 


MERCHANTS.  219 

1702.  February.  Sloop    Adventure,  from  Boston. 

"  Brig  Nanfan,  from  Carolina. 

"  Sloop  Endeavor,  from  Boston. 

"  Galley  John  and  Michael,  from  Bristol. 

March.  Sloop  Unity,  from  Nevis. 

"  Shallop  St.  Maria,  from  Isquebad. 

"  Brig  Anne,  from  Jamaica. 

April.  Sloop  Welcome,  from  Nevis, 

"  Brig  Joseph,  from  Antigua. 

"  Pinke  Orange-tree,  from  W.  I. 

"  Ship  Charles,  from  London. 

"  Brig  Increase,  from  Antigua. 

"  Sloop  Loyal  York,  from  Virginia. 

"  "  Restoration,  from  Barbadoes, 

"  Brig  Prosperous,  from  Surinam. 

"  Sloop  Catherine,  from  Antigua. 

"  "  Sawyer,  from  Boston. 

"  Ship  Prince  Lewis,  from  London. 

May.  "  Elizabeth,  from  London. 

"  Sloop  Boneta,  from  Surinam. 

M  "  Jacob,  from  Barbadoes. 

"  "  Rachel,  from  Boston. 

"  "  Hopewell,  from  Jamaica. 

"  "  Flying  Horse,  from  Jamaica. 

Among  the  principal  merchants  in  the  city  at  the  close 
of  the  seventeenth  century,  were  the  following:  Thomas 
Burroughs,  Walter  Thong,  Benjamin  Faneuil,  Thomas  Da- 
venport, Cornelius  Lodge,  Charles  Lodwick,  Isaac  De 
Peyster,  Rip  Van  Dam,  Lawrence  Reade,  Elias  Boudinot, 
Philip  French,  Abraham  De  Peyster,  David  Provoost,  jr., 
Nicholas  Bayard,  Stephen  Delancey,  Richard  Willet,  Peter 
Van  Brugh,  Brandt  Schuyler,  Augustus  Jay,  George 
Bancker,  Thomas  Noell,  Adrian  Hooghland,  John  Chol- 
well,  Benjamin  Blagrave,  Frederick  Philipse,  Robert 
Walters,  Ebenezer  Wilson,  David  De  Robles,  Wm.  Morris, 
John  Van  Home,  Abraham  Wendell.  Garret  Van  Home, 
Matthew  Ling,  John  Theobalds,   Abraham  Van  Home, 


220 


PRIVATEERING. 


Isaac  De  Riemer,  Stephen  Janiaine,  0.  Tan  Cortland, 
Gabriel  Minvielle,  John  Morris,  Paul  Droilhet,  Daniel 
Cromeline,  Caleb  Cooper,  Edward  Antill.  Thomas  Roberts, 
Bartholomew  Fuert,  Matthew  Clarkson,  Win.  Bradford, 
(books.)  Henry  Jordan,  Samuel  Bayard,  John  Corbett,  John 
Proyoost,  Daniel  Plowman,  Charles  Woolley,  William 
Peartree,  Jacob  Yan  Cortland,  John  Lewis.  Claes  Evert- 
sen,  Robert  Hooper,  C.  De  Peyster.  Samuel  Rodman, 
Jacob  Morris,  John  Morris,  Robert  Lurting,  John  Tudor, 
jr.,  Gerrit  Onclebagh,  William  Smith,  William  Bickley, 
John  Cruger,  Derrick  Wessells,  Isaac  Gouyerneur. 

With  respect  to  the  shipping  interests  and  maritime 
affairs  of  the  city  at  this  period,  the  repeal  of  the  bolting 
act  in  1694,  which  has  been  referred  to  in  a  previous 
chapter,  was  a  serious  blow  to  Xew  York,  as  many  of  the 
established  houses  in  the  city  suspended  their  shipping 
traffic,  and  a  number  of  persons  of  the  maritime  profession 
were  thrown  out  of  employment.  The  occurrence,  how- 
eyer,  of  the  war  with  France  afforded  an  opening  for  the 
employment  of  vessels  and  men  in  privateering,  which 
became  among  the  most  profitable  risks  on  the  ocean  in 
that  day. 

The  public  countenance  given  to  priyateering,  and  the 
adventurous  character  of  these  expeditions,  had  a  tenden- 
cy to  encourage  licentiousness  in  the  followers  of  the  sea- 
faring life.  Many  of  those  who  engaged  in  privateering, 
when  their  expeditions  proved  fruitless  were  not  disinclined 
to  prey  upon  friendly  vessels,  and  thus  to  engage  in  piracy; 
and  it  is  not  without  considerable  proof  that  several  of  the 
highest  functionaries  in  the  government  in  New  York 
countenanced  these  lawless  characters,  and  shared  in  the 
spoils  of  their  depredations. 


^   SLATE  TRADE. 


221 


Another  species  of  maritime  adventure,  then  engaged  in 
by  several  of  our  most  respectable  merchants  and  capitalists, 
was  the  slave  trade.  Slaves  had  been  held  in  this  city 
from  the  earliest  period  of  the  Dutch  settlement:  and  it  is 
said  that  the  first  importation  of  negroes  in  America  was 
by  a  Dutch  vessel,  which  brought  them  from  the  African 
coast  and  sold  them  in  Virginia.  This  trade  was  facili- 
tated by  the  Dutch  possessions  on  the  coast  of  Guinea, 
where  they  were  easily  procured  from  the  African  kings 
for  a  small  consideration.  This  trade,  in  the  time  of  the 
Dutch,  appears  to  have  been  carried  on  by  transient 
traders,  and  to  have  constituted  no  part  of  the  business  of 
resident  inhabitants  of  this  city.  The  visits  of  slave  ships, 
however,  in  search  of  a  market,  were  of  frequent  occur- 
rence from  an  early  period,  and  many  of  the  inhabitants 
were  in  this  manner  provided  with  domestic  servants  and 
farm  laborers.  The  Guinea  negroes,  when  first  imported, 
were  of  less  value  than  those  born  in  this  country,  from 
the  risks  attending  acclimation,  and  the  necessity  of  tu- 
toring them  in  the  language  and  customs  of  the  country. 
And  not  unfrequently,  their  first  change,  from  the  confined 
quarters  of  a  slave  ship  to  the  novel  scenes  of  their  new 
homes,  were  of  a  fatal  effect  upon  their  health.  In  1655, 
the  cargo  of  the  "  White  Horse"  was  sold  in  this  city,  and 
the  stock  of  negroes  being  sold  at  auction,  several  were 
found  to  have  been  infected  with  some  fatal  disorder.  The 
first  instance  observed  of  this  character,  was  that  of  a  girl 
bought  by  Nicholas  Boot.  While  being  led  home,  along 
the  road,  on  the  shore  of  the  East  river,  she  fell,  opposite 
Litschoe's  tavern,  crying  "  Ariba:"  she  was  taken  up.  and 
proceeding  a  few  paces  further,  again  fell,  her  eyes  being 
fixed  in  her  head.    Her  owner  coining  up,  asked  what  was 


222 


SLAVE  TRADE. 


the  matter?  Upon  which,  she  cried,  "  moa,  moa;"  some 
of  the  by-standers  said,  "  she  is  drunk,  it  will  soon  pass 
away  ;  she  is  sound  at  heart."  At  the  city  gate  she  was 
put  in  a  wagon,  and  taken  to  her  master's  house,  but  died 
in  the  evening. 

In  after  years,  as  has  been  stated,  the  slave  traffic  be- 
came a  prominent  branch  of  the  shipping  trade  out  of  this 
port.  The  journal  of  a  young  man  (afterward  mayor  of 
this  city,)  sent  out  as  supercargo  and  agent  of  merchants 
in  this  city,  is  interesting  from  its  detail  of  the  manner  of 
conducting  this  traffic,  as  well  as  the  mishaps  to  this  par- 
ticular adventure.    The  MS.  is  copied  as  follows  : 

An  Account  of  a  Voyage  to  Madagascar  in  the  ship  "  Prophet  Daniel" 
Henry  Appel,  Commander. 

On  the  15th  of  July,  1698,  we  weighed  anchor,  bound  for  the  island 
of  Don  Mascourena. 

3d  October.  We  found  ourselves  under  the  island  of  St.  Thomas,  and 
went  in  to  water  and  to  clean  the  ship. 

■4th  October.  Captain  Appel  came  on  board  and  told  me  he  would  not 
go  on  board  again  before  certain  of  the  people  were  out  of  the  ship,  and 
that  I  must  find  money  to  pay  their  wages  ;  so  that  I  was  forced  to  sell 
some  rigging  for  such  use,  before  Captain  Appel  would  come  on  board. 
He  left  one  man  at  this  place  called  Whiler,  a  very  troublesome  fellow. 

1th  October.  Sailed  from  St.  Thomas. 

20th  February,  1699.  The  captain  and  mates  judged  themselves  to 
leeward  of  the  island  Don  Mascourena. 

Sunday,  13th  July.  We  arrived  at  Mattatana,  (whither  we  had  been 
obliged  to  turn  our  course,)  and  I  went  on  shore  to  trade  for  negroes,  but 
the  harbor  proving  bad  we  were  forced  to  remove  from  that  place ;  I 
having  purchased  fifty  slaves  at  St.  Mattatana. 

24th  August.  Arrived  at  Fort  Dolphin. 

24th  August.  I  acquainted  Mr.  Abraham  Samuel,  the  king  of  that 
place,  of  my  arrival,  and  came  with  him  to  a  trade. 

12th  September.  I  went  with  Mr.  Samuel  twenty-five  miles  up  in  the 
country,  and  on  the  second  day  after,  I  got  the  miserable  news  that  our 
ship  was  taken  by  a  vessel  that  came  into  the  harbor  the  night  before ; 


*V      SLAVE  TRADE. 


223 


whereupon  I  made  all  the  haste  down  I  could.  We  got  some  of  the  sub- 
jects of  Mr.  Samuel  to  assist  us,  and  fired  upon  the  pirate  for  two  days, 
but  could  do  no  good ;  then  I  hired  two  men  to  swim  off  in  the  night  to 
cut  their  cables,  but  Mr.  Samuel  charged  his  men  not  to  meddle  with  them, 
(as  I  was  informed)  said  Samuel  having  got  a  letter  from  on  board  the 
pirate,  in  which  I  suppose  they  made  great  promises,  so  that  he  forbid 
us,  on  our  lives,  to  meddle  with  any  of  the  said  pirates.  It  appears  that 
the  manner  in  which  they  took  us  was  as  follows :  When  their  ship 
came  to  an  anchor  in  the  harbor,  they  desired  our  boat  to  give  them  a 
cast  on  shore,  they  having  lost  their  boat,  and  pretended  to  be  a  merchant 
ship,  and  had  about  fifty  negroes  on  board.  At  night  the  captain  of  the 
pirate  desired  that  our  boat  might  give  him  a  cast  on  board  of  his  ship, 
which  was  done ;  and  coming  on  board  he  desired  the  men  to  drink  with 
him  ;  and  when  our  men  were  going  on  board  their  ship  again,  he  stopped 
them  by  violence ;  and  at  about  nine  o'clock  at  night  they  manned  the 
boat  and  took  our  ship,  and  presently  carried  away  all  the  money  that 
was  on  board,  rigging,  aud  other  things  that  they  had  occasion  for,  and 
then  gave  the  ship,  and  negroes,  and  other  things  that  were  on  board,  to 
Mr.  Samuel.  The  name  of  the  pirate  captain  was  Evan  Jones ;  the 
others  were,  Robert  Moore,  master  ;  J ohn  Dodd,  quarter-master  ;  J ohn 
Spratt,  boatswain  ;  Thomas  Collins,  Robin  Hunt,  from  Westchester, 
New  York,  and  others.  Mr.  Abraham  Samuel  took  likewise  away  from 
me  twenty-two  casks  of  powder  and  forty-nine  small  arms ;  likewise  all 
the  sails  belonging  to  the  "  Prophet,"  which  were  on  shore,  and  then  sold 
the  ship  again  to  Isaac  Ruff,  Thomas  Wells,  Edmund  Conklin  and  Ed- 
ward Woodman,  as  it  was  reported,  for  fourteen  hundred  pieces  of  eight. 
The  purchasers  designed  to  go  from  Fort  Dolphin  to  the  island  of  Don 
Mascourena,  thence  to  Mattatana,  upon  Madagascar,  and  so  for  America. 
Captain  Henry  Appel,  Jacobus  Meenen  and  Isaac  Lowrcns  went  along 
with  them.  Some  days  after  there  arrived  at  Fort  Dolphin  a  small  pinke, 
called  the  Vine,  Thomas  Warrant,  master,  from  London,  which  took  in 
slaves  at  Fort  Dolphin,  and  was  bound  for  Barbadocs,  in  which  I  took 
my  passage,  and  was  forced  to  pay  for  the  same  sixty-six  pieces  of 
eight,  and  two  slaves. 

Saturday,  18th  November,  1699.  I  departed  from  Fort  Dolphin,  with 
four  of  the  people  that  belonged  to  the  "  Prophet  Daniel,"  in  the  afore- 
said pinke  Vine,  for  Barbadoes,  leaving  on  shore,  of  the  ship's  company 
only  a  mulatto  boy,  called  Gabriel. 

22 d  December.    We  arrived  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  where  th« 


224 


kidd's  piracy. 


vessel  took  in  water  and  provisions,  and  departed  on  the  16th  January 
following. 

February  2d,  1700.  We  arrived  at  St.  Helena,  and  departed  on  the 
eighth  of  the  same  month. 

February  Ylth.  We  arrived  at  the  island  of  Ascension,  got  turtle  and 
fish,  and  departed  on  the  following  day. 

March  2Ulu    We  arrived  at  Barbadoes. 

April  17 tk.  Departed  from  Barbadoes,  in  the  pinke  "  Blossom,"  Robert 
Darkins,  commander,  bound  for  New  York. 

May  lltk,  1700.  I  arrived  in  New  York  ;  and  that  I  may  not  be  cen- 
sured an  ill  man,  and  it  may  not  be  thought  that  I  have  saved  any  thing 
that  belongs  to  the  owners  of  said  ship,  I  do  declare,  that  I  have  not,  di- 
rectly or  indirectly,  saved  any  thing  that  belongs  to  them,  nor  wronged 
them  of  the  value  of  a  farthing,  but  on  the  contrary  have  done  all  possi- 
ble to  serve  their  interest  that  I  could. 

Signed,  &c. 

The  slave  trade,  being  a  legitimate  pursuit,  and  followed 
as  a  regular  branch  of  foreign  trade,  for  many  years,  both 
previous  and  subsequent  to  the  period  now  referred  to, 
was  exceedingly  profitable,  though  somewhat  hazardous, 
owing  to  piratical  adventurers,  who  followed  them  into 
their  remote  trading  places,  and  often,  as  in  the  instance 
above  related,  robbed  them  of  their  stores  and  money  used 
in  the  purchase  of  the  negroes.  This  practice  became  so 
great  a  pest  to  the  mercantile  interests,  that  efforts  were 
made  by  influential  merchants  of  New  York  to  induce  the 
English  ministry  to  assist  them  in  fitting  out  a  cruising 
vessel,  properly  armed,  to  act  against  the  pirates.  Col. 
Robert  Livingston,  of  New  York,  an  active  and  influential 
citizen,  brought  this  matter  before  the  English  govern- 
ment ;  and  introduced  Captain  William  Kidd,  of  New 
York,  as  an  efficient  and  well-known  commander,  whose 
fitness  for  such  service  was  well  understood  in  New  York. 
He  was  a  man  of  family,  and  had  resided  in  this  city  for 
several  years.    It  was  proposed  to  engage  in  this  enter- 


kidd's  piracy.  225 

prise  on  the  footing  of  a  private  adventure,  although  it 
was  also  desirable,  for  some  purposes,  that  the  scheme 
should  receive  the  official  countenance  of  the  government. 
The  King,  Lord  Somers,  the  Earl  of  Romney,  the  Duke  of 
Shrewsbury,  the  Earl  of  Oxford  and  Lord  Bellamont, 
joined  in  making  up  the  necessary  expense  of  a  proper 
vessel  ;  Col.  Livingston  also  contributing  a  proportion. 
The  profits  were  to  be  divided  among  the  owners  of  the 
ship,  allowing  a  liberal  share  to  Kidd.  A  commission  was 
issued,  December  11, 1695,  under  the  great  seal  of  England, 
directed  "  to  the  trusty  and  well-beloved  Captain  William 
Kidd,  commander  of  the  ship  Adventure  Galley."  He  set 
sail  from  Plymouth,  in  April,  1696,  and  arrived  on  the 
American  coast,  where  he  continued  for  some  time,  occa- 
sionally entering  the  harbor  of  New  York,  and  visiting 
his  family  in  the  city.  He  was  considered  useful  in  pro- 
tecting our  commerce,  for  which  he  received  much  ap- 
plause, and  the  assembly  of  the  province  voted  him  the 
sum  of  two  hundred  and  fifty  pounds,  ns  a  complimentary 
return  for  his  services. 

Soon  after  this  he  left  this  vicinity  for  more  active  ope- 
rations on  the  cost  of  Africa,  and  it  was  not  long  ere  the 
astounding  news  arrived  that  Kidd  had  commenced  the 
trade  which  he  had  been  engaged  to  subvert,  and  had  com- 
mitted several  piracies.  The  report  of  these  facts  coming 
to  the  public  knowledge  in  England,  the  circumstance  was 
made  the  subject  of  a  violent  attack  upom  the  government 
by  the  opposition  party,  and  in  the  excess  of  party  zeal,  it 
was  alleged  that  the  king  himself,  and  those  concerned  in 
the  expedition,  were  privy  to  the  piratical  adventure,  and 
sharers  in  its  profits.  This  charge  having  some  color  of 
foundation,  from  the  actual  circumstances  of  the  case, 
15 


226 


kidd's  piracy. 


made  the  question  a  subject  of  State  inquiry;  and  thus  the 
name  of  Kidd,  though  perhaps  personally  less  obnoxious 
to  the  odious  characteristics  of  his  profession  than  many 
others  in  history,  became,  from  its  association  with  a  parti- 
san warfare,  between  the  great  men  of  the  state,  the  most 
famous  among  the  pirates  of  the  world.  The  noblemen 
engaged  in  the  enterprise  underwent  the  form  of  a  trial 
for  their  lives,  but  were  acquitted. 

The  principal  scenes  of  Kidd's  piracies  were  on  the 
eastern  coast  of  Africa,  at  Madagascar  and  the  vicinity; 
where  he  captured  and  rifled  several  vessels,  without,  how- 
ever, so  far  as  we  have  been  informed  by  history,  commit- 
ting extreme  cruelties  upon  his  captives.  The  only  person 
proven  to  have  been  killed  by  him,  being  a  seaman  of  his 
own,  named  William  Moore,  whom  he  accidentally  slew, 
by  hitting  him  with  a  bucket,  for  insubordination.  Kidd 
having  amassed  a  fortune  by  this  cruise,  shaped  his  course 
homeward,  seeming,  with  a  strange  fatuity,  to  have  supposed 
that  no  information  of  his  depredations  in  those  remote 
parts  of  the  world  had  reached  the  scenes  of  his  home.  He 
brought  his  vessel  into  Long  Island  Sound,  in  the  year 
1699;  and  went  ashore  at  Gardiner's  Island,  then  owned 
and  occupied  by  Mr.  John  Gardiner,  to  whom,  from  some 
undiscoverable  motive,  he  made  known  his  desire  to  bury 
a  quantity  of  treasure  on  the  island,  and  did  accordingly 
deposit  in  the  ground  a  considerable  quantity  of  gold, 
silver,  and  precious  stones,  in  the  presence  of  Mr.  Gardi- 
ner; but  under  strict  injunctions  of  secrecy.  This  deposit 
consisted  of  eleven  hundred  and  eleven  ounces  of  coined 
gold,  two  thousand  three  hundred  and  fifty  ounces  of  silver, 
seventeen  ounces  of  jewels  and  precious  stones,  sixty-nine 
precious  stones,  fifty-seven  bags  of  sugar,  forty-one  bales 


I 


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kidd's  piracy.  227 

of  merchandise,  seventeen  pieces  of  canvas,  one  large  load- 
stone, <fcc.  Having  thus  disburdened  his  ship,  he  departed 
for  Boston,  with  the  design,  it  is  supposed,  of  selling  his 
vessel.  While  there,  however,  he  was  recognized  in  the 
street,  and  apprehended.  He  was  sent  to  England  for 
trial,  and  indicted  for  the  murder  of  William  Moore, 
before  spoken  of ;  and,  being  convicted,  was  hanged  in 
chains,  at  Execution  Dock,  May  12,  1701.  The  wife  of 
Kidd  continued  her  residence  in  this  city  after  his  death: 
herself  and  daughter  living  in  seclusion  in  a  habitation  on 
the  east  side  of  the  town. 


CHAPTER  XVII. 


BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES  OF  PROMINENT  MEN  IN  THIS  CITY,   TOWARD  THE 
CLOSE  OF  THE  SEVENTEENTH  CENTURY. 

William  Atwood,  Chief  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court,  in 
the  time  of  Governor  Bellamont,  resided  in  this  city  but  a 
short  period;  after  the  death  of  that  nobleman,  he  presided 
at  the  trial  of  Nicholas  Bayard,  for  treason,  and  exhibited 
the  strongest  prejudice  against  the  accused,  who  was  con- 
victed. The  party  of  Mr.  Bayard  coming  into  power 
shortly  afterward,  Atwood  fled  the  country,  to  escape  the 
retaliating  power  of  his  political  adversaries. 

Nicholas  Bayard  came  to  this  city  while  a  youth,  soon 
after  the"  arrival  of  Governor  Stuyvesant,  of  whose  wife 
he  was  a  relative.  In  1665.  he  was  appointed  clerk  of  the 
Court  of  Mayor  and  Aldermen,  and  kept  the  minutes  in 
both  the  Dutch  and  English,  being  conversant  with  both 
these  languages.  He  afterward  engaged  in  business  as  a 
brewer  and  merchant,  establishing  his  residence  on  the 
present  north  side  of  Stone  street,  near  Hanover  square. 

Mr.  Bayard  was  an  active  politician,  and  soon  rose 
to  the  highest  offices  in  the  province.  In  the  time  of 
Leisler's  movement  against  the  government  of  Dongan, 
Mr.  Bayard  was  a  member  of  the  Governor's  Council,  and 
took  the  most  conspicuous  part  in  opposition  to  Leislei 


BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES. 


229 


and  the  revolutionists.  He  was  banished  the  province 
among  other  of  his  adherents;  but  ventured,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  securing  certain  documents  of  importance  to  his 
party,  to  return  secretly  to  the  city,  where  his  presence  be- 
coming known,  search  was  made  for  him  at  his  own  house: 
he  however,  made  his  escape,  and  fled  to  a  friendly  neigh- 
bor's, whither  he  was  pursued  and  taken.  He  was  held  for 
treasonable  acts,  and  lay  open  to  a  trial  for  his  life;  but 
suing  for  his  pardon,  the  prosecution  was  suspended;  he 
was  still,  however,  held  in  conhnement  for  more  than  a 
year.  Upon  the  overthrow  of  Leisler,  Bayard  was  rein- 
stated in  all  his  former  honors;  and  now,  in  turn,  urged 
the  prosecution  of  Leisler  with  the  greatest  energy.  His 
counsels,  with  those  of  others,  succeeded  in  bringing  Leisler 
to  the  scaffold.  About  ten  years  subsequently,  (1702,)  the 
Leislerian  party  being  again  in  power,  Bayard  was  tried 
under  an  act  of  the  province,  for  treasonable  designs,  in 
late  proceedings,  and  was  condemned  to  death.  An  oppor- 
tune change  in  the  state  of  the  political  powers  of  the 
government  occurred,  however,  and  he  was  released  from 
imprisonment,  and  his  condemnation  annulled. 

Mr.  Bayard  died  in  the  year  1711.  leaving  his  widow, 
Judy,  surviving.  His  son  Samuel,  inherited  his  large 
property. 

Balthazar  Bayard.  Mr.  Bayard  soon  after  his  arrival 
in  this  city  married  a  daughter  of  Covert  Loocker- 
mans.  a  wealthy  merchant.  He  soon  after  engaged  in  the 
business  of  brewing,  in  which  vocation  he  continued  for  a 
number  of  years,  and  acquired  a  large  property.  He  sub 
sequently  established  his  residence  on  the  west  side  of 
Broadway,  opposite  the  present  Bowling  Green.  He  wa:, 
an  alderman  at  one  period. 


230 


BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES. 


Jacob  Boden,  a  merchant,  residing  on  the  west  side  of 
Broadway,  above  Liberty  street,  represented  the  North 
Ward  several  years,  as  alderman. 

Anthony  Brockholst.  a  captain  in  the  army,  and  Com- 
mander-in-Chief of  his  majesty's  forces  in  New  York, 
established  his  residence  in  this  city,  with  his  family,  about 
the  year  1680,  on  the  present  Stone  street,  betwen  White- 
hall and  Broad  streets.  He  soon  after  engaged  in  the 
mercantile  trade,  and  his  family  became  connected,  by 
marriage,  with  the  principal  families  of  the  province. 

John  Hendrick  Bruyn.  Mr.  Bruyn  was  a  merchant,  re- 
siding in  one  of  the  best  houses  in  town,  on  the  present 
north  side  of  Pearl  street,  between  Whitehall  and  Broad 
streets.    He  was  alderman  for  several  years. 

Martin  Clock,  was  a  son  of  Abraham  Clock,  one  of  the 
early  Dutch  settlers.  Mr.  Clock  occupied,  for  a  time,  the 
ancient  homestead  of  his  family,  on  the  present  north-west 
corner  of  Pearl  street  and  Hanover  square.  He  was  by 
trade  a  cooper.  He  subsequently  retired  from  business 
and  removed  to  a  farm  on  this  island,  and  for  some  years 
represented  the  Out  Ward  in  the  Common  Council. 

Thomas  Coker,  represented  the  West  Ward  for  a  short 
period  in  the  Common  Council.  His  residence  was  the 
present  No.  1  Broadway,  corner  of  Battery  place. 

Abraham  Corbett,  a  distiller,  purchased,  in  1680,  for 
sixty  pounds  sterling,  a  house  and  lot  on  the  east  side  of 
Broadway,  two  or  three  doors  south  of  Exchange  place, 
which  he  gave  to  his  son  John.  Afterward,  in  1685.  John 
executed  a  life  lease  of  same  to  his  father  and  mother.  Here 
Mr.  Corbett  erected  a  fine  tavern,  to  which  the  name  of 
the  "  Royal  Oak  "  was  given,  and  he  employed  himself  in 
its  superintendence.  He  represented  his  ward,  at  one  period, 
in  the  Common  Council. 


BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES. 


231 


William  Cox,  a  flour  merchant  of  considerable  property, 
resided  in  the  neighborhood  of  Hanover  square.  He  had 
previously  resided  on  Saw-mill  Creek,  on  the  East  river- 
side of  the  island,  where  he  had  purchased  a  considerable 
property,  with  a  grist-mill  and  farm.  He  represented  the 
Out  Ward,  as  alderman,  in  1683.    Mr.  Cox  died  in  1689. 

Tunis  Be  Kay.  This  citizen  was  a  son  of  one  of  the 
old  settlers.  He  married  Helena,  a  daughter  of  Johannes 
Van  Brugh,  an  eminent  merchant  of  this  city.  He  estab- 
lished himself  in  the  mercantile  business  on  the  west  side 
of  the  present  Broad  street,  above  Beaver  street,  where  his 
father  had  formerly  owned  a  considerable  property. 

Stephen  Delancey,  a  French  Huguenot  of  Caen,  in  Nor- 
mandy, emigrated  to  this  country  in  the  latter  part  of  the 
seventeenth  century,  and  afterward  engaged  in  mercantile 
pursuits  in  this  city.  He  married,  in  the  year  1700,  Anne 
Van  Cortland.  He  was  a  prominent  man  in  public  ajffairs, 
and  acquired  considerable  wealth.  His  place  of  business 
was  that  formerly  occupied  by  Stephanus  Van  Cortland 
on  the  present  north-east  corner  of  Broad  and  Pearl  streets. 
In  the  latter  years  of  his  life,  Mr.  Delancey  resided  on  the 
west  side  of  Broadway,  a  short  distance  above  Trinity 
Church,  in  one  of  the  finest  mansions  in  the  city.  He  died 
about  the  year  1735,  leaving  several  children.  His  son, 
James,  was  one  of  the  most  eminent  men  of  his  time,  being 
at  one  period  in  executive  charge  of  the  province.  His 
son.  Oliver,  a  loyalist  in  the  time  of  the  revolution,  was 
made  a  brigadier  general  in  the  British  army.  He  repre- 
sented his  ward,  for  some  time,  in  the  Common  Council. 

Pete?'  Delanoy,  mayor  in  1688,  9,  was  a  merchant,  who 
came  to  this  city  from  Holland,  about  the  year  1651.  He 
was  an  active  adherent  of  Leisler,  and  was  elected  mayor 


232 


BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES. 


by  the  popular  suffrage,  being  the  first  person  chosen  to 
that  office  by  the  people. 

Thomas  Delavall,  mayor  in  1666-71-78,  became  first 
known  as  a  resident  here  after  the  capture  by  the  English 
in  1664.  He  was  then  a  captain  in  the  English  service, 
and  held  a  command  under  Colonel  Nichols;  but  it  would 
seem  that  he  had  been  before  that  time  in  America,  as  we 
find  some  transactions  of  his  which  took  place  prior  to 
the  year  1661.  Captain  Delavall  immediately  after  the 
surrender  of  the  place  to  the  English,  took  a  prominent 
part  in  the  administration  of  public  affairs.  He  purchased 
a  farm  at  Harlem,  and  also  a  residence  in  the  city  on  the 
present  south-east  corner  of  Broad  street  and  Exchange 
place,  his  premises  embracing  an  orchard  and  large  gar- 
den. Captain  Delavall  visited  England  in  1699,  where  he 
had  a  conference  with  the  Duke  of  York,  who  sent  by  him 
to  the  mayor  and  aldermen  a  mace  of  the  mayoralty  office, 
and  gowns  for  the  aldermen.  He  died  in  this  city  in  the 
year  1682,  leaving  a  considerable  estate.  His  son  John 
Delavall  and  several  daughters  (married  to  eminent  mer- 
chants of  this  city,)  succeeded  to  his  property. 

Johannes  Be  Peyster,  mayor  in  1698,  was  the  son  of  an 
eminent  merchant  of  the  same  name,  who  had  been  among 
the  earliest  and  most  prominent  citizens  in  the  time  of  the 
Dutch.  The  subject  of  this  sketch  married  a  daughter 
of  Gerrit  Bancker,  of  Albany.  He  died  about  the  year  1719. 

Abraham  Be  Peyster,  mayor  in  1691,  2,  3,  was  also  a  son 
of  Johannes  De  Peyster.  The  subject  of  this  sketch  was  a 
prominent  merchant  and  the  owner  of  a  large  estate.  His 
domestic  establishment  in  1703  consisted  of  seven  whites, 
and  nine  black  slaves.  Colonel  De  Peyster  lived  to  an 
advanced  age  in  this  city. 


BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES. 


233 


Isaac  De  Riemer.  Mayor  in  1T00,  was  a  merchant  and  a 
member  of  an  old  family  of  this  city.  He  married  a 
daughter  of  William  Teller,  a  wealthy  merchant,  formerly 
residing  in  Albany. 

William  Dervall.  mayor  in  1675,  was  originally  a  Boston 
merchant,  who  had  been  somewhat  interested  in  the  trade 
with  New  Amsterdam,  and  about  the  year  1667,  removed 
here  and  engaged  in  trade.  His  brother  John  accompa- 
nied him,  and  they  set  up  a  store,  principally  of  dry  goods. 
William  married  a  daughter  of  Thomas  Delavall,  (a 
wealthy  citizen  who  had  been  mayor  of  New  York)  and 
occupied  a  fine  residence  near  the  present  corner  of  White- 
hall and  State  streets. 

Rev.  Gualterius  (Walter)  Dubois.  This  gentleman,  who 
was  installed  a  pastor  of  the  Reformed  Dutch  Church  in 
this  city,  in  October,  1699,  was  born  in  the  year  1671,  at 
Street-kerf  in  Holland;  his  father,  Domine  Petrus  Dubois, 
being  then  pastor  of  the  church  at  that  place.  The  sub- 
ject of  this  sketch  was  educated  at  the  University  of  Ley- 
den,  and  passed  his  examination  before  the  Classis  of 
Amsterdam  in  1697,  soon  after  which  he  received  a  call  to 
this  city.  He  served  faithfully  in  his  pastoral  duties  in 
this  city  for  upward  of  fifty  years.  He  preached  for  the 
last  time  on  the  afternoon  of  29th  September,  1751.  After 
service  he  returned  home,  and  was  seized  with  illness  in 
his  study,  which  brought  him  to  his  sick  chamber,  where 
he  languished  until  Tuesday  of  the  following  week,  when 
he  expired,  having  attained  the  age  of  about  eighty  years. 
He  was  succeeded  in  his  ministry  by  the  Rev.  Lambertu> 
De  Ronde. 

William  Byre,  mayor  in  1680,  was  at  an  early  period  a 
resident  of  one  of  the  New  England  colonies,  engaged  in 


234 


BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES. 


mercantile  pursuits.  In  the  year  1653,  at  a  time  of  hostili- 
ties between  England  and  .Holland,  Rhode  Island  fitted 
out  an  expedition  against  New  Amsterdam,  which  was 
placed  under  the  command  of  Captain  John  Underhill  and 
William  Dyre;  the  former  having  direction  of  the  land 
forces,  and  the  latter  of  the  ships.  This  expedition,  how- 
ever, failed  in  its  object,  the  forces  never  approaching  the 
capital  of  the  Dutch  province.  Upon  the  final  accession 
of  the  English  authority  in  this  city,  in  1674,  Captain  Dyre 
established  his  residence  here,  and  held  the  office  of  col- 
lector of  customs.  He  purchased  several  acres  on  the 
easterly  side  of  Broadway,  between  Maiden  lane  and  Wall 
street,  and  resided  there  during  his  stay  in  the  city.  He 
subsequently  sold  the  property  to  Mr.  Lloyd,  of  Philadel- 
phia, who  realized  a  profitable  increase  from  the  rise  of 
the  property  in  value.  Mr.  Dyre  removed  from  this  city 
to  Jamaica  (W.  I,)  where  he  died  about  the  year  1685. 

James  Emott,  a  lawyer  of  eminence,  resided  on  the  east 
side  of  Broadway,  above  Wall  street.  He  was  distin- 
guished in  the  state  trials  of  that  era. 

Philip  French,  a  merchant,  residing  on  the  east  side  of 
Broad  street,  near  the  present  Exchange  place,  was  origin- 
ally from  Kelshall,  Suffolk  county,  England,  where  his 
family  were  extensive  landholders.  He  married,  in  this 
city,  Anneken,  daughter  of  Frederick  Philipse.  Mr.  French 
was  a  prominent  politician,  and  held  a  high  social  position 
in  this  city.  He  died  in  the  year  1707,  leaving  three 
daughters;  his  name,  therefore,  has  not  been  perpetuated 
among  his  descendants. 

Abraham  Gouverneur  was  descended  of  a  Dutch  family  in 
this  city.  He  was  clerk  of  the  city  council  for  some  time, 
and  afterward  engaged  in  business  as  a  merchant.  He 


BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES. 


235 


married,  in  the  year  1699,  Mary,  the  widow  of  Jacob  Mil- 
born,  and  daughter  of  Jacob  Leisler.  Mr.  Gouverneur 
subsequently  engaged  prominently  in  public  life,  and  was 
conspicuous  among  the  friends  of  the  Leislerian  party. 

John  Harpending,  although  never  in  public  life,  was  a 
well-known  and  highly  esteemed  citizen.  He  acquired  a 
respectable  fortune  by  industrious  application  to  his  busi- 
ness of  tanner  and  shoemaker;  in  167b1  he  resided  in  High 
street,  on  the  present  Stone  street,  east  of  Broad  street. 
His  probity  and  high  moral  principle  was  in  such  high 
esteem  that  he  was  frequently  appointed,  by  some  of  the 
wealthiest  inhabitants,  as  executor  of  their  estates,  and  in 
the  affairs  of  the  Dutch  Church  he  always  enjoyed  a  prom- 
inent position.  Mr.  Harpending,  in  conjunction  with  five 
other  persons  of  his  own  trade,  purchased  a  tract  of  sev- 
eral acres,  east  of  Broadway  and  north  of  Maiden  lane, 
for  many  years  known  as  the  Shoemaker's  Pasture.  This 
property  was  divided  in  the  year  1695,  and  a  large  number 
of  lots  fell  to  his  share;  out  of  this  he  bestowed  on  the 
Dutch  Church  the  ground  upon  which  the  present  "  North 
Dutch  Church,'*'  on  William  and  Fulton  streets,  is  situated. 
The  present  John  street,  it  is  said,  was  so  named  in  com 
pliment  to  Mr.  Harpending.  He  died  in  this  city,  at  an 
advanced  age. 

James  Graham  was  an  alderman  in  1680  and  '81.  In 
1683  he  was  appointed  recorder,  and  was  the  first  who  held 
that  office;  he  afterward  was  appointed  attorney-general 
of  this  province.  His  subsequent  career  in  public  life  was 
of  the  most  prominent  character,  having  filled  several  high 
legislative  stations  in  this  city  and  province.  Mr.  Gra- 
ham's residence  in  this  city  was  on  the  east  side  of  Broad- 
way, south  of  Exchange  place.    He  removed,  in  the  later 


BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES. 

years  of  his  life,  to  the  estate  of  Mr.  Morris,  at  Morrisa- 
nia,  which  he  took  on  lease,  and  where  he  dispensed  his 
hospitalities  on  a  munificent  scale;  he  died  in  the  year 
1701,  leaving  six  children.  A  singular  incident  occurred 
in  the  year  1682,  putting  the  life  of  Mr.  Graham  in  immi- 
nent jeopardy.  From  the  evidence  it  appeared  that  Graham 
had  often  expressed  his  desire  to  cultivate  an  acquaintance 
with  Captain  Baxter,  an  English  officer,  recently  arrived, 
in  commission;  and  a  party  of  several  friends,  including 
Graham  and  Baxter,  met  to  spend  a  social  afternoon  at 
the  public  house  of  Dirck  Van  ClyfF,  in  "  the  Orchard," 
(near  the  present  John  and  Cliff  streets.)  About  nine 
o'clock  in  the  evening,  the  company  being  about  to  dis- 
perse, Graham  paid  the  reckoning,  and  was  called  aside  by 
Baxter,  a  little  from  the  company,  but  in  their  sight.  The 
persons  present  saw  Baxter  seemingly  kiss  Graham,  when 
the  latter  immediately  called  out  that  he  was  stabbed. 
The  wound  was  under  the  collar  bone,  about  four  inches 
deep.  Baxter  was  bound  over  to  await  his  trial  in  case 
of  Graham's  death,  but  the  wound  did  not  prove  to  be 
mortal. 

George  Heathcote,  born  in  Middlesex  county,  England, 
came  to  this  country  as  captain  of  a  merchant  ship,  about 
the  year  1678.  He  purchased  the  seat  of  Mr.  Heermans, 
one  of  the  early  Dutch  merchants,  on  the  present  west  side 
of  Pearl  street,  the  present  Pine  street  running  through 
the  property,  which  embraced  extensive  grounds.  He 
established  himself  in  mercantile  trade,  on  a  large  scale, 
principally  with  the  West  Indies,  where  he  at  times 
resided.  He  acquired  a  large  property,  and  being  a  bach- 
elor, invited  his  nephew,  Caleb  Heathcote,  to  take  up  his 
residence  in  this  country:  and  upon  his  death,  at  his  last 


BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES. 


237 


residence  in  Bucks  county,  Pennsylvania,  in  1710,  be- 
queathed his  large  property  to  his  nephew,  who  became 
one  of  the  most  considerable  men  in  the  province. 

John  Hutchins  kept  the  tavern,  afterward  the  site  of  the 
City  Hotel,  in  Broadway,  corner  of  Thames  street.  His 
house  was  the  head-quarters  of  the  party  opposed  to 
Leisler  and  his  friends,  and  Mr.  Hutchins  was  a  conspicu- 
ous member  of  that  party.  He  represented  his  ward  for 
several  years,  as  alderman.  Having  become,  in  the  year 
1702,  implicated  with  Colonel  Bayard,  in  getting  up  certain 
addresses  of  libelous  character,  upon  the  existing  govern- 
ment, a  state  prosecution  was  instituted  against  them, 
and,  upon  conviction,  they  were  sentenced  to  death.  He 
was,  however,  released  on  bail,  and  subsequently,  with  the 
change  of  parties  in  power,  the  judgment  was  annulled. 

John  Inyan,  a  merchant  of  high  standing,  resided  near 
the  present  north-east  corner  of  Whitehall  and  Bridge 
streets,  in  a  brick  building  of  a  good  class.  He  held  the 
office  of  alderman  of  the  Dock  Ward  in  1683,  and  had 
previously  been  a  prominent  man  in  public  life.  He  left 
the  city  soon  after  the  year  above-mentioned. 

Jacob  Kip,  a  son  of  Hendrick  Kip,  one  of  the  early  in- 
habitants in  the  time  of  the  Dutch,  was  the  first  secretary 
of  the  Court  of  Burgomasters  and  Schepens;  resigning 
this  place,  he  engaged  in  the  brewing  business.  He  mar- 
ried the  widow  of  Guleyn  Verplanck.  His  residence  was 
in  Broad  street,  near  the  present  Exchange  place. 

Thomas  Lewis,  a  mariner  in  early  life,  established  his 
residence  in  this  city,  soon  after  the  surrender  to  the  Eng- 
lish: In  1668  he  purchased  of  Burgher  Joris,  his  property 
on  the  present  north-east  corner  of  Hanover  square  and 
William  street,  about  forty  feet  front,  on  Hanover  square, 


238 


BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES. 


and  one  hundred  and  forty  feet  in  depth.  He  established 
himself  in  the  mercantile  business  at  that  place,  and  resided 
there  until  his  death.  Mr.  Lewis  was  a  man  of  property, 
and  in  good  esteem;  he  held  the  office  of  alderman  for 
several  years.  He  died  in  the  year  1684,  leaving  a  widow 
and  five  children.  One  of  his  sons,  (Thomas)  married,  in 
1694,  a  daughter  of  Mrs.  Leisler. 

Charles  Lodowyck,  mayor  in  1694,  was  a  merchant  in 
good  standing.  Being  one  of  the  militia  captains  in  this 
city  at  the  time  of  Leisler's  revolution,  he  took  a  conspicu- 
ous part  in  that  movement;  he  subsequently  was  lieutenant- 
colonel  of  the  New  York  Regiment.  Mr.  Lodowick 
removed,  toward  the  close  of  his  life,  to  England,  where 
he  died. 

James  Matthews,  a  merchant  of  English  birth,  estab- 
lished himself  in  business  on  the  present  north-westerly 
corner  of  Broad  and  Pearl  streets,  and  acquired  a  consid- 
erable property.    He  died  in  the  year  1686. 

William  Merritt,  mayor  in  1695,  6,  7,  came  to  this  city 
about  the  year  1671,  as  a  ship  captain.  He  established 
himself  in  the  trade  of  a  merchant.  He  was  elected  to 
the  common  council  for  several  years,  and  subsequently  to 
the  office  of  Mayor. 

Gabriel  Minvielle,  mayor  in  1684,  was  a  Frenchman  by 
descent,  but  lived  in  early  life  in  Amsterdam,  Holland;  in 
the  year  1669  he  established  himself  as  a  merchant  in  this 
city,  and  carried  on  an  extensive  foreign  trade.  He  mar- 
ried Susannah,  a  daughter  of  John  Lawrence,  a  wealthy 
merchant,  and  fixed  his  residence  on  the  west  side  of 
Broadway,  in  a  fine  mansion  near  the  Bowling  Green. 
Mr.  Minvielle  died  in  1702,  leaving  no  children;  and  his 
family  and  name  thus  became  extinct  in  this  city. 


BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES. 


239 


Lewis  Morris,  a  wealthy  merchant,  who  established  his 
residence  in  this  city  in  the  year  1674,  was  an  Englishman 
by  birth,  but  had  resided  for  some  years  in  the  West 
Indies.  His  only  brother,  Richard,  had  resided  in  this 
city  for  several  years  engaged  in  trade,  and  had  purchased 
the  estate  of  Morrisania,  in  Westchester  county,  and 
acquired  other  extensive  interests.  His  death,  leaving  an 
in  infant  child  (Lewis,  afterward  governor  of  New  Jersey.) 
occasioned  the  visit  of  his  brother  to  this  city,  and  his  sub- 
sequent permanent  establishment  here.  The  subject  of 
this  sketch,  commonly  called  Colonel  Morris,  resided  on 
the  south  side  of  Bridge  street,  next  to  the  corner  of 
the  present  Whitehall  street.  He  died  in  the  spring  of 
1691. 

Matthias  Nicoll,  mayor  in  1672,  was  descended  of  an 
ancient  and  honorable  family  at  Islippe,  Northampton- 
shire, England,  and  was  by  profession  a  lawyer.  After 
the  capture  of  this  city  in  1664,  he  took  a  prominent  part 
in  public  affairs,  and  was  appointed  secretary  of  the  prov- 
ince, being  the  first  who  held  that  office  under  the  English; 
he  was  also  appointed  to  preside  with  the  justices  of  the 
different  ridings  in  the  Court  of  Sessions.  In  1672  he  was 
appointed,  by  the  governor,  to  the  office  of  mayor,  which 
he  held  for  one  year.  In  1683  he  was  appointed  one  of  the 
justices  of  the  Supreme  Court,  in  which  capacity  he  offici- 
ated, for  the  last  time,  in  Queens  county,  September  12th, 
1687.  He  died  at  his  residence  on  Cow  Neck,  Long 
Island,  December  22d,  1687,  where  his  wife,  Abigail,  is  also 
buried.  One  of  the  sons  of  Mayor  Nicoll,  William,  was 
bred  to  the  bar,  and  became  one  of  the  leading  citizens 
of  his  time  in  this  city.  The  descendants  of  the  family 
are  numerous  on  Long  Island. 


240 


BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES. 


Snert  Olpherts.  This  citizen  was  by  trade  a  mason.  He 
had  acquired  a  considerable  property  by  his  business,  and 
resided  on  the  east  side  of  Broadway,  second  door  below 
Exchange  place.  He  represented  his  ward  in  the  common 
council,  and  was  a  prominent  man  in  public  life.  At  an 
advanced  age  (1697)  he  married  the  venerable  widow  of 
Cornelius  Clopper,  who  had  formerly  resided  on  the  corner 
of  Pearl  street  and  Maiden  lane.  This  lady  died  within 
two  or  three  years. 

JVilliam  Peartrce,  a  merchant  of  this  city,  had  formerly 
resided  in  Jamaica.  He  acquired  a  large  estate  in  this 
province,  and  held  the  office  of  mayor  in  1703,  4>  5  and 
He  resided  on  the  north  side  of  Beaver  street,  between 
New  street  and  Broadway.  Colonel  Pear  tree  died  in  the 
year  1714,  leaving  no  male  descendants.  His  daughter, 
Frances,  married  William  Smith,  an  eminent  merchant  of 
this  city,  and  was  the  mother  of  William  Smith,  Esq.,  the 
historian  of  New  York. 

William  Pinhorne,  a  merchant  of  good  education  and 
property,  established  himself  in  this  city  after  the  surren- 
der by  the  Dutch,  and  acquired  a  large  estate.  His  name 
is  conspicuous  among  the  opponents  of  Leisler  and  his 
party,  and  he  is  shown  to  have  been  among  the  most  active 
political  characters  of  his  time.  In  the  year  1691  Mr. 
Pinhorne  was  appointed  recorder  of  this  city,  and  in  sub- 
sequent years  was  a  member  of  the  governor's  council,  and 
held  other  distinguished  public  stations. 

David  Provoost,  mayor  in  1699,  was  a  son  of  David  Pro- 
voost,  one  of  the  earliest  settlers  in  this  city  (some  account 
of  whom  is  given  on  a  former  page.)  The  subject  of  this 
sketch  commenced  trade  as  a  merchant,  about  the  year 
.1666.    He  married  a  daughter  of  Johannes  Depeyster,  an 


BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES. 


241 


eminent  merchant,  and  for  many  years  held  a  conspicuous 
position  among  his  fellow  citizens. 

John  Robinson,  a  merchant  of  large  estate,  established 
himself  in  this  city  after  the  surrender  to  the  English. 
About  the  year  1680  he  purchased  thirty-eight  and  a  quar- 
ter acres  of  land  on  a  stream  then  called  Saw-mill  Creek, 
on  this  island,  emptying  into  the  East  river;  the  mill  dam 
at  this  place  threw  the  water  back  about  fifteen  hundred 
feet,  and  gave  an  ample  supply  of  water.  He  here  erected 
a  grist-mill,  and  became  a  large  dealer  in  flour,  the  expor- 
tation of  which  was  then  monopolized  by  the  inhabitant? 
of  New  York.  The  place  of  business  of  Mr.  Robinson,  in 
this  city,  was  in  the  Smith's  Valley,  or  the  present  Pearl 
street,  above  Wall.  He  held  the  office  of  alderman  for 
some  time. 

Francois  Rombouts,  mayor  in  1679,  was  a  Frenchman  by 
birth,  but  his  parents  having  emigrated  to  Holland,  Mr. 
Rombouts,  in  the  year  1654,  being  then  a  merchant's  clerk, 
was  sent  to  this  country  on  a  commercial  expedition.  He 
met  here  with  some  misfortunes,  which  prevented  hi? 
return,  and  he  established  himself  in  business  as  a  mer- 
chant in  this  city.  In  the  year  1658,  he  enrolled  himself 
among  the  burghers  or  citizens,  as  he  had  then  already 
been  a  resident  here  for  several  years.  His  trading  ope- 
rations as  a  merchant  soon  became  extensive.  He  married 
in  the  city,  and  fixed  his  residence  on  the  west  side  of 
Broadway,  below  Rector  street,  his  ground  there  embrac- 
ing a  large  garden  and  orchard.  Mr.  Rombouts  died  in 
1691,  leaving  one  child,  a  daughter.  His  name  thus  be- 
came extinct  among  his  descendants. 

Lucas  Santen,  came  to  this  city  in  1684,  with  a  com- 
mission as  collector  of  the  port.    He  died  here  in  1692. 
16 


242 


BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES. 


Brandt  Schuyler,  a  son  of  one  of  the  early  settlers  of 
that  name,  established  himself  in  mercantile  business  on 
the  corner  of  the  present  Stone  and  Broad  streets.  He 
was  connected  with  the  wealthy  families  of  that  day,  and 
occupied  a  prominent  position  among  his  fellow-citizens. 
He  was  elected  alderman  of  the  South  Ward  in  the  year 
1691,  and  for  several  years  following. 

William  Smith,  a  merchant,  established  himself  in  this 
city  about  the  year  1690,  and  married  Francis,  a  daughter 
of  Colonel  William  Peartree.  His  dwelling  was  situated 
on  the  west  side  of  Broadway,  opposite  the  Bowling  Green. 
He  occupied  several  prominent  official  stations  in  the 
province,  among  others  that  of  a  member  of  the  provincial 
council. 

Samuel  Staats,  a  physician,  was  descended  of  an  old 
Dutch  family,  originally  settled  at  Albany.  Doctor  Staats 
was  conspicuous  in  the  times  of  the  so-called  rebellion,  as 
a  friend  of  Leisler.  He  held  a  prominent  position  in  pub- 
lic life  at  that  time,  and  subsequently  was  a  member  of  the 
provincial  council. 

Nicholas  William  Stuyvesant,  a  son  of  the  Dutch  director, 
Petrus  Stuyvesant,  was  born  in  this  city  in  the  year  1648. 
He  married,  first,  Maria,  daughter  of  William  Beekman ; 
second,  Elizabeth  Slechtenhorst.  by  whom  he  had  two  sons 
and  one  daughter.  After  the  death  of  Governor  Stuyve- 
sant, in  1671,  the  subject  of  this  sketch  resided  on  the 
estate  of  his  late  father,  on  the  Bowery  road,  and  upon  the 
death  of  his  mother  in  1684,  he  came  into  the  inheritance 
of  a  large  estate.  Mr.  Stuyvesant  represented  his  ward  as 
an  alderman  in  1687,  and  was  in  other  respects  engaged  in 
public  life.  He  died  in  the  year  1698,  leaving  his  widow 
surviving  and  three  children,  Petrus,  Gcrardus  and  Anna. 


BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES.  243 

• 

William  Teller,  a  wealthy  merchant,  formerly  residing 
at  Albany,  took  up  his  residence  in  New  York,  in  the  later 
years  of  his  life.  He  resided  in  the  present  William 
street,  near  Exchange  place.  Mr.  Teller  died  about  the 
year  1700. 

Cornelius  Van  Borsum,  a  merchant  of  considerable  es- 
tate, residing  on  the  north-westerly  corner  of  the  present 
Whitehall  and  Pearl  streets,  was  a  son  of  the  ancient 
ferryman  of  that  name,  in  the  times  of  the  Dutch.  Mr. 
Van  Borsum  died  in  the  year  1682,  leaving  his  widow, 
Sarah,  surviving,  and  several  children.  His  widow  died 
in  the  year  1693.  This  lady  named  Sarah  was  a  step- 
daughter of  Domine  Bogardus.  She  married  first,  Doctor 
Kierstede  of  this  city;  secondly,  Elbert  Elbertsen,  and 
thirdly,  Cornelius  Van  Borsum. 

Stephanus  Van  Cortlandt,  mayor  in  1677-86-87,  was  a 
son  of  Ololf  Stevensen  Van  Cortland,  an  ancient  and  con- 
spicuous citizen  of  the  early  Dutch  times.  Stephanus  Van 
Cortland  was  the  first  mayor  of  this  city  born  in  America, 
the  date  of  his  birth  in  this  city  being  7th  May,  1643.  In 
1671  he  married  Geertruyd  Schuyler,  of  Albany,  and  en- 
gaged in  mercantile  trade  on  the  line  of  the  present  Pearl 
street,  near  Broad,  then  facing  the  East  river.  His  first 
appointment  as  mayor,  was  at  the  age  of  thirty-four  years, 
and  was  a  high  compliment  to  his  intelligence.  After  a 
life  of  business  and  political  activity,  Mr.  Van  Cortland 
died  in  the  year  1701,  at  the  age  of  fifty-eight  years.  His 
wife  was  then  living,  and  also  eleven  children,  viz.,  John, 
Margaret,  (wife  of  Samuel  Bayard)  Ann,  Olive,  Mary, 
Philip,  Stephanus,  Gertrude,  Elizabeth,  Katherine  and 
Cornelia.  He  left  a  large  estate,  amongst  which  was  an 
extensive  property  south  of  the  Highlands,  afterward 


244  BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES. 

I 

called  Van  Cortland  Manor.  This  was  composed  of  two 
extensive  tracts,  one  known  by  the  Indian  name  Meanagh, 
consisting  of  the  neck  jutting  into  the  river  opposite  Hav- 
erstraw,  and  another  called  Appamapagh,  upon  a  creek 
more  inland. 

Jacobus  Van  Cortland,  the  second  son  of  the  Dutch  Bur- 
gomaster, Oloff  Stephenson  Van  Cortland,  was  an  eminent 
merchant  of  this  city.  He  was  born  in  this  city  on  the 
7th  July,  1668,  and  married  in  1691,  Eva,  daughter  of  the 
wealthy  citizen  Frederick  Philipse.  He  was  elected  to 
represent  the  Dock  Ward  in  the  common  council  for  seve- 
ral years,  and  subsequently  (1710-1719)  held  the  office  of 
mayor.    He  died  in  the  year  1739. 

Rip  Van  Da?n,  was  descended,  it  is  supposed,  from 
Jacob  Van  Dam,  who  was  a  prominent  man  in  New 
Netherland  in  Governor  Stuyvesant's  time.  The  subject 
of  this  sketch  engaged  in  mercantile  pursuits  in  this 
city,  some  years  subsequent  to  the  final  cession  of  the 
country  to  the  English.  His  business  was  prosperous,  and 
he  engaged  in  building  vessels  for  his  business  purposes 
during  several  years.  His  launching  place  being  in  the 
rear  of  the  present  Trinity  church-yard.  In  1693  Mr.  Van 
Dam  entered  public  life  as  assistant  alderman  of  the  South 
ward,  to  which  office  he  was  several  times  re-elected.  In 
the  later  years  of  his  life  Mr.  Van  Dam  was  for  many  years 
a  member  of  the  governor's  council.  In  the  year  1731, 
while  holding  a  seat  in  the  council,  and  being  then  the 
oldest  member,  the  governor  (Montgomerie)  died,  and  Mr. 
Van  Dam,  in  virtue  of  his  position  succeeded  to  the  office, 
and  administered  the  executive  government  for  about  one 
year,  when  his  successor  arrived  from  England.  A  law- 
suit of  an  exciting  character  ensued  between  Mr.  Van 


BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES. 


245 


Dam  and  his  successor,  respecting  the  salary  and  perqui- 
sites of  his  late  station;  the  whole  provincial  community 
taking  sides  with  one  or  the  other  of  the  contestants. 
Mr.  Van  Dam  resided  in  this  city  for  several  years  subse- 
quent to  this  period. 

Guleyn  Verplanck  was  a  son  of  Abraham  Verplanck.  one 
of  the  earliest  inhabitants  of  this  city.  He  served  a 
mercantile  clerkship  with  Allard  Anthony,  and  subse- 
quently engaged  in  business.  He  married  a  daughter  of 
Madam  Wessells.  Mr.  Verplanck  was  an  active  man  in 
public  affairs.  He  held  the  office  of  schepen  in  1674.  and 
alderman  in  several  successive  years.  He  died  in  the 
year  1684. 

Isaac  Van  Vleck.  This  gentleman  purchased  a  brewery 
at  the  upper  end  of  the  present  Broad  street,  in  1670.  for- 
merly belonging  to  Pieter  Wolfertsen  Van  Couwenhovcn, 
where  he  afterward  resided  until  his  death,  and  conducted 
a  prosperous  brewing  business.  He  represented  his  ward 
during  several  years  as  alderman.  Mr.  Van  Vleck  died 
in  the  year  1695. 

William  Vcsey,  the  first  rector  of  Trinity  Church,  was 
invited  hither  from  England,  and  preached  his  first  sermon 
on  Sunday,  13th  March,  1697.  In  March  of  the  following 
year  he  married  Mrs.  Mary  Reade,  a  widow,  then  residing 
in  this  city.  Mr.  Vesey  continued  his  service  in  the 
church  for  many  years  subsequent  to  this  period;  and  died 
while  still  pastor  in  1746.  He  was  succeeded  by  the  Rev. 
Mr.  Barclay. 

Robert  Walters,  a  merchant  of  this  city,  married  one  of 
the  daughters  of  Jacob  Leislcr,  and  was,  although  at  this 
period  a  young  man.  an  active  participant  in  public  affairs. 


246 


BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES. 


He  subsequently  held  the  office  of  mayor,  and  member  of 
the  provincial  council. 

Thomas  Weaver,  attorney-general  of  the  province  in  the 
time  of  Governor  Bellamont,  resided  in  this  country  but 
a  short  time,  having  taken  an  active  part  against  the  anti- 
Leislerian  party,  he  was  compelled,  upon  the  reinstate- 
ment of  that  faction  in  power,  to  fly  from  this  province. 

Samuel  Wilson,  a  merchant  of  great  wealth,  established 
himself  in  New  York  soon  after  the  cession  to  the  Eng- 
lish, his  residence  being  on  the  south  side  of  the  present 
Wall  street,  near  Pearl.  Mr.  Wilson  was  a  prominent 
citizen,  and  active  in  public  life.  He  died  in  the  year 
1689,  leaving  a  widow  and  two  sons. 

Thomas  Willett,  mayor  in  1665-7.  Captain  Willett,  the 
first  mayor  of  New  York,  was  an  Englishman,  who  emigrat- 
ed to  America  with  the  pilgrims,  and  arrived  at  Plymouth 
in  the  year  1629.  He  soon  after  engaged  in  trade  with 
the  neighboring  settlements,  and  was  one  of  the  pioneers 
of  the  carrying  trade  on  the  Sound,  between  this  city 
(then  New  Amsterdam)  and  the  English  settlements.  He  is 
found  to  have  acquired  landed  interests  in  this  city  as  early 
as  the  year  1645,  and  probably  had  a  temporary  residence 
here  at  that  period.  In  subsequent  years,  when  questions 
of  territorial  boundary  arose  between  the  Dutch  and  their 
English  neighbors,  he  was  an  efficient  and  active  negotia- 
tor between  the  respective  parties,  as  he  had  acquired  a 
knowledge  of  the  Dutch  language  from  his  constant  inter- 
course with  them.  On  the  conquest  of  this  city  by  Col. 
Nichols,  in  1664,  it  was  the  policy  of  that  officer  to  con- 
ciliate the  Dutch  inhabitants  by  the  appointment  of  magis- 
trates as  nearly  as  possible  unobjectionable  to.  the  Dutch, 


HOGRAPIIICAL  SKETCHES. 


for  which  purpose  Captain  Willett  was  chosen  as  the  head 
of  the  magistracy.  After  his  retirement  from  office,  hav- 
ing become  advanced  in  age,  he  removed  to  his  farm  in 
Rehoboth,  now  in  the  town  of  Seekonk,  Bristol  county, 
Mass..  where  he  died  August  4,  1674. 

Captain  Willett  married,  July  6,  1636,  Mary,  a  daughter 
of  John  Brown,  of  Plymouth,  by  whom  he  had  the  follow- 
ing children  :  Thomas,  Hester,  Rebecca,  James,  Andrew, 
Samuel  and  Hezekiah,  the  last  of  whom  was  murdered  by 
the  Indians,  during  Philip's  War  in  1676.  Captain  Willett 
left  considerable  property  in  the  province  of  New  York, 
and  his  son  Thomas  resided  here,  and  became  one  of  the 
leading  citizens  of  his  time.  The  ashes  of  Mayor  Willett, 
lie  buried  in  an  humble  grave-yard  in  the  town  of  Seekonk, 
Mass.,  a  place  seldom  visited  by  the  footsteps  of  man;  a 
plain  monument  marking  the  spot  where  his  remains  are 
interred. 


CHAPTER  XVIII. 


PUBLIC  AFFAIRS  FROM   1700  TO  172S. 

The  divisions  which  had  so  greatly  perturbed  the  com- 
munity during  the  exciting  administration  of  Leisler,  had 
left  their  stamp  upon  the  public  mind  so  deeply  that  their 
influence  can  be  distinctly  traced  during  many  subsequent 
years. 

During  the  administration  of  the  Earl  of  Bellamont, 
the  adherents  of  Leisler  had  been  favored  by  the  counte- 
nance of  the  government,  and  the  rival  party  had  conse- 
quently been  powerless.  By  the  death  of  that  governor, 
however,  a  prospect  of  brighter  fortunes  was  opened  to 
the  latter  faction;  and  at  the  election  for  the  city,  in  the 
fall  of  1701,  a  severe  contest  took  place  for  the  supremacy 
in  the  city  government. 

The  common  council  was,  at  that  time,  composed  of  the 
mayor,  recorder,  six  aldermen  and  six  assistants.  If  the 
vote  in  the  common  council  were  equal,  the  mayor  had  a 
casting  vote.  Mr.  Nocll,  the  mayor  elect,  was  an  "  anti- 
Leislerian,"  while  the  recorder,  Mr.  Abraham  Gouverneur, 
was  a  "  Leislerian."  The  strife  to  gain  a  majority  of  the 
common  council  was  severe,  and  the  votes,  in  some  of  the 
wards,  very  close.  There  were  six  wards,  and  as  the 
aldermen  made  the  returns  of  the  election,  every  alderman 


Country  house  near  Kip's  Bay.  on  the  fast  river.  Erected  about  the  year  1696. 


CONTESTED  ELECTION  OF  1701. 


249 


returned  the  candidate  of  his  own  party  elected.  Three 
of  these  returns  were  undisputed,  viz  : 

Dock  Ward — Philip  French,  alderman,  and  Robert  Lur- 
ting,  assistant — "  anti-Leislerian." 

Out  Ward — Martin  Clock,  alderman,  and  Abraham 
Messier,  assistant—4'  Leislerian." 

North  Ward — Jacob  Boelen,  alderman,  and  Gerrit  On- 
clebag,  assistant — "  Leislerian/7 

The  aldermen  of  the  other  three  wards,  who  were  last, 
year  of  the  Leislerian  party,  and  who  had  been  candidates 
for  re-election,  returned  themselves  elected,  viz  : 

East  Ward — Johannes  Depeyster,  alderman,  and  Abra- 
ham Brazier,  assistant. 

West  Ward — David  Provoost,  alderman,  and  Peter  Wil- 
liams Roorne,  assistant. 

South  Ward — Nicholas  Roosevelt,  alderman,  and  Hcn- 
drick  Jellison,  assistant. 

It  being  apparent,  from  the  close  and  perhaps  doubtful 
nature  of  the  vote,  that  the  elections  of  these  wards  would 
be  contested,  and  that  the  new  mayor — who  it  was  well 
known  would  be  of  the  opposite  faction — would  refuse  to 
swear  in  the  members  according  to  the  returns,  they 
departed  from  the  usual  course,  and  all  the  Leislerians 
procured  themselves  to  be  sworn  in  by  the  retiring  mayor, 
who  was  of  their  party. 

On  the  usual  day  for  initiating  the  mayor  and  members 
of  the  common  council  (14th  October,  1702.)  Mr.  Xoell. 
the  new  mayor,  was,  according  to  custom,  sworn  before  the 
governor  and  council,  in  the  fort,  and  thence  proceeded, 
with  the  customary  solemnities,  to  Trinity  Church,  where 
an  appropriate  sermon  was  preached  for  the  occasion  by 
the  Rev.  Mr.  Vesey;  from  thence,  attended  by  the  recorder 


250 


CONTESTED  ELECTION  OF  1701- 


and  the  several  contesting  aldermen  and  assistants,  and 
other  citizens,  he  proceeded  to  the  city-hall,  and  after  the 
ringing  of  the  bell,  published  his  commission.  He  afterward 
took  the  mayoralty  chair,  when  Mr.  De  Eiemer,  the  late 
mayor,  presented  him  with  the  city  charter  and  seal.  Mr. 
Gouverneur,  the  recorder,  then  placed  himself  on  the  bench, 
at  the  side  of  the  mayor,  as  did  also  Messrs.  Depeyster, 
Provoost,  Roosevelt,  Boelen  and  Clock,  and  their  assist- 
ants, who  had  all  been  sworn  by  the  old  mayor.  Mayor 
Noell  then  ordered  the  clerk,  Mr.  Sharpas,  to  proceed  in 
swearing  the  members  elect,  and  he  called  those  who  had 
the  returns.  They  all  replied,  however,  that  they  had 
been  sworn  already,  except  French  and  Lurting,  of  the 
South  Ward,  to  whom  the  oath  was  then  administered,  and 
they  took  their  seats  at  the  board. 

There  were  then  writs  of  mandamus  handed  to  the 
mayor,  which  had  been  issued  out  of  the  Supreme  Court, 
commanding  him  to  swear  Brandt  Schuyler,  alderman, 
and  Johannes  Jansen,  assistant,  of  the  South  Ward; 
John  Hutchins,  alderman,  and  Robert  White,  assistant,  of 
the  West  Ward  ;  William  Morris,  alderman,  and  Jeremiah 
Tuthill,  assistant,  of  the  East  Ward.  Upon  the  reading 
of  one  of  these,  in  the  court  room,  there  being  a  large 
crowd  of  citizens  present,  a  general  clamor  ensued;  some 
affirming  that  the  members  were  not  legally  sworn  by  the 
old  mayor,  others  maintaining  the  contrary.  The  ferment 
and  uproar  rose  to  such  a  height  that  a  general  conflict 
was  impending;  and  the  mayor  rose  and  dissolved  the  meet- 
ing, upon  which  the  multitude  dispersed  without  collision. 

As  all  the  Leislerian  party  had  refused  to  be  sworn  by 
Mayor  Noell,  he  declined  to  sit  with  them  as  a  common 
council;  and  as  there  could  not  legally  be  a  scrutiny  of 


CONTESTED  ELECTION  OF  1701. 


251 


the  disputed  elections  except  by  order  of  the  common 
council,  it  was  apparent  that  the  city  would  be  without  a 
government,  unless  some  other  measures  were  taken.  Mr. 
Noell  took  it  upon  himself  to  order  a  scrutiny  of  the  elec- 
tions in  the  several  wards,  and  appointed  four  persons  in 
each  ward,  two  of  each  party,  to  conduct  the  investigation. 
The  "  Leislerians"  appointed  on  these  committees,  how- 
ever, refused  to  serve,  and  their  party  refused  to  recognize 
or  take  any  part  whatever  in  a  scrutiny  thus  ordered — 
maintaining  that  it  was  wholly  irregular;  the  common 
council  alone,  being,  by  law,  the  judges  of  the  qualifica- 
tions of  its  own  members.  But  the  persons  of  the  "  anti- 
Leislcrian"  party,  who  had  been  thus  appointed,  proceeded 
with  their  labor,  and  returned  the  names  of  all  the  voters 
in  the  disputed  wards,  with  the  party  for  which  they  sev- 


erally voted. 

The  report  was  as  follows  : 

South  Ward. 

Legal  votes  for  Schuyler  and  Jansen  53 

Illegal    "  "  "    6 

59 

Legal  votes  for  Roosevelt  and  Jellisen  40 

Illegal    "  "  "    7 

47 

West  Ward. 

Legal  votes  for  Hutchins  and  White  71 

Illegal    "  "  "    7 

78 

Legal  votes  for  Provoost  and  Roome  38 

Illegal    "  «  "    2 


40 


252 


CONTESTED  ELECTION  OF  1701, 


East  Ward. 

Legal  votes  for  Morris  and  Tuthill  89 

Illegal    "  "  "   11 

100 

Legal  votes  for  De  Peyster  and  Brazier   72 

Illegal     "  "  "   24 

90 

The  committees  of  scrutiny  therefore  came  to  an  oppo- 
site conclusion  from  that  of  the  former  returns,  and  instead 
of  all  "  Leislerians,''  reported  the  election  of  all  their  own 
party.  Acting  upon  the  reports  thus  made,  Mayor  Noel  I 
proceeded,  on  the  11th  of  November,  to  swear  in  the  mem- 
bers so  reported  to  have  been  elected.  He  left  his  house, 
attended  by  those  gentlemen  and  by  Alderman  French. 
"When  they  came  to  the  city-hall,  all  the  Leislerians  joined 
them,  and  went  into  the  chamber,  taking  their  seats  on  the 
bench  of  magistracy,  by  his  side.  Mr.  Noell  insisted  that 
they  had  no  right  to  sit  there,  but  stated  that  he  should 
offer  no  violence  to  remove  them.  He  then  proceeded  to 
swear  in  the  other  members;  upon  which  those  on  the 
bench  loudly  protested  against  such  proceeding.  Never- 
theless, the  clerk  administered  the  oaths  amid  the  uproar, 
and  the  newly  sworn  members  also  took  their  seats  on  the 
bench;  and  thus  the  whole  twenty  were  sitting  there 
together,  all  determined  to  take  part  in  the  transaction  of 
business,  if  any  thing  were  done.  The  mayor  then  ad- 
journed the  board  for  a  fortnight. 

On  the  23d  of  December  the  common  council  was  finally 
organized,  in  consequence  of  the  judgment  of  the  Supreme 
Court,  which  gave  the  seats  of  the  South  and  West  Wards 
to  the  anti-Leislerian  members,  and  of  the  East  Ward  to 
the  Leislerians;  so  that  there  was  an  equal  division  of  the 


CORXEURY — LOVELACE — KUXTER. 


253 


aldermen  and  assistants  between  the  two  parties — and  the 
mayor  aud  recorder  being  also  of  opposite  parties,  the 
board  stood  equally  divided. 

The  governor,  appointed  to  succeed  Bellamont.  was  Ed- 
ward Hyde,  commonly  called  Lord  Corxbury,  a  son  of 
the  Earl  of  Clarendon.  He  arrived  in  this  city  in  May. 
1702,  and  his  countenance  was  at  once  given  to  the  anti- 
Leislerian  party.  The  administration  of  Lord  Cornbury 
is  allowed  to  have  been  disgraceful  to  his  personal  charac- 
ter. His  private  debts,  contracted  with  traders  and 
mechanics  in  this  city,  were  numerous;  and  by  his  position 
in  the  government,  no  legal  process  could  reach  him.  Ho 
refused  to  adjust  these  trifling  matters,  and  abused  his 
creditors.  By  these  and  similar  practices,  and  by  his  gen- 
eral habits  of  arrogance,  joined  to  his  political  tendencies, 
lie  became  greatly  obnoxious  to  the  people,  who  drew  up  a 
complaint  against  him,  which  received  the  attention  of  the 
government  in  England,  and  he  was  superseded  in  the  year 
1708.  As  soon  as  the  process  of  the  law  was  thus  enabled 
to  reach  him,  his  creditors  threw  him  into  the  custody  of 
the  sheriff,  and  he  remained  in  Xew  York  until  the  death 
of  his  father,  when,  succeeding  to  the  earldom  of  Claren- 
don, he  returned  to  England,  leaving  several  poor  trades- 
men unsatisfied  in  their  just  demands. 

John.  Lord  Lovelace,  Baron  of  Hurley,  was  appointed 
to  the  government  in  the  spring  of  1708,  but  did  not 
arrive  here  until  the  18th  of  December  following.  His 
administration  was  not  destined  to  long  continuance,  as  in 
-May,  of  the  following  year  (1709,)  he  died  of  a  disorder 
contracted  in  crossing  the  ferry,  at  his  first  arrival  in 
Xew  York. 

In  June,  1710.  Brigadier  Huxter  arrived  in  this  city. 


254 


EXPEDITION  AGAINST  CANADA. 


with  a  commission  as  governor  of  the  province.  This  gen- 
tleman was  a  native  of  Scotland,  and  when  a  boy  had  been 
placed  to  apprenticeship  with  an  apothecary.  He  left 
this  employment,  and  went  into  the  army,  and  being  a  man 
of  wit  and  personal  beauty,  recommended  himself  to  Lady 
Hay,  whom  he  afterward  married. 

An  occasion  of  considerable  excitement  in  this  city, 
during  the  administration  of  Governor  Hunter,  was  a  pro- 
ject set  on  foot  against  the  French,  in  Canada.  This  expe- 
dition was  secretly  organized  by  the  English  ministry, 
with  a  view  to  surprise  the  French;  but  the  measure  was 
so  inadequately  arranged  that  its  result  was  utter  failure. 
In  June,  1711,  the  fleet,  destined  for  the  project,  arrived 
off  Boston,  and  the  governor  of  New  York  immediately 
convened  his  assembly,  and  advised  them  that  the  co- 
operation of  this  province  was  called  for  in  recruiting 
soldiers  and  furnishing  contingencies.  The  house  was  so 
well  pleased  with  the  design  upon  Canada,  that  they  voted 
an  address  of  thanks  to  the  queen,  and  sent  a  congrat- 
ulatory address  to  the  commander  of  the  forces.  In  a 
few  days'  time  an  act  was  passed  for  raising  forces;  and 
bills  of  credit,  for  forwarding  the  expedition,  were  struck 
to  the  amount  of  ten  thousand  pounds. 

While  the  preparations  were  making  at  New  York,  the 
fleet,  consisisting  of  twelve  men-of-war,  forty  transports 
and  six  store  ships,  with  forty  horses,  a  fine  train  of  artil 
lcry,  and  all  manner  of  warlike  equipments,  sailed  for 
Canada  from  Boston;  the  design  being  to  form  a  junction 
with  the  land  forces  from.  New  York,  in  the  river  St.  Law- 
rence. About  a  month  afterward  the  colonial  troops,  to 
the  number  of  four  thousand  men,  raised  principally  in 
New  York,  with  some  assistance  from  Connecticut  and  New 


EXPEDITION"  AGAINST  CANADA. 


255 


Jersey,  arrived  at  Albany,  on  their  way  to  the  place  of 
junction  with  the  fleet. 

On  the  14th  of  August  the  fleet  arrived  in  the  mouth  of 
the  St.  Lawrence  river.  Fearing  here  to  lose  the  company 
of  the  transports,  the  wind  blowing  fresh,  Sir  Hovedon 
Walker,  the  admiral,  put  into  Gaspy  Bay,  and  continued 
there  till  the  20th  of  the  same  month.  Two  days  after  he 
sailed  from  thence  the  fleet  was  in  the  utmost  danger,  for 
they  had  no  soundings,  were  without  sight  of  land,  the 
wind  high  at  south-east,  and  the  sky  darkened  by  a  thick 
fog.  In  these  circumstances  the  fleet  brought  to,  by  the 
advice  of  the  pilots,  who  were  of  opinion  that  if  the  ships 
lay  with  their  heads  to  the  southward,  they  might  be 
driven  by  the  stream  into  the  midst  of  the  channel;  but 
instead  of  that,  in  two  hours  after  they  found  themselves 
on  the  north  shore,  among  rocks  and  islands,  and  upon  the 
point  of  being  lost.  The  men-of-war  escaped;  but  eight 
transports,  containing  eight  hundred  souls,  officers,  sol- 
diers and  seamen,  were  cast  away.  Two  or  three  days 
being  spent  in  recovering  what  they  could  from  the  shore, 
it  was  determined,  at  a  consultation  of  sea  officers,  to  re- 
turn to  some  bay  or  harbor,  till  a  further  resolution  should 
be  taken.  On  the  14th  of  September  they  arrived  at 
Spanish  River  Bay,  where  a  council  of  war,  considering 
that  they  had  but  ten  weeks'  provisions,  and  judging  that 
they  could  not  depend  upon  a  supply,  unanimously  con- 
cluded to  return  home  without  making  any  further  at- 
tempts; and  they  accordingly  arrived  at  Portsmouth  on 
the  9th  of  October,  when,  in  addition  to  their  misfortunes, 
the  Edgar,  a  seventy  gun  ship,  was  blown  up,  having  on 
board  above  four  hundred  men,  besides  many  persons  who 
came  to  visit  their  friends. 


256 


GOVERMOR  BURNET. 


The  great  mistake  of  this  expedition  was  the  inadequate 
supply  of  provisions,  which  was  totally  insufficient  in  view 
of  the  accidents  to  be  anticipated  from  the  character  of 
the  project.  Its  unfortunate  result  left  this  province  in  a 
much  worse  condition  than  before.  The  enemy  harrassed 
the  frontier  settlements,  and  threatened  a  general  descent 
upon  the  country.  The  public  debt  was  greatly  increased, 
and  the  resources  of  the  province  were  overburdened. 

In  the  elections,  following  soon  after,  the  governor  found 
himself  in  a  minority,  and  the  exertions  of  government  to 
bring  the  subject  of  the  public  debt  before  the  assembly, 
were  unsuccessful;  indeed  no  attention  was  paid  to  this 
subject  until  the  summer  of  1714.  The  necessity  of  action, 
however,  became  so  obvious  that  no  longer  delay  could 
ensue,  and  a  long  session  was  devoted  to  that  single  affair. 
Innumerable  were  the  demands  presented  against  the  gov- 
ernment; the  total  amounting  to  about  twenty-eight  thou- 
sand pounds,  for  which,  in  the  end,  bills  of  credit  were 
issued. 

Governor  Hunter  remained  here  until  the  year  1719, 
when  his  state  of  health  and  his  family  affairs  called  him 
to  England,  whence  he  did  not  return. 

The  successor  to  Governor  Hunter  was  William  Bur- 
net, Esq.,  who  arrived  in  New  York  in  September,  1720. 
He  was  a  son  of  the  celebrated  Bishop  Burnet,  and  was 
personally  a  gentleman  of  considerable  talent  and  popular 
manners.  He  became  connected  with  the  resident  inhabit- 
ants of  this  city  by  more  intimate  ties  than  those  of  official 
relationship,  having  married,  not  long  after  his  arrival, 
Miss  Van  Horn,  daughter  of  one  of  the  principal  merchants 
of  the  city. 

The  administration  of  Governor  Burnet  would  probably 


INDIAN   TRADE.  257 

have  been  more  popular  if  his  views  had  been  less  compre- 
hensive, and  more  inclined  to  favor  the  existing,  rather  than 
the  ulterior,  benefit  of  the  province.  Even  at  this  period 
a  prominent  interest  of  the  trading  part  of  the  community 
was,  as  it  had  been  from  the  first  settlement  of  the  country, 
connected  with  the  Indian  traffic.  The  white  population, 
in  its  gradual  progress,  had  pushed  back  the  natives  from 
the  shores  of  the  Hudson  into  the  interior  wilds;  but  nev- 
ertheless, the  Indians  finding  behind  them  the  streams  and 
forests,  still  abounding  with  the  beaver,  the  otter  and 
other  animals,  furnishing  desirable  skins,  continued  their 
visits  to  the  white  settlements,  with  peltries  for  traffic.  A 
large  amount  of  goods,  of  European  manufacture,  thus 
found  a  profitable  market.  The  great  obstacle  to  a  monop- 
oly of  the  Indian  trade  arose  from  the  French,  in  Canada, 
whose  settlements  were  more  remote  than  those  of  New 
York,  and  who  therefore  had  the  advantage  of  intercept- 
ing the  "  far  Indians"  in  their  trading  journeys,  and  of 
appropriating  to  themselves  a  great  proportion  of  the 
coveted  traffic.  It  was  the  practice,  however,  of  the  French 
to  purchase  their  trading  goods  in  New  York;  the  articles, 
most  in  demand  among  the  Indians,  being  such  as  were  of 
English  manufacture.  By  reason  of  this  custom  nearly  all 
the  goods  used  in  the  Indian  trade  came  from  England 
through  New  York;  and  the  only  advantage  to  be  desired 
was  that  of  a  monopoly  of  the  direct  trade  with  the  In- 
dians, instead  of  a  partially  intermediate  one  through  the 
French.  It  was  evident  that  by  refusing  to  sell  English 
goods  to  French  traders,  the  latter  would  be  greatly  crip- 
pled in  their  operations,  and  many  of  the  Indians  would 
be  diverted  from  intercourse  with  them.  To  effect  this 
result,  the  government  resolved,  in  the  first  place,  to  pro- 
17 


258  INDIAN  TRADE. 

hibit  sales  of  goods  to  the  French;  and  secondly,  to  pursue 
their  own  advantage  by  encouraging  young  men  of  New 
York  to  push  their  adventures  into  the  far  wilderness,  and 
thus  establish  an  intercourse  with  the  more  remote  nations 
of  Indians. 

Soon  after  the  establishment  of  this  policy  (about  the 
year  1720,)  the  youths  of  our  principal  families  engaged  in 
enterprises  of  this  character.  The  nature  of  their  under- 
takings is  described,  in  an  interesting  manner,  by  Mrs. 
Grant,  from  whose  work  we  extract  the  following  : 

"  The  '  boy'  (as  such  the  young  men  were  commonly 
called,)  in  commencing  life,  demanded  of  his  father  forty 
or  fifty  dollars,  a  negro  boy  and  a  canoe.  He  arrayed 
himself  in  a  habit  very  little  differing  from  that  of  the 
aborigines  into  whose  bounds  he  was  about  to  penetrate, 
and  commenced  Indian  trader.  The  small  bark  canoe  in 
which  the  adventurer  embarked  himself,  his  fortune  and  his 
faithful  squire  (who  was  generally  born  in  the  same  house, 
and  predestined  to  his  service,)  was  launched,  and  he  set 
out  upon  his  journey.  The  canoe  was  entirely  filled  with 
coarse  strouds  and  blankets,  guns,  powder,  beads,  &c, 
suited  to  the  various  wants  and  fancies  of  the  natives. 
One  pernicious  article  was  never  wanting,  and  often  made 
a  great  part  of  the  cargo ;  this  was  ardent  spirits,  for  which 
the  natives  too  early  acquired  a  relish,  and  the  possession 
of  which  always  proved  dangerous  and  sometimes  fatal  to 
the  traders.  The  Mohawks  bring  their  furs  and  other 
peltry  habitually  to  the  stores  of  their  wonted  friends  and 
patrons;  but  it  was  not  in  that  easy  and  safe  direction  that 
these  trading  adventures  extended. 

"  The  canoe  was  generally  steered  toward  the  Canadian 
frontier.    They  passed  by  the  Flats  and  Stonehook  in  the 


INDIAN  TRADE. 


259 


outset  of  their  journey.  Then  commenced  their  toils  and 
dangers,  at  the  famous  waterfall,  called  the  Cohoes,  ten 
miles  above  Albany ;  where  three  rivers,  uniting  their 
streams  into  one,  dash  over  a  rocky  shelf,  and  falling  into 
a  gulf  below,  with  great  violence,  raise  clouds  of  mist,  be- 
decked with  splendid  rainbows.  This  was  the  Rubicon 
which  they  had  to  cross  before  they  plunged  into  pathless 
woods,  ingulfing  swamps  and  lakes,  the  opposite  shores  of 
which  the  eye  could  not  reach. 

"  At  the  Cohoes,  on  account  of  the  obstruction  formed 
by  the  torrent,  they  unloaded  their  canoe,  and  carried  it 
above  a  mile  farther  upon  their  shoulders,  returning  again 
for  the  cargo,  which  they  were  obliged  to  transport  in  the 
same  manner;  this  was  but  a  pre'ude,to  labors  and  dangers 
incredible  to  those  who  dwell  at  ease.  Further  on,  much 
longer  carrying  places  frequently  recurred,  where  they  had 
the  vessel  and  cargo  to  drag  through  thickets,  impervious 
to  the  day,  abounding  with  snakes  and  wild  beasts,  which 
are  always  to  be  found  on  the  side  of  rivers. 

Their  provision  of  food  was  necessarily  small,  from 
fear  of  overloading  the  slender  and  unstable  conveyance, 
already  crowded  with  goods.  A  little  dried  beef  and 
Indian  corn  meal  was  their  whole  stock,  though  they  for- 
merly enjoyed  both  plenty  and  variety.  They  were  obliged 
to  depend,  in  a  great  measure,  upon  their  own  skill  in 
hunting  and  fishing,  and  on  the  hospitalities  of  the  In- 
dians; for  hunting,  indeed,  they  had  small  leisure,  their 
time  being  sedulously  employed  by  the  obstacles  that 
retarded  their  progress.  In  their  slight  and  fragile  canoes 
they  were  often  obliged  to  cross  great  lakes,  on  which  the 
wind  raised  a  terrible  surge. 

Afraid  of  going  into  the  tracks  of  the  French  traders, 


260 


INDIAN  TRADE. 


who  were  always  dangerous  rivals,  and  often  declared 
enemies,  they  durst  not  follow  the  direction  of  the  St. 
Lawrence,  but,  in  search  of  distant  territories  and  unknown 
tribes,  were  wont  to  deviate  to  the  east  and  the  south- 
west, forcing  their  painful  way  toward  the  source  of  riv- 
ers "  unknown  to  song,"  whose  winding  course  was  often 
interrupted  by  shallows,  and  oftener  still  by  fallen  trees, 
of  great  magnitude,  lying  across,  which  it  was  requisite 
to  cut  through  with  their  axes,  before  they  could  proceed. 

"  When  the  toils  and  dangers  of  the  day  were  over,  the 
still  greater  terrors  of  the  night  commenced.  In  this, 
which  might  literally  be  styled  the  howling  wilderness, 
they  were  forced  to  sleep  in  the  open  air,  which  was  fre- 
quently loaded  with,  humid  evaporation  of  swamps  and 
redundant  vegetation.  Here  the  axe  must  be  employed 
to  procure  the  materials  of  a  large  fire,  even  in  the  warm- 
est weather.  This  precaution  was  necessary  that  the  flies 
and  mosquitoes  might  be  expelled  by  the  smoke,  and  that 
the  wolves  and  bears  might  be  deterred  by  the  flame  from 
encroaching  on  their  place  of  rest. 

"  The  traders  steered  through  the  pathless  forests  with- 
out compass  or  guide  of  any  sort.  In  those  gloomy  days, 
when  the  sun  was  not  visible,  or  in  winter,  when  the 
falling  snows  obscured  his  beams,  they  made  an  incision 
on  the  bark  on  the  different  sides  of  a  tree.  That  on  the 
north  was  found  invariably  thicker  than  the  other,  and 
covered  with  moss  in  much  greater  quantity;  and  this 
never-failing  indication  of  the  polar  influence,  was  to 
those  sagacious  travelers  a  sufficient  guide.  They  had 
indeed  several  subordinate  monitors.  Knowing  as  well 
as  they  did  the  quality  of  the  soil,  by  the  trees  or  plants 
most  prevalent,  they  could  avoid  a  swamp,  or  approach 


INDIAN  TRADE. 


261 


with  certainty  to  a  river  or  high  ground,  if  such  was  their 
wish,  by  means  that  to  us  would  seem  incomprehensible. 

"  When  at  length  they  arrived  at  the  place  of  their 
destination,  these  daring  adventurers  found  occasion  for 
no  little  address,  patience,  and  indeed  courage,  before  they 
could  dispose  of  their  cargo,  and  return  safely  with  the 
profits.  It  is  utterly  inconceivable  how  a  single  season 
spent  in  this  manner,  ripened  the  mind  and  changed  the 
whole  appearance,  nay  the  very  character  of  the  counte- 
nance of  these  demi-savages,  for  such  they  seem  on  return- 
ing from  the  forests.  Lofty,  sedate  and  collected,  they 
seem  masters  of  themselves  and  independent  of  others." 

The  policy  of  Governor  Burnet,  in  excluding  the 
French  trade,  drew  upon  him  the  opposition  of  several  of 
the  New  York  merchants,  (led  by  Mr.  Delancey)  whose 
trade  was  directly  affected  by  the  measure,  and  who  en- 
deavored, by  various  schemes,  to  induce  the  government 
in  England  to  direct  the  repeal  of  the  act,  They  were 
unsuccessful  at  that  time,  but  being  a  powerful  interest  in 
the  city,  they  led  an  opposition  to  Governor  Burnet,  which 
finally  succeeded  in  procuring  a  majority  in  the  assembly; 
and  so  far  harrassed  his  government  that,  at  his  wish,  he 
was  relieved  from  the  charge  of  the  province,  and  trans- 
ferred to  Massachusetts  in  1728.  In  the  year  1729  the  act 
prohibiting  the  French  trade  was  repealed;  but  the  wisdom 
of  Governor  Burnet's  policy  was  afterward  admitted,  when 
its  results  were  better  appreciated. 


CHAPTER  XIX. 


PUBLIC  AFFAIRS  FROM  THE  TEAK  172S  TO  1750. 

The  successor  of  Governor  Burnet  was  John  Montgom- 
ery, Esq.,  who  entered  upon  his  official  duties  on  the  loth 
of  April,  1728.  This  gentleman  was  of  Scotch  parentage, 
and  had  been  bred  a  soldier;  but  had  latterly,  before  his 
appointment  to  this  government,  been  favored  by  the  king 
with  a  civil  office  in  the  royal  family,  having  served  as 
groom  of  the  chamber  to  the  Prince  of  Wales,  who.  on 
becoming  king,  rewarded  him  with  the  emoluments  and 
dignity  of  governor  of  New  York.  His  character,  how- 
ever, was  better  suited  to  his  former  domestic  dignity  than 
to  the  control  of  political  elements  which  had  for  years 
furnished  an  overabundant  task  for  abler  predecessors. 
His  good  humor,  however,  for  the  moment,  had  the  effect 
to  please  the  people  of  Xew  York:  and  during  his  short 
administration,  having  complacently  permitted  the  affaire 
of  the  government  to  go  on.  without  much  interference  on 
his  part,  his  administration  presented  no  particular  mark 
of  assault.  The  principal  act  by  which  his  name  was  ren- 
dered interesting  in  the  history  of  this  city,  was  the  grant 
of  an  amended  city  charter,  in  the  year  1730.  in  which 
many  privileges  were  more  specifically  enrolled,  particu- 
larly those  relating  to  the  Long  Island  Ferry. 


1 


RIP  VAN  DAM. 


263 


Governor  Montgomerie  died  on  the  1st  of  July,  1731, 
much  lamented. 

By  the  death  of  Mr.  Montgomerie,  the  chief  functions 
of  government  devolved,  until  the  appointment  of  his  suc- 
cessor, upon  Rip  Van  Dam,  a  merchant,  bred  from  his 
early  youth  in  this  city.  Mr.  Van  Dam  had,  in  the  course 
of  trade,  acquired  a  considerable  fortune.  He  had  long 
taken  an  active  interest  in  public  affairs,  and  at  the  period 
referred  to,  was  the  oldest  member  of  the  governor's  coun- 
cil, and  ex  officio  the  second  officer  in  the  government.  The 
office,  thus  devolved  upon  him,  was  held  until  the  1st  of 
August,  1732,  a  period  of  thirteen  months,  when  he  deliv- 
ered the  seals  of  government  to  his  successor. 

Colonel  William  Cosby,  the  new  governor,  had  for- 
merly been  governor  of  Minorca;  and  having  lately 
returned  to  England,  had  become  somewhat  distinguished 
by  his  activity  in  behalf  of  these  colonies.  The  auspices, 
therefore,  under  which  he  entered  upon  the  government  of 
this  province,  were  favorable  to  his  popularity,  and  much 
good  was  anticipated  by  our  people  from  his  appointment. 
His  preliminary  arrangements  for  his  departure  hither 
were,  however,  of  a  character  which  sufficiently  evinced  a 
radical  defect  in  those  qualifications  suited  to  a  satisfac- 
tory administration  of  government  over  a  people  jealous, 
to  a  peculiar  degree,  of  the  designs  of  their  superiors. 
Mr.  Van  Dam  had,  from  the  circumstances  attending  his 
former  position  in  the  council,  been  invested  with  all  the 
powers,  duties  and  rights  of  the  executive  authority,  and 
had  been  allowed  by  .the  assembly  to  draw  the  full  salary 
from  the  public  funds,  to  the  amount  of  about  two  thousand 
pounds.  Governor  Cosby,  before  his  departure  from  Eng- 
land, in  the  spirit  which  then  deplorably  affected  the  mem- 


264 


GOVERNOR  COSBY. 


bers  of  the  home  government  in  their  dealings  with 
colonial  matters,  had  procured  an  order  upon  Mr.  Yan 
Dam  to  pay  over  to  him  one  half  of  the  fees  and  emolu- 
ments of  the  office  during  his  late  exercise  of  the  chief 
authority;  and  accordingly,  soon  after  his  arrival,  he  made 
a  demand  upon  Mr.  Yan  Dam  for  payment  of  that  propor- 
tion. The  latter,  however,  refused  to  comply  with  the 
demand;  alleging,  in  addition  to  the  evident  partiality  of 
the  order  of  the  home  government,  that  even  if  it  were 
legal,  yet  it  could  only  be  construed  as  an  order  to  divide 
the  emoluments  of  the  office  during  the  time  he  exercised 
its  functions;  and  inasmuch  as  Colonel  Cosby  had,  while 
in  England,  and  before  assuming  his  duties,  been  allowed 
the  receipt  of  a  very  considerable^amount  of  fees,  in  antic- 
ipation of  his  actual  incumbency  of  the  office,  that  these 
should  be  included  with  the  ordinary  salary,  as  the  emolu- 
ments of  the  office — in  which  point  of  view  he  claimed  a 
balance,  due  to  himself,  of  a  large  sum  of  money. 

The  pertinacity  with  which  both  parties  maintained 
their  positions  soon  found  a  responsive  feeling  among  the 
people,  and  Mr.  Yan  Dam  was  fully  supported  by  the  pub- 
lic sympathy.  The  issue  was  at  once  recognized  to  be 
between  the  favoritism  of  the  British  court,  and  the  prop- 
erty of  their  colonial  subjects;  and  it  was  suggested  that 
if,  by  an  ex  post  facto  order,  the  government  could  divest 
any  of  its  colonial  officers  of  the  salary  earned  and  already 
appropriated  to  individual  use,  and  direct  its  amount  to  be 
divided  with  one  who  had  never  performed  any  service  for 
it,  there  was  little  stability  in  the  rights  of  British  sub- 
jects. But  the  great  and  fundamental  basis  of  the  popular 
feeling  on  this  subject,  was  the  manifest  distinction  thus 
made  between  inhabitants  of  the  colonies  and  those  of 


ZEXGERS  WEEKLY  JOURNAL. 


265 


England;  the  inferiority  of  the  former,  in  the  estimation 
of  the  home  government,  being  too  glaring  to  be  glossed 
over  or  concealed  from  the  public  apprehension. 

It  is  needless  to  follow  the  course  of  the  legal  proceed- 
ings consequent  upon  this  dispute.  It  is  sufficient  to  say 
that  by  suppressing  the  ordinary  avenues  of  justice,  and 
other  equally  violent  acts  on  the  part  of  the  governor  and 
his  friends,  the  cause  of  Tan  Dam  was  lost,  and  he  was 
decreed  to  pay  the  half  of  his  salary  to  Colonel  Cosby. 
Popular  feeling,  however,  was  too  strongly  excited  to  be 
allayed  by  the  mere  termination  of  the  controversy;  and 
in  every  possible  manner  the  people  expressed  their  con- 
tempt of  the  government,  ridiculed  and  lampooned  their 
chief  officials,  and  circulated  ballads,  of  a  libelous  charac- 
ter, upon  them. 

At  that  period  there  were  two  newspapers  published  in 
this  city;  one  in  the  interest  of  the  court  party,  called  the 
New  York  Gazette,  and  the  other  in  the  interest  of  Van 
Dam,  called  Zenger's  JVew  York  Weekly  Journal.  The 
latter  was,  of  course,  the  vein  :1c  of  much  vituperation  of 
the  opposite  party,  and  furnished  a  weekly  entertainment 
to  the  public,  which  was  eagerly  relished.  So  much  did 
the  government  feel  the  effect  of  these  paper  bullets,  that 
it  was  resolved,  in  council,  that  Zenger's  papers  Nos.  7, 
47,  48,  49,  and  also  two  certain  printed  ballads,  were  de- 
rogatory to  the  dignity  of  his  majesty's  government,  and 
that  they  should  therefore  be  burnt  by  the  common  hang- 
man; further  ordering  the  mayor  and  magistrates  of  the 
city  to  attend  the  ceremony.  The  corporation,  however, 
refused  to  comply  with  this  order,  and  the  edict  was  car- 
ried into  effect  with  but  a  meagre  assemblage  of  spectators. 
The  provincial  assembly  was  also  equally  averse  to  joining 


266 


TRIAL  OF  ZEMGER. 


the  governor  in  his  warfare  upon  his  paper  adversaries; 
and,  upon  the  whole,  the  latter  were  not  only  in  full  vigor, 
but  the  enemy  seemed,  for  a  time,  to  be  disconcerted,  and 
at  a  loss  how  to  stem  the  tide  so  strongly  setting  against 
them. 

In  this  emergency  it  was  resolved  to  crush  the  editor  of 
the  paper  under  a  weight  of  legal  proceedings;  and 
accordingly  seizing  him  upon  the  charge  of  libel,  he  was 
lodged  in  jail,  where  he  continued  upward  of  eight  months. 
Preparatory  to  his  trial,  which  took  place  in  the  year 
1735,  the  court  party  took  every  possible  measure  to  pro- 
cure a  conviction,  and  even  went  so  far  as  to  dismiss  his 
eminent  counsel  from  the  bar.  The  other  party  were 
equally  active  on  their  own  behalf,  and  secretly  engaged 
Mr.  Andrew  Hamilton,  an  eminent  barrister  of  Philadel- 
phia, who,  on  the  day  of  trial,  unexpectedly  made  his 
appearance  by  the  side  of  the  prisoner. 

The  trial  came  on  before  a  court  and  jury,  the  former 
of  which  were  deeply  allied  with  the  government,  and  the 
latter  were  chosen  from  the  body  of  the  people.  The  libel 
complained  of  was  an  article  of  the  following  substance  : 
"  The  people  of  this  city  and  province  think,  as  matters 
now  stand,  that  their  liberties  and  properties  are  precari- 
ous; and  that  slavery  is  like  to  be  entailed  on  them  and 
their  posterity,  if  some  past  things  be  not  amended." 
There  was  no  issue  as  to  the  fact  of  the  publication  of  the 
article,  that  being  admitted.  The  theory  then  maintained 
by  the  prosecution  was,  that  the  jury  must  give  a  verdict 
against  the  prisoner;  but  Mr.  Hamilton  insisted  that  he 
might  justify  the  libel  by  giving  the  truth  in  evidence. 
This,  however,  was  ruled  against  him  by  the  court,  and 
there  being  no  evidence  in  the  case,  he  proceeded  to  sum 


DEATH  OF  GOVERNOR  COSBY. 


267 


up  on  behalf  of  his  client;  his  great  point  being  to  impress 
upon  the  jury  the  conviction  that  they  were  judges  of  the 
law  as  well  as  the  fact,  and  that  they  were  not  to  be  guided 
by  the  court  as  to  the  condition  of  the  law,  but  were  left 
the  sole  arbiters  of  the  whole  case.  The  counsel  for  the 
prosecution,  on  the  other  hand,  labored  to  convince  the 
jury  that  it  was  only  for  thein  to  find  the  fact  whether  the 
words  were  published  or  not,  leaving  the  court  to  deter- 
mine whether  the  words  so  published  were  libelous  in 
law. 

The  speech  of  Mr.  Hamilton  was  a  remarkable  display 
of  eloquence,  and  completely  confirmed  a  jury,  probably 
already  strongly  impressed  with  the  prevailing  sentiment 
of  public  opinion,  who  rendered  a  verdict  of  not  guilty, 
amidst  the  cheers  of  the  multitude.  The  city  corporation 
honored  Mr.  Hamilton  with  a  public  entertainment,  and 
presented  him  with  the  freedom  of  the  city,  in  a  gold  box. 

It  was  at  this  period  that  the  dawnings  of  a  revolution- 
ary spirit  began  to  be  observed,  in  an  intense  though  latent 
fire,  in  the  body  politic. 

Soon  after  the  decision  in  the  case  of  Zenger,  Governor 
Cosby  was  taken  ill;  and  after  a  lingering  sickness,  he  ex- 
pired on  the  7th  of  March,  1736.  Previous  to  his  dissolu- 
tion, he  called  the  members  of  his  council  together,  in  his 
sick-room,  and  declared  the  suspension  of  Mr.  Van  Dam, 
as  a  member  of  the  council. 

This  proceeding — the  effect  of  which,  if  legal,  was  de- 
signed to  oust  Mr.  Van  Dam  from  the  succession  to  the 
executive  authority,  occasioned  another  serious  clash  be- 
tween the  two  parties  in  which  the  people  were  divided, 
and,  for  a  time,  the  adherents  of  each  section  presented  an 
opposing  front  to  each  other;  and  both  Van  Dam  and 


268 


THE  NEGRO  PLOT. 


George  Clarke,  upon  the  latter  of  whom  the  mantle  of 
government  had  fallen  by  the  late  proceedings,  assumed 
the  exercise  of  the  chief  authority,  each  appointing  per- 
sons of  their  own  party  to  the  several  subordinate  offices. 
A  collision,  however,  was  happily  avoided,  until  the  arri- 
val of  a  despatch  from  England,  which  confirmed  the 
authority  of  Mr.  Clarke. 

The  administration  of  Lieutenant  Governor  Clarke  con- 
tinued until  the  year  1743.  The  most  exciting  event 
which  occurred  in  the  city,  during  his  administration,  was 
the  negro  insurrection  of  1741,  designated  at  the  time  as 
the  "  diabolical  plot  of  the  black  seed  of  Cain,  to  destroy 
this  city  and  set  themselves  up  as  its  rulers." 

The  imaginations  of  the  citizens  of  New  York  had  long 
been  in  the  custom  of  indulging  in  apprehensions  of  a 
rising  of  the  slaves,  and  other  colored  people  in  this  city, 
against  the  whites.  Some  evidences  of  an  attempt  of  this 
kind  were  furnished  in  1712.  at  which  period  several  ne- 
groes were  executed  on  the  charge  of  insurrection,  and 
since  that  period,  as  well  as  previously,  stringent  laws  had 
been  enacted,  to  prevent  assemblages  of  the  negroes  in 
any  considerable  numbers,  and  restraining  them  from  com- 
binations with  each  other  for  insurrectionary  purposes. 
These  laws,  however,  were  not,  it  seems,  sufficient  to  effect 
their  object,  and  the  negroes,  with  their  characteristic 
impulsiveness  and  imaginative  hopes,  were  accustomed  to 
indulge  in  dreams  of  bettering  their  condition  by  placing 
themselves  in  the  condition  of  their  masters,  with  all  fcbe 
enjoyments  of  independence,  wealth  and  unbounded  licen-c 
in  the  gratification  of  their  desires.  It  is,  therefore,  no; 
surprising  that  with  such  inadequate  proof,  so  great  a 
panic  should  have  been  produced  among  the  white  inhabit- 


THE  NEGRO  PLOT. 


269 


ants,  as  we  are  about  to  relate,  and  such  direful  and  ter- 
rible retribution  visited  upon  a  great  many  poor  blacks, 
some  at  least  of  whom  were  innocent. 

The  development  of  this  affair  arose  out  of  the  follow- 
ing circumstance.  On  the  28th  of  February,  1741,  a  rob- 
bery was  committed  at  the  house  of  a  merchant  named 
Robert  Hogg,  on  the  present  corner  of  Broad  and  South 
William  streets.  In  the  efforts  of  the  police  to  detect  the 
perpetrator  suspicions  were  directed  to  one  John  Hughson, 
who  kept  a  low  negro  groggery,  from  the  circumstance 
that  a  servant  girl,  named  Mary  Burton,  hinted  to  a 
neighbor  that  her  employer  was  in  the  habit  of  receiving- 
stolen  goods  in  his  house  from  negroes.  Upon  this  suspi- 
cion Hughson  was  arrested,  and  Mary  Burton,  having  been 
promised  a  reward  for  appearing  against  him,  was  detained 
as  a  witness. 

Hughson  kept  a  notorious  bad  house;  among  other 
inmates,  being  a  white  woman,  commonly  called  Peggy 
Cary,  who  was  used  to  entice  the  negroes  to  that  house, 
and  was  rewarded  by  the  blacks  with  valuable  presents, 
which  doubtless  they  had  to  steal.  This  depraved  woman 
was  also  arrested,  and  it  was  proved  against  her  that  a 
black,  named  Caesar,  belonging  to  Mr.  Vaarck,  had  left  in 
Peggy's  room  several  articles  of  dry  goods,  and  also  some 
money.  It  was  satisfactorily  proven,  in  fact,  that  Cassar 
was  one  of  the  robbers.  He  was  therefore  arrested,  as 
was  also  another  negro  named  Prince;  and  Hughson  then 
confessed  that  he  had  received  a  part  of  the  stolen  goods. 

Thus  the  matter  stood  on  the  18th  of  March,  the  prison- 
ers being  fully  committed  for  trial  on  the  charge  of  bur- 
glary and  receiving  stolen  goods.  On  that  day,  about  noon, 
the  governor's  house  in  the  fort  was  discovered  to  be  on  fire; 


270 


THE  NEGRO  PLOT. 


and  that  building,  together  with  the  chapel  and  other  build- 
ings in  the  fort,  were  all  burnt.  It  was  supposed  by  the 
governor,  that  the  fire  was  accidental,  and  arose  from  the 
carelessness  of  a  plumber.  The  next  fire  in  the  city  was 
that  of  Warren's  house,  near  the  fort,  which  arose  from 
the  chimney  having  first  caught,  and  a  spark  falling  on  the 
roof.  This,  however  was  soon  extinguished.  The  follow- 
ing week  the  store-house  of  Mr.  Tan  Zandt  took  fire,  as  is 
stated,  from  a  smoker's  carelessness.  No  material  damage, 
however,  ensued.  Within  the  following  three  days,  two 
alarms  of  fire  occurred,  but  no  harm  was  done.  These 
accidents  were  certainly  sufficiently  remarkable,  in  a  small 
town,  to  attract  attention.  No  less  than  five  fires  within 
two  weeks,  although  in  no  one  could  the  occurrence  be 
traced  to  incendiarism.  It  was  sufficient,  however,  to 
excite  remark;  and  some  suspicion  was  fixed  upon  some 
Spanish  negroes,  formerly  sailors  on  a  Spanish  ship,  which 
had  been  taken  as  a  prize  and  brought  into  New  York, 
where  the  negro  sailors  were  condemned,  and  sold  to 
slavery  among  the  inhabitants. 

Soon  after,  another  chimney  took  fire,  and  also  the  house 
of  Mrs.  Hilton,  near  the  Fly  Market,  was  discovered  to 
be  on  fire  in  the  roof,  but  was  soon  extinguished.  The 
commotion  and  excitement  in  the  town  now  became 
intense,  and  was  increased  by  the  burning  of  the  roof  of 
Philipse's  store-house.  The  magistrates  were  now  called 
together,  and  the  general  feeling  being  against  the  negroes, 
many  were  arrested  and  thrown  into  prison. 

On  the  11th  of  April  the  common  council  offered  a 
reward  of  one  hundred  pounds  and  a  full  pardon  to  any 
conspirators  for  the  discovery  of  the  incendiaries,  for  it 
was  now  sufficiently  manifest  that  there  was  some  mis- 


THE  NEGRO  PLOT. 


271 


chievous  cause  for  this  singular  coincidence  of  accidents. 
Meantime  many  people  removed,  with  their  goods  and 
valuables,  from  the  city,  and  amid  the  general  consternation 
it  is  not  surprising  that  the  negro  population,  thus  brought 
under  the  ban  of  suspicion,  and  observant  of  the  general 
consternation,  should  have  conceived,  in  their  simple  habit 
of  thought,  that  indeed  a  revolution  was  effected,  and  that 
the  common  property  was  open  to  their  plunder,  as  the 
lawful  spoils  of  victory;  so  that  there  is  little  question 
that  great  thefts  occurred,  and  that  several  other  incen- 
diary attempts  were  made  by  them  in  this  city,  and  in 
other  parts  of  the  country  in  this  vicinity. 

In  this  condition  of  things,  a  Grand  Jury  met  on  the 
21st  of  April,  1741,  who  were  especially  charged  to  un- 
ravel the  mystery,  and  search  out  the  persons  in  the 
conspiracy.  Several  negroes  were  already  in  jail  on 
suspicion;  many,  in  the  height  of  terror,  proposed  to  make 
revelations  accusing  others,  under  the  hope  of  thus  speedily 
procuring  their  own  release,  and  there  seemed  a  prospect 
of  learning  something  of  importance.  The  girl,  Mary 
Burton,  now  remembered  several  circumstances  which  took 
place  at  her  master's  house,  in  conversation  among  the 
negroes  and  other  frequenters,  and  gave  her  testimony 
that  Ccesar.  Prince  and  Cuffce  used  frequently  to  meet  at 
Hughson's  and  talk  about  burning  the  fort,  and  then  the 
whole  town;  that  Caesar  should  be  governor,  and  Hughson 
king;  that  a  great  many  people  had  too  much  money 
and  others  too  little,  and  that  a  fair  distribution  should 
be  made:  that  they  would  fire  the  town  in  the  night,  and 
when  the  white  people  came  to  extinguish  it  they  would 
kill  and  destroy  them. 

After  this  girl  had  given  her  testimony,  the  Grand  Jury 


i 


272 


THE  NEGRO  PLOT. 


called  in  Peggy  Cary.  She,  however,  said  that  she  knew 
nothing,  "  and  if  she  should  accuse  any  "body  of  any  such 
thing,  she  must  accuse  innocent  persons  and  wrong  her  own 
soul."  She  was,  however,  soon  after  tried  for  receiving 
the  stolen  goods,  and  convicted.  She  thereupon  asked  to 
be  examined  again,  and  then  said,  that  in  the  previous 
December,  at  another  tavern,  where  she  then  resided,  she 
saw  meetings  of  negroes,  and  named  Cuffee,  (Philipse's;) 
Brash,  (Jay's;)  Dick,  Ccesar,  (Pintard's;)  Patrick,  (English's;) 
Jack,  (Brestede's;)  Cato,  (Moore's;)  who,  she  says,  swore  to 
burn  the  fort,  to  steal,  rob  and  bring  the  plunder  to  the 
tavern-keeper,  whose  name  was  Roinme.  This  story,  when 
the  wretched  woman  was  afterward  brought  to  the  gal- 
lows, she  averred  to  be  a  fabrication,  and  it  does  not  seem 
to  have  received  credit  among  the  people. 

All  the  negroes,  named  by  Peggy,  were  arrested,  and 
denied  their  guilt,  and  being  brought  before  Mary  Burton, 
she  acquitted  them  of  being  among  those  whom  she  had 
seen.  They  were,  however,  locked  up,  and  in  this  state  of 
jeopardy,  the  negroes  began  to  accuse  each  other,  each 
hoping  thereby  to  save  himself. 

The  first  victims  to  the  gallows  were  Ccesar  and  Prince, 
who  were  hanged  on  the  11th  of  May,  upon  a  gibbet, 
erected  on  a  small  island  in  the  Collect,  or  Fresh  Water 
Pond,  in  the  rear  of  the  present  Chambers  street  and 
Park.  They  died  very  stubbornly,  without  confessing  any 
thing  about  the  conspiracy,  but  denying  all  knowledge 
of  it. 

A  trial  was  then  had  of  Hughson,  his  wife,  and  Peggy 
Cary,  all  whites,  on  an  indictment  for  conspiring  to  burn 
the  town,  etc.  The  principal  witness  against  them  was 
Mary  Burton,  who  swears,  in  addition  to  the  testimony 


THE  NEGKO  PLOT. 


27o 


she  had  before  given,  that  she  saw  a  negro  give  Hughson 
twelve  pounds,  in  Spanish  money,  to  buy  guns,  which  he 
did  and  hid  them  away  in  the  garret  of  his  house,  but  they 
could  not  be  found  or  traced.  The  prisoners  were  con- 
victed and  hanged  on  the  12th  of  June. 

Two  negroes,  Quack  and  Cuffee,  were  tried,  a  negro  boy 
named  Sawney  appearing  as  evidence  against  them.  He 
stated  that  Quack  asked  him  to  set  the  fort  on  fire,  and 
Cuffee  told  him  he  would  set  fire  to  one  house,  Curacoa  Dick 
to  another,  and  so  on  until  the  whole  town  was  burnt — that 
their  object  was  to  kill  all  the  gentlemen  and  take  their 
wives.  A  negro  named  Fortune  also  appeared  as  a  witness, 
and  stated  that  Quack,  some  time  previously,  took  him  to 
the  fort,  and  told  him  that  he  intended  to  burn  it,  and  after 
the  fire,  the  last  witness,  (Sawney)  told  him  he  was  the  one 
who  set  fire  to  the  fort.  Sawney  was  thereupon  called  up 
again,  and  admits  that  he  was  frightened  into  a  promise  to 
burn  the  slip  market,  and  that  he  was,  among  others,  sworn 
to  secrecy.  Quack  and  Cuffee  were  convicted,  and  were 
sentenced  to  be  burnt  alive. 

On  the  3d  of  May,  about  3  o'clock,  they  were  brought 
to  the  stake,  surrounded  with  piles  of  wood.  The  specta- 
tors were  very  numerous.  They  at  first  refused  to  make 
any  confession,  but  upon  being  questioned  by  their  masters, 
they  said  that  Hughson  was  the  contriver  of  the  plot: 
that  the  confederate  negroes  had  voted  Quack  to  be  the 
proper  person  to  set  fire  to  the  fort,  as  his  wife  was  a  ser- 
vant there,  which  he  had  accordingly  done  with  a  lighted 
stick. 

On  the  6th  of  June  seven  other  negroes,  named  Jack. 
Cook,  Robin.  Ccesar,  Cuffee,  Cuffee  and  Jamaica,  were  tried, 
found  guilty,  and  executed  the  following  day,  excepting 
18 


274 


BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES. 


JacK,  who  promised  further  disclosures,  and  was  pardoned. 
He  implicated  fourteen  others. 

On  the  11th  of  June  three  negroes,  named  Francis,  Al- 
bany and  Curacoa  Dick,  were  sentenced  to  be  chained  to  a 
stake  and  burnt  to  death.  On  the  15th  of  June,  Ben  and 
Quack  were  condemned  to  be  burnt,  and  three  others 
hanged.    Five  of  the  Spanish  negroes  were  also  convicted. 

A  proclamation  of  pardon  to  all  who  would  confess  and 
discover,  was  now  made  by  the  authorities,  and  many 
negroes  availed  themselves  of  the  promised  indemnity  to 
unfold  the  details  of  the  conspiracy. 

But  now,  another  white  man  was  brought  forward  upon 
the  charge  of  joining  in  the  conspiracy.  The  person  thus 
implicated  was  Ury,  a  Catholic  priest,  who  had  been  en- 
gaged in  school  teaching  in  this  city.  An  indictment  was 
found  against  this  person,  in  which  he  was  charged  with 
having  counseled,  procured,  &c,  a  negro  slave,  Quack,  to 
set  fire  to  the  king's  house  in  the  fort.  Also,  that  being  a 
priest  made  by  the  authority  of  the  pretended  See  of  Rome 
he  did  come  into  this  province  and  city  of  New  York, 
after  a  time  limited  by  a  law  against  Jesuits  and  Popish 
priests,  and  did  there  remain  for  the  space  of  seven  months, 
<fcc.  Ury  pleaded  not  guilty.  Upon  his  trial,  which  took 
place  in  July,  1741,  Sarah  Hughson  deposed  that  she  had 
often  seen  him  at  her  father's  house;  that  she  had  seen  him 
make  a  ring  with  chalk  on  the  floor,  and  make  all  the 
negroes  then  present  stand  round  it,  and  he  used  to  stand 
in  the  middle  of  the  ring,  with  a  cross  in  his  hand  and 
swear  the  negroes.  It  was  proven  by  a  confectioner  that 
Ury  had  inquired  of  him  for  wafers.  It  was  also  proven 
that  he  could  read  English  and  Latin;  and  other  evidence 
of  a  similar  character  was  taken  against  him.    The  result 


THE  NEGRO  PLOT. 


275 


was  a  conviction,  and  he  was  hanged  on  the  29th  of 
August  1741. 

The  execution  of  Ury  was  the  last  recorded  of  the  long 
series  of  capital  punishments  inflicted  upon  the  real  and 
pretended  participators  in  this  conspiracy;  and  the  24th 
of  September  was  set  apart  for  a  thanksgiving,  for  the 
escape  of  the  citizens  from  destruction. 

During  the  progress  of  this  affair,  one  hundred  and 
fifty-four  negroes  were  committed  to  prison;  of  whom 
fourteen  were  burnt  at  the  stake;  eighteen  hanged;  seventy  - 
one  transported,  and  the  rest  pardoned  or  discharged  for 
want  of  proof.  Twenty  white  persons  were  committed,  of 
whom  four  were  executed. 

"  At  this  time,"  says  an  intelligent  writer  of  that 
period,  "  New  York  contained  a  population  of  about  twelve 
thousand  souls,  of  whom  one  sixth  were  slaves.  If  a  plot 
in  fact  existed  for  the  destruction  of  the  city  and  the  mas- 
sacre of  its  inhabitants,  and  if  that  plot  was  conducted  by 
Ury,  it  certainly  betrayed  greater  imbecility  of  intellect 
and  want  of  caution  and  arrangement,  together  with  less 
union  of  action,  than  could  have  been  expected  from  one 
who  was  evidently,  if  we  believe  his  own  account,  a  man  of 
classical  education  and  profound  erudition.  It  seems,  in- 
deed, probable  that  the  evidence  of  Mary  Burton,  by  whom 
many  of  the  prisoners  were  implicated,  was  little  to  be  re- 
lied on;  and  had  the  prosecution  continued  much  longer,  she 
would  perhaps  have  accused  many  more  of  the  white  citizens 
of  New  York  as  being  concerned  in  the  plot.  Daniel  Hors- 
manden,  Esq.,  recorder  of  the  city,  published  at  the  time  a 
history  of  this  conspiracy,  and  labored  hard  to  prove  its 
existence  and  extent.  But  it  is  evident  that  the  hostility 
to  Catholicism,  which  the  British  government  so  industri- 


276 


THE  NEGRO  PLOT. 


ously  inculcated,  tinctured  his  mind,  and  gave  it  a  bias 
unfriendly  to  the  fair  development  of  truth,  or  to  the  full 
and  impartial  examination  of  facts  and  circumstances. 
The  negroes  were  without  defence;  all  the  counsel  of  the 
city  were  arrayed  against  them,  and  volunteered  their  ser- 
vices, on  behalf  of  the  crown,  on  the  trial  of  these  unfor- 
tunate slaves.  The  want  of  education  and  utter  ignorance 
of  these  infatuated  wretches,  easily  made  them  the  victims 
of  craft  and  imposition;  the  hopes  of  life  and  the  promise 
of  pardon  influenced  some  of  them  to  make  confessions. 
Yet  falsehood  was  so  ingeniously  and  artfully  blended 
with  truth  that  it  was  not  an  easy  task  to  separate  one 
from  the  other.  It  must,  however,  be  admitted  that  many 
circumstances  aided  the  opinion  that  the  plot  in  fact  ex- 
isted: and  if  the  people  were  mistaken  in  this,  it  was  an 
error  into  which  they  might  naturally  fall  at  the  moment 
of  confusion  and  distress,  and  under  the  attending  circum- 
stances." 

The  places  of  execution  of  these  convicts  were  as  fol- 
lows :  The  gibbet  of  John  Hughson  and  his  companions 
was  erected  on  the  East  river  shore,  about  the  present  cor- 
ner of  Cherry  and  Catharine  streets;  where,  according  to 
the  popular  belief  of  that  day,  their  "  spooks"  or  spirits 
were  sometimes  seen  by  travelers  in  the  night.  The  stakes 
at  which  the  negroes  were  burnt  were  set  up  in  a  hollow, 
affording  a  full  view  from  the  surrounding  hills,  in  the 
vicinity  of  the  present  Five  Points.  The  common  gallows 
of  that  time,  where  most  of  the  negroes  were  hanged,  was 
on  a  small  island  in  the  Fresh  Water  Pond,  in  the  present 
vicinity  of  the  corner  of  Centre  and  Pearl  streets. 


t 


CHAPTER  XX. 


PROGRESS  OF  THE  CITY  EH  THE  EARLY  PART  OF  THE  LAST  CENTURY. 

In  previous  chapters  we  have  followed  the  growth  of 
the  city  prior  to  the  year  1700,  at  which  period  the  streets 
had  been  laid  out  as  high  as  Maiden  lane.  The  property 
between  the  present  Broadway  and  Pearl  street,  on  the 
west  and  east  sides,  and  between  Maiden  lane  and  near 
the  present  line  of  Fulton  street,  on  the  south  and  north 
sides,  was  then  in  fields,  and  embraced  two  estates;  one 
commonly  called  "  The  Shoemakers'  Land,"  and  the  other, 
"Vandercliff's  Orchard." 

The  "  Shoemakers'  Land"  was  bounded  very  nearly  by 
the  present  Maiden  lane,  Ann  street,  Broadway,  and  a  line 
on  the  east,  between  William  and  Gold  streets.  The  origin 
of  the  name  by  which  it  was  thus  commonly  distinguished, 
arose  from  the  circumstance  previously  referred  to;  that 
an  exclusion  of  all  tan-pits  from  within  the  limits  of  the 
city  was  ordered,  by  reason  of  which  the  settlement  of 
tanners  and  shoemakers,  who  had  almost  exclusively  oc- 
cupied the  old  swamp  grounds  along  the  present  Broad 
street,  above  Beaver  street,  were  driven  to  other  quarters, 
and  seeking  the  nearest  convenient  locality,  beyond  the 
city  walls,  established  their  tan-pits  along  Maiden  lane, 
which  was  a  marshy  valley.    An  association  of  four  shoe- 


278 


THE  SHOEMAKEKS  LAND. 


makers  (at  that  time  tanning  their  own  leather,)  purchased 
the  property  now  referred  to,  and  carried  on  their  trade  in 
this  vicinity.  The  increasing  extent  of  the  city  calling  for 
a  survey  and  division  of  these  lands  into  town  lots,  a  map 
was  made,  of  which  the  following  is  a  copy  : 


DIVISION  MAP  OF  THE  SHOEMAKERS'  LAND 


hams,)  and  Heiltje  Cloppers. 

The  price  of  lots  on  this  tract,  from  the  year  1700  to 
1720,  averaged  about  thirty  pounds  of  the  currency  of  that 
day.  The  tanners  subsequently  removed  their  business  to 
the  borders  of  the  Fresh  Water  Pond,  north  of  the  present 
Park,  and  to  Beekman's  Swamp. 


VANDERCLIFF  S  FARM. 


279 


The  "  Vandercliff  Farm,"'  which  lay  between  the  Shoe- 
makers' Pasture  and  the  road  along  the  East  river  (now 
Pearl  street.)  and  south  of  the  present  Beekinan  street, 
nearly  to  Maiden  lane,  came,  at  an  early  period,  into  the 
possession  of  Henry  Rycken,  a  blacksmith,  who.  in  the 
year  1681,  sold  it  to  Dirck  Vandercliff  who  resided  on 
the  property  until  his  death.  His  widow,  Geesie.  caused 
it  to  be  divided  into  lots,  for  sale,  the  average  prices  being 
from  twenty  to  thirty  pounds.  The  streets  laid  out 
through  the  property  were  originally  named  as  follows  : 
Cliff  street,  South  street,  Golden  street,  and  Rudder 
street. 

On  the  west  side  of  Broadway,  above  Trinity  Church, 
the  principal  building  was  the  King's  Arms  Tavern,  on  the 
site  of  the  old  City  Hotel  (viz  :  between  Thames  and  Lib- 
erty streets.)  This  building  was  erected,  about  the  close 
of  the  seventeenth  century,  by  John  Hutchins,  who  had 
formerly  kept  the  tavern  on  the  south-west  corner  of  the 
present  Wall  and  Broad  streets,  opposite  the  old  city-hall. 
The  tavern  of  Hutchins  was  the  most  fashionable  public 
house  of  the  city,  and  was  the  head-quarters  of  the  anti- 
Leislerian  party  of  that  day;  it  having  been  built  princi- 
pally through  the  loans  of  Nicholas  Bayard,  and  a  few 
other  leaders  of  that  political  sect.  The  grounds  of  the 
tavern  were  extensive,  running  down  to  the  North  river 
shore,  and  having  also  a  garden  plot  on  each  side  of  the 
house.  The  building  itself  was  not  of  great  size;  upon 
the  roof  was  a  balcony,  arranged  with  seats,  and  command- 
ing a  beautiful  view  of  the  bay  and  environs  of  the  city. 

North  of  the  tavern  a  few  scattered  buildings  were  situ- 
ated, on  the  west  side  of  Broadway,  the  principal- of  which 
was  the  store  of  Alderman  Jacob  Boelen,  north  of  Liberty 


280 


BROADWAY. 


street.  The  present  Cortland  street — which  took  its  name 
from  the  proprietor,  it  being  a  part  of  the  estate  of  Burgo- 
master Yan  Cortland — was  not  yet  opened,  although  pre- 
parations were  being  now  made  for  that  purpose;  the  same 
may  be  said  of  the  present  Dey  street,  the  name  of  which 
was  derived  from  Teunis  Dey,  an  owner  of  property  in  thai 
vicinity.  Mr.  Dey's  property  was  three  hundred  and  nine 
feet  front  on  Broadway,  and  about  eight  hundred  feet  in 
depth  to  Hudson  river,  containing  about  five  and  a  half 
acres;  beyond  this  lay  the  "King's  Farm,"  a  large  estate, 
so  called,  which  had,  upon  the  first  settlement  of  the  island 
by  the  Dutch,  been  set  apart  for  the  uses  of  the  West 
India  Company,  then  the  proprietaries  of  the  island.  It 
is  supposed  to  have  been  confiscated  by  the  English,  upon 
taking  the  city,  and  to  have  been  appropriated  to  the  con- 
querors. The  title,  at  the  period  here  referred  to,  was  in 
Trinity  Church,  which  corporation  began,  about  the  year 
1720,  to  lay  out  the  south  part  of  the  farm  into  lots.  At 
that  time  the  extent  of  Broadway  was  to  its  junction  with 
Chatham  street,  the  road  continuing  on  the  line  of  the 
latter  street.  It  was  in  contemplation,  however,  to  extend 
Broadway,  in  a  straight  line,  through  the  commons  along 
the  fence  of  the  King's  Farm,  which  was  bordered  by  a 
fine  row  of  trees,  on  the  present  west  side  of  Broadway. 
On  the  line  of  Broadway,  at  the  lower  end  of  the  common, 
was  a  rope-walk,  erected  by  Dugdale  and  Searle,  by  per- 
mission of  the  corporation,  which  occupied  that  place  for 
more  than  twenty  years.  The  streets  laid  out  in  the  King's 
Farm,  extending  from  Fulton  to  Chambers  street,  were 
named  after  leading  officers  of  Trinity  Church.  Vesey 
street  was  so  called,  after  the  Rev.  William  Vesey,  rector 
of  Trinity  Church;  Barclay  street,  after  the  Rev.  Mr. 


THE  COMMON'S. 


281 


Barclay,  who  succeeded  Mr.  Vesey  as  rector;  Robinson 
street,  after  a  leading  citizen;  Murray  street,  after  a  dis- 
tinguished lawyer  of  this  city,  and  one  of  the  officers  of 
the  church;  Warren  street,  after  Sir  Peter  Warren,  com- 
mander of  the  British  naval  forces  at  this  station,  who 
married  Miss  Delancey,  of  this  city,  and  resided  here  for 
many  years;  Chambers  street,  after  John  Chambers,  Esq., 
a  lawyer  born  in  this  city,  and  for  many  years  a  leading 
citizen  in  civil  and  church  affairs. 

The  Commons  of  this  city  originally  formed  nearly  a 
square,  lying  generally  between  the  present  Broadway  and 
Nassau  streets  on  the  east  and  west,  and  between  Ann  and 
Chambers  streets  north  and  south.  It  was  traversed  diag- 
onally by  Chatham  street,  then  the  post-road;  thus  forming 
a  triangle  on  the  east  side,  a  part  of  which  was  appropria- 
ted by  Colonel  Dongan  (governor  in  1686.)  and  was  occu- 
pied for  many  years  as  a  place  of  amusement,  and  called 
the  Vineyard.  The  Commons,  now  inclosed  as  the  Park, 
Avas  a  waste  and  open  place;  it  was  sometimes  called, 
even  in  the  last  century,  the  Vlackte,  or  "  Flat."  The  his- 
torical reminiscences  connected  with  this  public  place,  now 
some  miles  within  the  outskirts  of  the  city,  but  once  the 
pasture  grounds  to  which  the  morning  and  evening  droves, 
from  the  village  of  New  Amsterdam,  pursued  their  daily 
peregrinations,  are  interesting  to  the  observer  of  ancient 
memorials.  It  was  here  that  the  impetuous  Dutch  troops, 
under  Anthony  Colve,  having  landed  from  the  ships  in  the 
North  river,  formed  in  military  array,  preparatory  to  their 
charge  down  Broadway,  upon  the  English  in  the  fort, 
opposite  the  Bowling  Green.  It  was  here  the  conferences 
between  the  Dutch  officers  and  the  commissioners,  sent  out 
by  Manning  to  treat  of  terms,  were  held,  and  where  the 


282  THE  COMMONS. 

Dutch,  disgusted  with  the  prevarication  of  the  English, 
and  eager  for  the  assault,  cried  "  They  shall  fool  us  no 
more— march  !"  It  was  here  that  the  scenes  of  festivity 
and  frolic  were  commonly  enacted,  on  occasions  where  a 
crowd  was  congregated.  Five  times  in  each  year  a  public 
bonfire  was  lighted  up  in  the  evening,  at  the  expense  of  the 
city  authorities,  to  celebrate  their  holidays;  these  stated 
evenings  were  the  5th  of  November,  the  6th  of  February, 
the  8th  of  March  and  13th  of  April;  the  first  anniversary 
being  that  of  the  gunpowder  plot,,  which  was  a  stated 
occurrence;  the  other  anniversaries  were  the  king's  birth- 
day, the  coronation,  &c,  &c,  and  varied  under  different 
monarchs.  On  these  occasions  wine  was  freely  distributed 
to  the  people,  at  public  expense,  the  general  cost  to  the 
authorities,  of  one  of  these  entertainments,  averaging 
fifteen  pounds.  The  citizens  also  contributed  to  the  dis- 
play by  throwing  fire-balls,  burning  tar  barrels,  &c.  The 
Commons  was,  for  many  years,  the  place  of  public  execu- 
tion, a  gallows  standing  permanently,  not  far  from  the 
present  Hall  of  Records.  The  first  public  building  erected 
on  the  Commons  was  a  powder-house,  built  on  the  present 
site  of  the  Hall  of  Records,  and  then  considered  so  remote 
from  neighbors  as  to  cause  no  fears  of  damage  in  case  of 
explosion;  it  was  subsequently,  however,  removed,  in  the 
year  1728,  to  a  small  island  in  the  Fresh  Water  Pond.  The 
first  poor-house  erected  in  this  city,  was  in  the  year  1734. 
Previously  to  that  period  the  paupers  in  the  town  were" 
generally  dependent  upon  private  charity,  although,  in 
cases  of  great  necessity,  the  city  authorities  dispensed 
some  provison  by  special  resolution.  At  the  period  refer- 
red to,  however,  an  ordinance  was  passed,  reciting  that 
"  Whereas  the  number  and  increase  of  the  poor  in  this  city 


THE  KALCH-HOCK. 


283 


is  very  great,  and  there  has  not  yet  been  any  provision 
made  for  the  relief  and  setting  on  work  of  poor  needy 
persons  and  idle  vagabonds,  sturdy  beggars  and  others, 
who  frequently  commit  great  depredations,  and  having 
lived  idly,  become  debauched  and  thievish.  For  a  remedy 
it  is  ordered  that  there  be  built  a  good,  convenient  house, 
on  part  of  the  unimproved  lands  of  the  corporation,  on 
north  side  of  the  lands,  late  of  Colonel  Dongan,  commonly 
called  the  Vineyard;  the  house  to  be  fifty-six  feet  long, 
twenty-four  wide,  and  two  stories  high,  with  a  cellar.  The 
location  of  this  building  was  afterward  established  on  the 
Commons,  on  a  part  of  the  site  of  the  "  Old  Alms  House/' 
in  the  rear  of  the  city-hall,  now  occupied  by  the  various 
courts.  The  house  was  furnished  with  four  spinning- 
wheels,  some  leather  and  tools  for  shoemaking,  knitting- 
needles,  flax,  &c,  for  the  employment  of  the  inmates.  In 
the  year  1742,  Joseph  Paulding  leased  a  part  of  the  Com- 
mons, and  established  a  large  brick  kiln. 

North  of  the  Commons  lay  the  Fresh  Water  Pond,  com- 
monly called,  in  early  days,  the  "  Kalck-hock,"  (abbrevia- 
ted into  "  Collck.7')  This,  however,  was  not  the  original 
name  of  the  pond  itself,  but  was  given,  in  the  times  of  the 
Dutch,  to  a  point  of  land  on  the  shore  of  the  pond,  the 
site  of  an  old  Indian  village.  The  Kalck-hock  point  con- 
tained about  forty-eight  acres  of  land.  A3  to  the  value  of 
property  in  this  vicinity,  at  the  beginning  of  the  last  cen- 
tury, we  may  instance  that  a  part  of  it,  containing  about 
eleven  acres,  was  sold,  in  the  year  1703,  for  about  one 
hundred  pounds  of  the  currency  of  that  day,  or  less  than 
twenty-five  dollars  per  acre.  The  Fresh  Water  Pond  was, 
in  some  places,  very  deep,  and  had  the  common  reputation 
of  having  no  bottom,  a  fallacy  which  was  sufficiently  deter- 


284 


beekman 's  swamp. 


mined  by  filling  m  its  basin,  and  establishing  the  streets 
which  now  cross  its  ancient  site.  In  early  times  this  pond 
was  the  resort  of  the  angler,  and  contained  an  abundance 
of  fish.  As  late  as  the  year  1734,  by  the  desire  of  several 
citizens,  a  law  was  passed  by  the  common  council  "  for 
preserving  the  fish  in  Fresh  Water  Pond;"  imposing  a  fine 
upon  any  person  casting  his  net  therein,  or  catching  fish 
there  by  any  other  manner  than  that  of  angling.  When, 
by  the  progress  of  the  city,  the  tanners  were  driven  from 
their  ancient  localities,  in  Broad  street  and  Maiden  lane, 
tan-pits  were  established  on  the  borders  of  this  pond,  and 
remained  there  for  many  years.  In  the  year  1732,  Mr. 
Anthony  Rutgers,  having  in  view  the  prospective  value  of 
property  on  the  confines  of  the  town,  made  a  purchase  of 
the  swamp  through  which  one  of  the  streams  ran  from  this 
pond  and  emptied  into  the  North  river. 

In  the  gradual  progress  of  improvement  in  the  first  half 
of  the  last  century,  the  property  of  Mr.  Beekman,  which 
lay  south  of  the  region  now  known  as  the  "  swamp,"  in 
the  vicinity  of  Ferry  and  the  neighboring  streets,  and  em- 
braced the  blocks  between  the  present  Nassau  and  Pearl 
streets,  on  the  east  and  west,  and  from  Fulton,  on  the 
south,  to  the  swamp,  which  furnished  its  northern  boun- 
dary, came  into  requisition  for  building  purposes,  and  was 
laid  off  into  lots,  the  present  Beekman  street  running- 
through  the  property.  The  swamp  itself  was  originally 
a  low  ground,  covered  by  bushes,  and  was  known  in  early 
times  as  the  "  Kripple-bush,"  or  tangled  briars.  This 
place,  containing  several  acres,  was  sold,  about  the  year 
1734,  to  Jacobus  Roosevelt,  for  the  sum  of  two  hundred 
pounds.  The  grant  was  from  the  corporation,  who  claimed 
title  to  it,  although  they  refused  to  give  a  warranty  deed, 


WHITEHALL. 


285 


as  the  heirs  of  Jacob  Leisler — who  had  received  a  patent 
for  land  north  of  the  present  Spruce  street,  and  bordering 
upon  the  swamp — claimed  the  property  as  coming  within 
their  patent,  a  claim  which,  we  believe,  was  never  satisfac- 
torily adjusted.  Mr.  Koosevelt,  however,  laid  off  the 
property  into  about  fifty  lots,  and  it  became  the  seat  of 
several  tanneries,  and  still  monopolizes  the  leather  busi- 
ness of  the  city. 

While  noticing  the  progress  of  the  city  in  its  upper  sec- 
tion, we  may  observe  that  the  high  road  on  the  presenl 
line  of  Pearl  street,  between  Franklin  square  and  Chat- 
ham street,  which  had  been  early  established  through  open 
lands,  without  much  regard  to  specific  bonndaries,  was 
regulated  and  established  as  a  road,  on  its  present  lines,  in 
the  year  1735. 

Returning  now  to  improvements  made  in  the  lower  parts 
of  the  city,  and  along  the  river  shores,  within  the  years 
from  1700  to  1750,  we  have  to  note  the  following  : 

It  has  been  observed  that  a  battery  was  erected  toward 
the  close  of  the  previous  century,  covering  a  part  of  the 
public  grounds  now  known  as  the  Battery,  near  Whitehall 
slip.  This  name  arose  from  a  large  dwelling  standing  on 
the  present  corner  of  Whitehall  and  State  streets.  This 
building  is  supposed  to  have  been  erected  by  Governor 
Stuyvesant,  in  the  time  of  his  administration.  It  after- 
ward came  into  the  possession  of  Governor  Thomas  Don- 
gan,  in  whose  time  it  became  known  as  the  Whitehall.  It 
was  occupied,  at  different  intervals,  by  merchants.  At- 
tached to  the  premises  were  a  bake-house,  bolting-house 
and  warehouse,  erected  in  the  time  of  the  great  flour 
speculation  referred  to  in  a  previous  chapter.  Governor 
Dongan  afterward  became  Earl  of  Limerick;  he  was  still 


286 


THE  BOWLING  GREEN. 


living  in  England  in  the  year  1715,  at  which  time  he  sent 
over  a  kinsman  to  sell  this  and  other  property  still  belong 
ing  to  him  in  this  country.  Adjoining  this  property  was 
the  store  of  Jacob  Leisler,  in  which  he  carried  on  business 
in  his  lifetime,  from  which  circumstance  that  part  of  the 
present  Whitehall  street,  between  State  and  Pearl  streets, 
was  at  one  period  (  about  1720)  known  as  Leisler  street. 
But  this  name  gave  way,  in  the  year  1731,  to  the  common 
appellation  of  that  section,  "  Whitehall,"  and  the  street 
was  afterward  known  by  that  name.  On  the  opposite  side 
of  Whitehall  street,  in  the  block  bounded,  at  present,  by 
Whitehall,  Pearl,  Moore  and  Water  streets,  there  had, 
previous  to  the  year  1730,  been  an  open  space,  anciently 
called  "  The  Strand/''  and  commonly  used  as  a  market 
place  or  strand  for  country  wagons.  In  1732,  the  city 
corporation  divided  the  ground  into  lots,  and  sold  it  at 
auction,  as  follows:  Three  lots  to  Stephen  Delancey  for  six 
hundred  pounds;  one  to  David  Clarkson  for  one  hundred 
and  fifty-six  pounds;  one  to  John  Moore  for  two  hundred 
and  seventy-six  pounds;  one  to  Robert  Livingston  for  one 
hundred  and  seventy-five  pounds,  and  one  to  Anthony 
Rutgers  for  two  hundred  and  thirty-nine  pounds. 

The  vacant  space  in  front  of  the  fort  lay  without  inclos- 
ure  or  pavement,  and  was  used  as  a  parade;  market  place; 
for  public  assemblages;  a  place  for  bonfires,  and  other  uses 
of  a  similar  nature,  until  the  year  1732,  at  which  period  it 
was  leased  to  John  Chambers,  Peter  Bayard  and  Peter 
Jay,  residents  on  the  west  side  of  Broadway,  who  applied 
for  permission  to  inclose  it  and  make  it  ornamental  for  the 
purposes  of  a  bowling  green.  The  lease  was  for  eleven 
years,  at  the  rent  of  a  pepper-corn.  Some  years  afterward 
pavements  were  laid  around  it.    On  the  west  side  of 


GREENWICH  AND  WASHINGTON*  STREETS. 


287 


Broadway,  opposite  the  Bowling  Green,  the  ancient  Dutch 
houses,  with  their  gable  ends  to  the  street,  still  occupied 
much  of  the  space  until  about  the  year  1730,  when  they 
were  demolished  to  give  place  to  a  superior  class  of  build- 
ings. The  finest  mansion,  for  many  years,  on  the  west 
side  of  the  city,  was  erected  about  the  middle  of  the  last 
century,  by  Archibald  Kennedy,  collector  of  the  port,  on 
the  corner  of  Battery  place. 

In  the  year  1723,  the  corporation  having  the  right  to 
lands  under  water  around  the  island,  offered  for  sale  the 
lands  between  high  and  low  water  markf  "  from  the  house 
of  Mr.  Gaasbeck,  near  the  fort,  to  the  green  trees,  com- 
monly called  the  locust  trees,  near  the  English  church;  or 
from  the  present  Battery  to  Rector  street.  This  proposi- 
tion lay  under  consideration  for  several  years;  the  various 
interests  of  the  inhabitants  residing  along  the  west  side 
of  Broadway,  as  well  as  the  proper  regulation  of  the  city 
in  the  part  thus  proposed  to  be  gained  from  the  water, 
requiring  some  consideration.  In  November,  1729,  it  was 
ordered,  "  for  the  better  utility  of  trade  and  commerce, 
increasing  the  buildings  within  the  city,  and  improving  the 
revenue  of  the  corporation,"  that  two  streets  should  be 
surveyed  and  laid  out  along  the  Hudson  river,  from  the 
south  side  of  Colonel  Gaasbeck's  property,  to  the  south 
side  of  that  of  Mr.  John  Rodman,  one  street  of  forty  feet 
in  width  at  high  water  mark,  and  the  other  of  thirty  feet 
in  width  at  low  watermark;  the  high  water  mark  to  be  the 
centre  of  one  street,  and  the  low  water  mark  to  be  the 
centre  of  the  other.  It  was  also  ordered  that  three  slips 
should  be  established,  one  opposite  the  present  Morris 
street,  another  opposite  the  present  Exchange  place,  and 
another  opposite  the  present  Rector  street.    The  streets 


288 


MARKETS. 


established  by  these  ordinances  were  the  present  Green- 
wich and  Washington  streets,  from  Battery  place  to  Rector 
street.  Many  years,  however,  elapsed  before  they  were 
built  upon. 

On  the  East  river  side  of  the  city  the  lots  were  in 
greater  demand  than  on  the  North  river  side;  and  in  the 
year  1750,  Queen  street  was  quite  populous  on  both  sides, 
nearly  up  to  Peck  slip. 

A  notable  feature  of  the  city,  at  the  era  now  referred  to, 
was  the  number  of  public  markets  in  the  city.  One  was 
situated  at  the  foot  of  Broad  street ;  another  at  Coenties 
corner,  now  Coenties  slip,  (a  name  derived  from  the 
familiar  and  traditionary  appellation  of  an  owner  of 
property  on  the  "  corner."  This  was  Mr.  Conraet  Ten 
Eyck,  one  of  the  early  inhabitants,  familiarly  called 
"  Coentje.''  The  grand  children  of  Mr.  Ten  Eyck  pro- 
cured an  extensive  water  privilege  in  the  year  1740,  at 
their  property  on  Coenties  corner.  Another  market  was 
at  the  foot  of  Wall  street;  another  at  Burgher's  Path,  or 
present  Old  slip;  another,  commonly  known  as  the  Fly 
market,  a  name  derived  from  the  original  name  of  its 
locality — the  Valley,  Vly  or  Fly — was  at  the  foot  of 
Maiden  lane.  Another  was  at  Rodman's  slip,  above 
Maiden  lane.  In  short,  at  the  foot  of  each  street  along 
the  East  river  shore,  was  a  market.  In  the  centre  of  the 
city,  also,  were  several  market  places.  Broad  street,  from 
Wall  street  to  Exchange  place,  was  a  public  stand  for 
country  wagons.  A  market  was  also  erected  in  the  centre 
of  Broadway,  opposite  the  present  Liberty  street. 

An  intelligent  traveler,  (Professor  Kalm)  visiting  this 
city  in  1748,  thus  describes  his  visit : 

"  At  about  eight  o'clock  in  the  morning  (Oct.  30,)  after 


APPEARANCE  OF  THE  CITY  IN  1748. 


289 


crossing  over  from  Elizabethtown  to  Staten  Island,  we 
arrived  at  the  place  where  we  were  to  cross  the  water  in 
order  to  come  to  the  town  of  New  York;  we  left  our 
horses  here,  and  went  on  board  the  yacht.  We  were  to 
go  eight  English  miles  by  sea;  however,  we  landed,  about 
eleven  o'clock  in  the  morning,  at  New  York.  We  saw  a 
kind  of  wild  ducks,  in  immense  quantities,  upon  the  water; 
the  people  called  them  blue-bills;  they  were  very  shy.  On 
the  shore  of  the  continent  we  saw  some  very  fine  sloping 
corn-fields,  which  at  present  looked  quite  green,  the  corn 
being  already  come  up.  We  saw  many  boats,  in  which  the 
fishermen  were  busy  catching  oysters.  To  this  purpose 
they  make  use  of  a  kind  of  rakes,  with  long  iron  teeth, 
bent  inwards;  these  they  used  either  single  or  two  tied 
together,  in  such  a  manner  that  the  teeth  were  turned  to- 
ward  each  other. 

"  About  New  York  they  find  innumerable  quantities  of 
excellent  oysters,  and  there  are  few  places  which  have  them 
of  such  an  exquisite  taste  and  of  so  great  a  size;  they 
are  pickled,  and  sent  to  the  West  Indies  and  other  places. 
Oysters  are  reckoned  very  wholesome;  some  people  as- 
sured us  that  they  had  not  felt  the  least  inconvenience 
after  eating  a  considerable  quantity  of  them.  It  is  like- 
wise a  common  rule  here  that  they  are  best  in  those  months 
that  have  an  r  in  their  name — such  as  September,  October, 
<fcc,  but  that  they  are  not  so  good  in  other  months;  how- 
ever, there  are  poor  people  who  live  all  the  year  long  upon 
nothing  but  oysters,  with  bread. 

"  Lobsters  are  likewise  plentifully  caught  hereabouts, 
pickled,  much  in  the  same  manner  as  oysters,  and  sent  to 
several  places.    I  was  told  of  a  very  remarkable  circum- 


290 


APPEARANCE  OF  THE  CITY  EN  1748. 


stance  about  these  lobsters,  and  I  have  since  frequently 
heard  it  mentioned.  The  coast  of  New  York  had  already 
European  inhabitants  for  a  considerable  time,  and  yet  no 
lobsters  were  to  be  met  with  on  that  coast;  and  though 
the  people  fished  ever  so  often,  they  could  never  find  any 
signs  of  lobsters  being  in  this  part  of  the  sea.  They  were 
therefore  continually  brought  in  great  well-boats,  from 
Xew  England,  where  they  are  plentiful.  But  it  happened 
that  one  of  these  well-boats  broke  in  pieces,  near  Hell- 
gate,  about  ten  miles  from  New  York,  and  all  the  lobsters 
in  it  got  off.  Since  that  time  they  have  so  multiplied  in 
this  part  of  the  sea  that  they  are  now  caught  in  the  great- 
est abundance. 

<;  Among  the  numerous  shells  which  are  found  on  the 
sea-shore,  there  are  some  which,  by  the  English  here,  are 
called  clams,  and  which  bear  some  resemblance  to  the 
human  ear.  They  have  a  considerable  thickness,  and  are 
chiefly  white,  excepting  the  pointed  end,  which  both  with- 
out and  within  has  a  blue  color,  between  purple  and  violet. 
They  are  met  with,  in  vast  numbers,  on  the  sea-shore  of 
New  York,  Long  Island  and  other  places.  The  shells  con- 
tain a  large  animal,  which  is  eaten  both  by  the  Indians 
and  Europeans  settled  here;  a  considerable  commerce  is 
carried  on  in  the  article  with  such  Indians  as  live  further 
up  the  country.  When  these  people  inhabited  the  coast 
they  were  able  to  catch  their  own  clams,  which,  at  that 
time,  made  a  great  part  of  their  food;  but  at  present  this 
is  the  business  of  the  Dutch  and  English,  who  live  in  the 
neighborhood.  As  soon  as  the  shells  are  caught,  the  fish 
is  taken  out  of  them,  drawn  upon  a  wire,  and  hung  up  in 
the  open  air,  in  order  to  dry  by  the  heat  of  the  sun;  when 


APPEARANCE  OF  THE  CITY  IN  1748. 


291 


this  is  done,  the  flesh  is  put  into  proper  vessels  and  carried 
to  Albany,  upon  the  river  Hudson;  there  the  Indians  buy 
them,  and  reckon  them  one  of  their  best  dishes. 

"  New  York,  the  capital  of  a  province  of  the  same  name, 
is  situated  under  40°  40 7  north  latitude  and  4 7  west  longi- 
tude from  London,  and  is  about  ninety-seven  English  miles 
distant  from  Philadelphia.  The  situation  of  it  is  extreme- 
ly advantageous  for  trade;  for  the  town  stands  upon  a 
point  which  is  formed  by  two  bays,  into  one  of  which  the 
river  Hudson  discharges  itself,  not  far  from  the  town. 
New  York  is  therefore,  on  three  sides,  surrounded  with 
water.  The  ground  it  is  built  on  is  level  in  some  parts 
and  hilly  in  others.  The  place  is  generally  reckoned  very 
healthy. 

"The  town  was  first  founded  by  the  Dutch;  this,  it  is 
said,  was  done  in  the  year  1623,  when  they  were  yet  mas- 
ters of  the  country;  they  called  it  New  Amsterdam.  The 
English,  toward  the  end  of  the  year  1664,  taking  posses- 
sion, gave  the  name  of  New  York  to  both  the  city  and 
country.  In  size  it  comes  nearest  to  Boston  and  Philadel- 
phia; but  with  regard  to  its  fine  buildings,  its  opulence  and 
extensive  commerce,  it  disputes  the  preference  with  them. 

"  The  streets  do  not  run  so  straight  as  those  of  Phila- 
delphia, and  have  some  times  considerable  bendings;  how- 
ever, they  are  very  spacious  and  well  built,  and  most  of 
them  are  paved,  excepting  in  high  places,  where  it  has 
been  found  useless.  In  the  chief  streets  there  are  trees 
planted,  which  in  summer  give  them  a  fine  appearance,  and 
during  the  excessive  heat  at  that  time,  afford  a  cooling- 
shade.  I  found  it  extremely  pleasant  to  walk  in  the  town, 
for  it  seemed  quite  like  a  garden.  The  trees  which  are 
planted  for  this  purpose  are  chiefly  of  two  kinds;  the 


292 


APPEARANCE  OF  THE  CITY  IN  1748. 


water  beech,  is  the  most  numerous,  and  gives  an  agreeable 
shade  in  summer  by  its  large  and  numerous  leaves.  The 
locust  tree  is  likewise  frequent;  its  fine  leaves  and  the 
odoriferous  scent  which  exhales  from  its  flowers,  make  it 
very  proper  for  being  planted  in  the  streets,  near  the 
houses,  and  in  gardens.  There  are  likewise  lime  trees  and 
elms  in  these  walks,  but  they  are  not,  by  far,  so  frequent  as 
the  others.  One  seldom  meets  with  trees  of  the  same  sort 
adjoining  each  other,  they  being  in  general  placed  alter 
nately. 

"  Besides  numbers  of  birds  of  all  kinds  which  make  these 
trees  their  abode,  there  are  likewise  a  kind  of  frogs  which 
frequent  them  in  great  numbers  during  the  summer.  They 
are  very  clamorous  in  the  evening,  and  in  the  nights  (espe- 
cially when  the  days  have  been  hot,  and  a  rain  is  expected.) 
and  in  a  manner  drown  the  singing  of  the  birds.  They 
frequently  make  such  a  noise  that  it  is  difficult  for  a  person 
to  make  himself  heard. 

"  Most  of  the  houses  are  built  of  bricks,  and  are  gener- 
ally strong  and  neat,  and  several  stories  high;  some  have, 
according  to  the  old  architecture,  turned  the  gable  end 
toward  the  street,  but  the  new  houses  are  altered  in  this 
respect.  Many  of  the  houses  have  a  balcony  on  the  roof, 
on  which  the  people  sit  in  the  evenings,  in  the  summer 
time;  and  from  thence  they  have  a  pleasant  view  of  a  great 
part  of  the  town,  and  likewise  of  part  of  the  adjacent 
water,  and  of  the  opposite  shore.  The  roofs  are  commonly 
covered  with  tiles  or  shingles,  the  latter  of  which  are 
made  of  the  white  fir  tree,  which  grows  higher  up  in  the 
country.  The  inhabitants  are  of  opinion  that  a  roof,  made 
of  these  shingles,  is  as  durable  as  one  made  of  white  cedar. 
The  walls  of  the  houses  arc  whitewashed  within,  and  I  did 


APPEAR  AN'CE  OF  THE  CITY  IN  174S. 


293 


not  anywhere  see  hangings,  with  which  the  people  in  this 
country  seem  in  general  to  be  little  acquainted.  The  walls 
are  quite  covered  with  all  sorts  of  drawings  and  pictures, 
in  small  frames.  On  each  side  of  the  chimneys  they  usu- 
ally have  a  sort  of  alcove,  and  the  wall  under  the  window 
is  wainscoted,  with  benches  near  the  window.  The  al- 
coves, as  well  as  all  of  the  wood-work,  are  painted  with  a 
bluish-gray  color. 

"  Toward  the  sea,  on  the  extremity  of  the  promontory, 
is  a  pretty  good  fortress,  called  Fort  George,  which 
entirely  commands  the  port,  and  can  defend  the  town,  at 
least  from  a  sudden  attack  on  the  sea  side.  Besides  that, 
it  is  secured  on  the  north,  or  toward  the  land  side,  by  a 
palisade;  which,  however,  (as  for  a  considerable  time  the 
people  have  had  nothing  to  fear  from  an  enemy)  is  in  many 
places  in  a  very  bad  state  of  defence. 

"  There  is  no  good  water  to  be  met  with  in  the  town  it- 
self;  but  at  a  little  distance  there  is  a  large  spring  of  good 
water,  which  the  inhabitants  take  for  their  tea,  and  for  the 
uses  of  the  kitchen.  Those,  however,  who  are  less  delicate 
on  this  point  make  use  of  the  water  from  the  wells  in 
town,  though  it  be  very  bad.  This  want  of  good  water 
lies  heavy  upon  the  horses  of  the  strangers  that  come  to 
this  place,  for  they  do  not  like  to  drink  the  water  from  the 
wells  in  the  town. 

"  The  port  is  a  good  one — ships  of  great  burthen  can  lie 
in  it  quite  close  up  to  the  bridge;  but  its  water  is  very 
salt,  as  the  sea  continually  comes  in  upon  it,  and  therefore 
is  never  frozen  except  in  extraordinary  cold  weather.  This 
is  of  great  advantage  to  the  city  and  its  commerce;  for 
many  ships  either  come  in  or  go  out  of  the  port  at  any 
time  of  the  year,  unless  the  wind  be  contrary.    The  har- 


294  APPEARANCE  OP  THE  CITY  IN  1748. 

bor  is  secured  from  all  violent  hurricanes  from  the  south- 
east by  Long  Island,  which  is  situated  just  before  the 
town;  therefore  only  the  storms  from  the  south-west  are 
dangerous  to  the  ships  which  ride  at  anchor  here,  because 
the  port  is  open  only  on  that  side.  New  York  probably 
carries  on  a  more  extensive  commerce  than  any  town  in 
the  English  North  American  provinces;  at  least  it  may  be 
said  to  equal  them.  Boston  and  Philadelphia,  however, 
come  very  nearly  up  to  it.  The  trade  of  New  York  extends 
to  many  places,  and  it  is  said  they  send  more  ships  from 
thence  to  London  than  they  do  from  Philadelphia.  They 
export  to  that  capital  all  the  various  sorts  of  skins,  which 
they  buy  of  the  Indians — sugar,  logwood  and  other  dye- 
ing woods;  rum,  mahogany,  and  many  other  goods  which 
are  the  produce  of  the  West  Indies.  Every  year  they 
build  several  ships  here,  which  are  sent  to  London,  and 
there  sold;  and  of  late  years  they  have  shipped  a  great 
quantity  of  iron  to  England.  In  return  for  these  they 
import  from  London  stuffs  and  every  other  article  of  Eng- 
lish growth  and  manufacture,  together  with  all  sorts  of 
foreign  goods.  England,  and  especially  London,  profits 
immensely  by  the  trade. 

"  New  York  sends  many  ships  to  the  West  Indies,  with 
flour,  corn,  biscuit,  timber,  boards,  flesh,  fish,  butter,  and 
other  provisions,  together  with  some  few  of  the  fruits  that 
grow  here.  Many  ships  go  to  Boston,  in  New  England, 
with  flour  and  corn,  and  take  in  exchange  flesh,  butter, 
timber,  different  sorts  of  fish,  and  other  articles,  which 
they  carry  further,  to  the  West  Indies;  they  now  and  then 
take  rum  from  thence.  There  is  also  some  trade  with 
Philadelphia.  Some  times  ships,  wanting  freight  in  Eng- 
land, take  in  coals  for  ballast;  which,  when  brought  here, 


APPEARANCE  OF  THE  CITY  IN  1748.  295 

sell  for  a  pretty  good  price,  as  many  persons  use  them  both 
for  the  kitchen  and  parlor  fires,  considering  them  cheaper 
than  wood. 

"  I  cannot  make  a  just  estimate  of  the  ships  that  an- 
nually come  to  this  town,  or  sail  from  it.  But  I  have  found 
that  from  the  1st  of  December,  in  1729,  to  the  5th  of 
December,  in  the  next  year,  two  hundred  and  eleven  ves- 
sels entered  the  port  of  New  York,  and  two  hundred  and 
twenty- two  cleared  it;  and  since  that  time  there  has  been 
a  great  increase  of  trade  here. 

"  There  are  two  printers  in  the  town,  and  every  week 
some  gazettes,  in  English,  are  published,  which  contain 
news  from  all  parts  of  the  world. 

"  The  winter  is  much  more  severe  here  than  in  Philadel- 
phia; the  snow  lies  for  some  months  together  on  the 
ground,  and  sledges  are  made  use  of.  The  river  Hudson 
is  about  a  mile  and  a  half  broad  at  this  point,  and  the  tide 
ebbs  and  flows  six  or  seven  feet;  yet  the  ice  stands  in  it 
not  only  one,  but  even  several  months.  It  has  sometimes 
a  thickness  of  more  than  two  feet. 

The  inhabitants  are  sometimes  greatly  troubled  with 
mosquitoes;  they  either  follow  the  hay,  which  is  made 
near  the  town,  in  the  low  meadows,  which  are  quite  pene- 
trated with  salt  water,  or  they  accompany  the  cattle  when 
brought  home  at  evening.  I  have  myself  experienced  and 
have  observed  in  others,  how  much  these  little  aniinaiculaj 
can  disfigure  a  person's  face  during  a  single  night;  for  the 
skin  is  sometimes  so  covered  over  with  little  blisters,  from 
their  stings,  that  people  are  ashamed  to  appear  in  public. 

"  The  water-melons,  which  are  cultivated  near  the  town, 
grow  very  large.  They  are  extremely  delicious,  and  are 
better  than  in  other  parts  of  North  America,  though  they 


296  APPEAKANCE  OF  THE  CITY  IN  1756. 

are  planted  in  the  open  fields,  and  never  in  a  hot-bed.  I 
saw  a  water-melon  at  Governor  Clinton's,  in  1750,  which 
weighed  forty-seven  English  pounds,  and  another  at  a 
merchant's  in  town  of  forty-two  pounds  weight.  How- 
ever they  were  reckoned  the  largest  ever  seen  in  the 
country." 

The  Rev.  Mr.  Burnaby,  who  visited  the  city  about  the 
same  period,  says: 

"  The  inhabitants  of  New  York,  in  their  character,  very 
much  resemble  the  Pennsylvanians.  More  than  half  of 
them  are  Dutch,  and  almost  all  traders.  They  are  there- 
fore habitually  frugal,  industrious  and  parsimonious. 
Being,  however,  of  different  nations,  different  languages, 
and  different  religions,  it  is  almost  impossible  to  give  * 
them  any  precise  or  determinate  character.  The  women 
are  handsome  and  agreeable,  though  rather  more  reserved 
than  the  Philadelphia  ladies.  The  amusements  are  balls 
and  sleighing  expeditions  in  the  winter,  and  in  the  summer 
going  in  parties  upon  the  water  and  fishing,  or  making 
excursions  into  the  country.  There  are  several  houses, 
pleasantly  situated  up  the  East  river,  near  New  York, 
where  it  is  common  to  have  turtle  feasts.  These  happen 
once  or  twice  in  a  week.  Thirty  or  forty  gentlemen  and 
ladies,  meet  and  dine  together,  drink  tea  in  the  afternoon, 
fish  and  amuse  themselves  till  evening,  and  then  return 
home  in  Italian  chaises,  (the  fashionable  carriage  in  this 
and  most  parts  of  America,  Virginia  excepted,  where  they 
chiefly  make  use  of  coaches,  and  these  commonly  drawn 
by  six  horses,)  a  gentleman  and  lady  in  each  chaise. " 

The  following  is  the  description  given  of  this  city  in 
the  year  1756,  by  Mr.  Smith,  the  historian  : 

"  The  island  is  very  narrow,  not  a  mile  wide  at  a  me- 


APPEARANCE  OF  THE  CITY  EN  1756. 


297 


diuin,  and  about  fourteen  miles  in  length.  The  south-west 
point  projects  into  a  fine  spacious  bay,  nine  miles  long  and 
about  four  in  breadth,  at  the  confluence  of  the  waters  of 
Hudson  river  and  the  strait  between  Long  Island  and  the 
northern  shore.  The  Narrows. at  the  south  end  of  the  bay 
is  scarce  two  miles  wide,  and  opens  the  ocean  to  full  view. 
The  passage  up  to  New  York  from  Sandy  Hook,  a  point 
that  extends  farthest  into  the  sea,  is  safe,  and  not  above 
five  and  twenty  miles  in  length.  The  common  navigation 
is  between  the  east  and  west  banks  in  two  or  three  and 
twenty  feet  water.  But  it  is  said  that  an  eighty  gun  ship 
may  be  brought  up,  through  a  narrow,  winding,  unfre- 
quented channel,  between  the  north  end  of  the  east  bank 
and  Coney  Island. 

"  The  city  has,  in  reality,  no  natural  basin  or  harbor. 
The  ships  lie  off  in  the  road,  on  the  east  side  of  the  town, 
which  is  docked  out,  and  better  built  than  the  west  side, 
because  the  freshets  in  Hudson  river  fill  it  in  some  winters 
with  ice. 

<;  The  city  of  New  York  consists  of  about  two  thousand 
five  hundred  buildings.  It  is  a  mile  in  length  and  not 
above  half  that  in  breadth.  Such  is  its  figure,  its  centre 
of  business,  and  the  situation  of  the  houses,  that  the  mean 
cartage  from  one  part  to  another  does  not  exceed  above 
one  quarter  of  a  mile,  than  which  nothing  can  be  more  ad- 
vantageous to  a  trading  city. 

'*  It  is  thought  to  be  as  healthy  a  spot  as  any  in  the 
world.  The  east  and  south  parts  in  general  are  low,  but 
the  rest  is  situated  on  a  dry  elevated  soil.  The  streets  are 
irregular,  but  being  paved  with  round  pebbles,  are  clean, 
and  lined  with  well-built  brick  houses,  many  of  which  are 
covered  with  tiled  roofs. 


298 


APPEARANCE  OF  THE  CITY  IN  1756. 


"  No  part  of  America  is  supplied  with  markets  abound- 
ing with  greater  plenty  and  variety.  We  have  beef,  pork, 
mutton,  poultry,  butter,  wild  fowl,  venison,  fish,  roots  and 
herbs  of  all  kinds  in  their  seasons.  Our  oysters  are  a 
considerable  article  in  the  support  of  the  poor.  Their 
beds  are  within  view  of  the  town.  A  fleet  of  two  hundred 
small  craft  are  often  seen  there  at  a  time,  when  the  weather 
is  mild  in  winter;  and  this  single  article  is  computed  to  be 
worth  annually  ten  or  twelve  thousand  pounds. 

"  This  city  is  the  metropolis  and  grand  mart  of  the  prov- 
ince, and,  by  its  commodious  situation,  commands  also  all 
the  trade  of  the  western  part  of  Connecticut  and  that  of 
New  Jersey.  No  season  prevents  our  ships  from  launching 
out  into  the  ocean.  During  the  greatest  severity  of  the 
winter,  an  equal,  unrestrained  activity  runs  through  all 
ranks,  orders  and  employments. 

"  Upon  the  south-west  point  of  the  city  stands  the  fort, 
which  is  a  square,  with  four  bastions.  Within  the  walls 
is  the  house  in  which  our  governors  usually  reside,  and 
opposite  to  it  brick  barracks,  built  formerly  for  the  inde- 
pendent companies.  The  governor's  house  is  in  height 
three  stories,  and  fronts  to  the  west,  having  from  the  second 
story,  a  fine  prospect  of  the  bay  and  Jersey  shore.  At  the 
south  end  there  was  formerly  a  chapel,  but  this  was  burnt 
down  in  the  negro  conspiracy  of  the  spring  of  1741.  Ac- 
cording to  Governor  Burnet's  observation,  this  fort  stands 
in  the  latitude  of  42°  42'  north. 

"  Below  the  walls  of  the  garrison,  near  the  water,  we 
have  lately  raised  a  line  of  fortifications,  which  commands 
the  entrance  into  the  eastern  road  and  the  mouth  of  Hud- 
son's river.  This  battery  is  built  of  stone,  and  the  merlons 
consist  of  cedar  joists  filled  in  with  earth.    It  mounts 


APPEARANCE  OF  TITE  CITY  IN  1756. 


299 


ninety-two  cannon,  and  these  are  all  the  works  we  have 
to  defend  us.  About  six  furlongs  south-east  of  the  fort 
lies  Nutten  Island,  containing  about  one  hundred  or  one 
hundred  and  twenty  acres,  reserved  by  an  act  of  assembly 
as  a  sort  of  demesne  for  the  governors,  upon  which  it  is 
proposed  to  erect  a  strong  castle,  because  an  enemy  might 
from  thence  easily  bombard  the  city,  without  being  annoyed 
either  by  our  battery  or  the  fort.  During  the  late  war  a 
line  of  palisadoes  was  run  from  Hudson's  to  the  East  river 
at  the  other  end  of  the  city,  with  block  houses  at  small 
distances.  The  greater  part  of  these  still  remain  as  a 
monument  of  our  folly,  which  cost  the  government  about 
eight  thousand  pounds. 

"  The  inhabitants  of  New  York  are  a  mixed  people,  but 
mostly  descended  from  the  original  Dutch  planters.  There 
are  two  churches  in  which  religious  worship  is  performed 
in  that  language.  The  old  building  is  of  stone,*  and  ill 
built,  ornamented  within  by  a  small  organ  loft  and  brass 
branches.  The  new  churchf  is  a  very  heavy  edifice,  has  a 
very  extensive  area,  and  was  completed  in  1729.  It  has 
no  galleries,  and  yet  will  perhaps  contain  a  thousand  or 
twelve  hundred  auditors.  The  steeple  of  this  church 
affords  a  most  beautiful  prospect,  both  of  the  city  beneath, 
and  of  the  surrounding  country.  The  Dutch  congregation 
is  more  numerous  than  any  other;  but,  as  the  language 
becomes  disused,  it  is  much  diminished;  and  unless  they 
change  their  worship  into  the  English  tongue,  must  soon 
suffer  a  total  dissipation.  They  have  at  present  two  min- 
isters, the  reverend  Messrs.  Ritzma  and  De  Ronde,  who 
are  strict  Calvinists.  Their  church  was  incorporated  on 
the  11th  of  May,  1696,  by  the  name  of  the  minister,  elders 
and  deacons  of  the  Reformed  Protestant  Dutch  Church  of 

*  Garden  street  Church.  f  Thc  present  Post  Office. 


300 


AP  P  F. A R  A N C B  OF  THE  CITY  TN"  1756. 


the  city  of  Xew  York;  and  its  estate,  after  the  expiration 
of  sundry  long  leases,  will  be  worth  a  very  great  income. 

i;  There  are  besides  the  Dutch,  two  Episcopal  churches 
in  this  city,  upon  the  plan  of  the  established  church  in 
South  Britain.  Trinity  Church  was  built  in  1696,  and 
afterward  enlarged  in  1737.  It  stands  very  pleasantly 
upon  the  banks  of  Hudson's  river,  and  has  a  large  ceme- 
-tery  on  each  side,  inclosed  in  front  by  a  painted  paled 
fence.  Before  it  a  long  walk  is  railed  off  from  the  Broad- 
way, the  pleasantest  street  of  any  in  the  whole  town. 
This  building  is  about  one  hundred  and  forty-eight  feet  long, 
including  the  tower  and  chancel,  and  seventy-two  feet  in 
breadth.  The  steeple  is  one  hundred  and  seventy-five  feet 
in  height.  The  church  within  is  ornamented  beyond  any 
other  place  of  public  worship  among  us.  The  head  of  the 
chancel  is  adorned  with  an  altar  piece,  and  opposite  to  it. 
at  the  other  end  of  the  building,  is  the  organ.  The  tops 
of  the  pillars,  which  support  the  galleries,  are  decked  with 
gilt  busts  of  angels,  winged.  From  the  ceiling  are  sus- 
pended two  glass  branches,  and  on  the  walls  hang  the  arms 
of  some  of  its  principal  benefactors.  The  aisles  are  paved 
with  flat  stones.  The  present  rector  of  this  church  is  the 
Rev.  Henry  Barclay,  formerly  a  missionary  among  the 
Mohawks,  who  receives  one  hundred  pounds  a-year,  levied 
upon  all  the  other  clergy  and  laity  in  the  city,  by  virtue 
of  an  act  of  assembly,  procured  by  Governor  Fletcher. 
He  is  assisted  by  Dr.  Johnson  and  Mr.  Auchmuty. 

"  This  congregation,  partly  by  the  arrival  of  strangers, 
but  principally  by  proselytes  from  the  Dutch  churches,  is 
become  so  numerous  that,  though  the  old  building  will 
contain  two  thousand  hearers,  yet  a  new  one  was  erected 
in  1752.    This,  called  St.  George's  Chapel,  is  a  very  great 


APPEARANCE  OF  THE  CITY  EM  17-36. 


301 


edifice,  faced  with  hewn  stone  and  tiled;  the  steeple  is 
lofty  but  irregular,  and  its  situation  in  a  new,  crowded 
and  ill  built  part  of  the  town. 

"  The  revenue  of  Trinity  Church  is  restricted,  by  an  act 
of  Assembly,  to  live  hundred  pounds  per  annum;  but  it  is 
possessed  of  a  real  estate  at  the  north  end  of  the  town, 
which,  having  been  lately  divided  into  lots,  and  let  to 
farm,  will,  in  a  few  years,  produce  a  much  greater  in- 
come. 

•'The  Presbyterians,  increasing  after  Lord  Cornbury's 
return  to  England,  called  Mr.  Anderson,  a  Scotch  minister, 
to  the  pastoral  charge  of  their  congregation.  And  Dr. 
John  Nicol,  Patrick  Macknight,  Gilbert  Livingston  and 
Thomas  Smith,  purchased  a  piece  of  ground  and  founded 
a  church  in  1719.  Two  years  afterward  they  petitioned 
Colonel  Schuyler,  who  had  then  the  chief  command,  for  a 
charter  of  incorporation  to  secure  their  estate  for  religious 
worship,  upon  the  plan  of  the  Church  of  North  Britain; 
but  were  disappointed  in  their  expectations  through  the 
opposition  of  the  Episcopal  party.  After  several  years' 
solicitation  for  a  charter,  in  vain,  and  fearful  that  those 
who  obstructed  such  a  reasonable  request,  would  watch  an 
opportunity  to  give  them  a  more  effectual  wound,  those 
among  the  Presbyterians,  who  were  invested  with  the  fee 
simple  of  the  church  and  ground,  conveyed  it,  on  the  16th 
of  March,  1730,  to  a  committee  of  the  Church  of  Scotland. 
This  committee  gave  the  Presbyterian  inhabitants  of  Xew 
York  a  right  to  pursue  religious  worship  in  the  church. 
Mr.  Anderson  was  succeeded,  in  April,  1727,  by  the  Rev. 
Ebenezer  Pemberton,  a  man  of  polite  breeding,  pure 
morals,  and  warm  devotion,  under  whose  labors  the  con- 
gregation greatly  increased,  and  were  enabled  to  raise  a 


302 


APPEAKANCE  OF  THE  CITY  IN  1756. 


new  edifice  in  1748.  This  was  built  of  stone,  and  railed 
off  from  the  street.  It  was  in  length  eighty  feet,  and  in 
breadth  sixty.  The  steeple  raised  on  the  south-west  end 
is,  in  height,  one  hundred  and  forty-five  feet. 

"  The  French  Church,  by  the  contentions  of  1724,  and 
the  disuse  of  the  language,  is  now  reduced  to  an  inconsid- 
erable handful.  The  building,  which  is  of  stone,  is  nearly 
a  square — plain,  both  within  and  without.  It  is  fenced 
from  the  street,  has  a  steeple  and  a  bell,  the  latter  of  which 
was  the  gift  of  Sir  Henry  Ashurst  of  London.  The 
present  minister,  Mr.  Carle,  is  a  native  of  France,  and 
succeeded  Mr.  Rou  in  1754. 

"  The  German  Lutheran  churches  are  two.  Both  their 
places  of  worship  are  small;  one  of  them  has  a  cupola 
and  a  bell. 

"  The  Quakers  have  a  meeting-house,  and  the  Moravians, 
a  new  sect  among  us,  a  church,  consisting  principally  of 
female  proselytes  from  other  societies.  Their  service  is  in 
the  English  tongue. 

"  The  Anabaptists  assemble  at  a  small  meeting-house, 
but  have  as  yet  no  regular  settled  congregation. 

"  The  Jews,  who  are  not  inconsiderable  for  their  num- 
bers, worship  in  a  synagogue  erected  in  a  very  private  part 
of  the  town,  plain  without  but  very  neat  within. 

"  English  is  the  most  prevailing  language  among  us,  but 
not  a  little  corrupted  by  the  Dutch  dialect,  which  is  still  so 
much  used  in  some  counties,  that  the  sheriffs  find  it  diffi- 
cult to  obtain  persons  sufficiently  acquainted  with  the 
English  tongue,  to  serve  as  jurors  in  the  courts  of  law. 

"  In  the  city  of  New  York,  through  our  intercourse  with 
the  English,  we  follow  the  London  fashions;  though  by  the 
time  we  adopt  them,  they  become  disused  in  England.  Our 


APPEARANCE  OF  THE  CITY  IN  1756- 


303 


affluence  during  the  late  war,  introduced  a  degree  of  lux- 
ury in  tables,  dress  and  furniture,  with  which  we  were 
before  unacquainted.  But  still  we  are  noi  so  gay  a  people 
as  our  neighbors,  at  Boston,  and  several  of  the  southern 
colonies.  The  Dutch  counties,  in  some  measure,  follow 
the  example  of  New  York,  but  still  retain  many  modes 
peculiar  to  Hollanders. 

"  The  city  of  New  York  consists  principally  of  mer- 
chants, shop-keepers  and  tradesmen,  who  sustain  the  repu- 
tation of  honest,  punctual  and  fair  dealers.  With  respect 
to  riches,  there  is  not  so  great  an  inequality  among  us,  as 
is  common  in  Boston  and  some  other  places.  Every  man 
of  industry  and  integrity  has  it  in  his  power  to  live  well, 
and  many  are  the  instances  of  persons  who  came  here 
distressed  by  their  poverty,  who  now  enjoy  easy  and  plen- 
tiful fortunes. 

"New  York  is  one  of  the  most  social  places  on  the  con- 
tinent. The  men  collect  themselves  into  weekly  evening 
clubs.  The  ladies,  in  winter,  are  frequently  entertained, 
either  at  concerts  of  music  or  assemblies,  and  make  a  very 
good  appearance.  They  are  comely  and  dress  well,  and 
scarce  any  of  them  have  distorted  shapes.  Tinctured 
with  a  Dutch  education,  they  manage  their  families  with 
becoming  parsimony,  good  providence,  and  singular  neat- 
ness. The  practice  of  extravagant  gaming,  common  to 
the  fashiondble  part  of  the  fair  sex  in  some  places,  is  a 
vice  with  which  my  country  women  cannot  justly  be 
charged.  There  is  nothing  they  so  generally  neglect  as 
reading,  and  indeed  all  the  arts  for  the  improvement  of  the 
mind,  in  which,  it  must  be  confessed,  the  men  have  set 
them  an  example.  They  are  modest,  temperate  and  chari- 
table, naturally  sprightly,  sensible  and  good-humored;  and, 


304 


APPEAKANCE  OF  THE  CITY  IN  1756. 


by  the  help  of  a  more  elevated  education,  would  possess 
all  the  accomplishments  desirable  in  the  sex.  Our  schools 
are  in  the  lowest  order;  the  instructors  want  instruction, 
and  through  a  long,  shameful  neglect  of  all  the  arts  and 
sciences,  our  common  speech  is  extremely  corrupt,  and  the 
evidences  of  a  bad  taste,  both  as  to  thought  and  language, 
are  visible  in  all  our  proceedings,  public  and  private. 

"  The  people,  both  in  town  and  country,  are  sober, 
industrious  and  hospitable,  though  intent  upon  gain.  The 
richer  sort  keep  very  plentiful  tables,  abounding  with 
great  varieties  of  fish,  flesh,  fowl,  and  all  kinds  of  vegeta- 
bles. The  common  drinks  are  beer,  cider,  weak  punch 
and  Madeira  wine;  for  desert  we  have  fruits,  in  vast  plenty, 
of  different  kinds  and  various  species. 

"  The  inhabitants  are  in  general  healthy  and  robust, 
taller,  but  shorter-lived  than  Europeans,  and  both  with 
respect  to  their  minds  and  bodies,  arrive  sooner  to  an  age 
of  maturity.  Breathing  a  serene,  dry  air,  they  are  more 
sprightly  in  their  natural  tempers  than  the  people  of  Eng- 
land; and  hence  instances  of  suicide  here  are  very  uncom- 
mon. The  situation  of  New  York,  with  respect  to  trade, 
is  very  advantageous;  but  our  merchants  are  compared  to 
a  hive  of  bees,  who  industriously  gather  honey  for  others 
— non  vobus  mellificatis  apes— for  the  profits  of  our  trade 
centre  chiefly  in  Great  Britain;  and  for  that  reason,  me- 
thinks,  among  others,  we  ought  always  to  receive  the  gen- 
erous aid  and  protection  of  our  mother  country.  Our 
importation  of  dry  goods,  from  England,  is  so  vastly  great 
that  we  are  obliged  to  betake  ourselves  to  all  possible  arts 
to  make  remittances  to  the  British  merchants.  It  is  for 
this  purpose  we  import  cotton  from  St.  Thomas  and  Suri- 
nam, lime  juice  and  Nicaragua  wood  from  Curacoa,  and 


nam,  lime  juice  and  Nicaragua  wood  from  Curacoa,  and 


\ 


APPEARANCE  OF  THE  CITY  IN  1756.1  305 

logwood  from  the  bay,  &c;  and  yet  it  drains  us  of  all  the 
gold  and  silver  we  can  collect.  It  is  computed  that  the 
annual  amount  of  the  goods  purchased  by  this  colony"  in 
Great  Britain,  is  in  value  not  less  than  one  hundred  thou- 
sand pounds  sterling;  and  the  sum  would  be  much  greater 
if  a  stop  was  put  to  all  clandestine  trade.  The  item  of  tea 
is  a  very  important  one,  as  our  people,  both  in  town  and 
country,  are  shamefully  gone  into  the  habit  of  tea  drink- 
ing; and  it  is  supposed  we  consume,  of  this  commodity,  in 
value  near  ten  thousand  pounds  sterling  per  annum. 

"  The  money  used  is  silver,  gold,  British  half-pence  and 
bills  of  credit.  Twelve  half-pence,  till  lately,  passed  for 
a  shilling;  which,  being  much  beyond  their  value  in  any 
of  the  neighboring  colonies,  a  set  of  gentlemen,  seventy- 
two  in  number,  on  the  22d  of  December,  1753,  subscribed 
a  paper  engaging  not  to  receive  or  pass  them  except  at 
the  rate  of  fourteen  coppers  to  a  shilling.  This  gave  rise 
to  a  mob,  for  a  few  days,  among  the  lower  class  of  people; 
but  some  of  them  being  imprisoned,  the  scheme  was  car- 
ried into  execution,  and  established  in  every  part  of  the 
province." 


20 


APPEND  I  X. 


DESCRIPTIVE  PARTS  OF  EARLY  GRANTS  AND  DEEDS  ON  THIS  ISLAND, 
SPECIFYING  THE  LOCALITIES  TO  WHICH  THEY  APPLIED. 

1637.  "  Land  near  Sapokanikan,"  afterward  Greenwich,  in  the  present 

Ninth  Ward. 

1638.  "  Land  behind  Corlear's  land,"  at  Harlem. 

1639.  "  Land  in  the  '  Smith's  Valley,'  "  present  Pearl  street,  near  Beek- 

nian  street. 

1  Laud  at  the  little  brook,  called  the  Old  Wreck,"  on  the  East 
river  side. 

1641.  ;'  Land  betwixt  the  two  creeks,  where  the  water  is  running  over 

the  stones" — unknown. 
"      "  Land  in  the  Smith's  Valley,"  present  Pearl  street,  near  Fulton 
street. 

1642.  "  Land  on  the  East  river,  near  the  brook,"  in  the  vicinity  of  the 

present  Roosevelt  street. 

1643.  "  Lot  east  of  the  fort,"  on  the  present  Bridge  street. 

"      "  Lot  on  the  shore  of  the  East  river,  east  of  the  fort,"  at  the 
present  Hanover  square. 

"      u  Lot  south-east  of  the  fort,  along  the  river,"  the  present  Pearl 
street,  near  Broad  street. 

"      "  Lot  north  of  the  fort,"  the  present  west  side  of  Broadway,  oppo- 
site the  Bowling  Green. 

"      "  Lot  on  the  east  side  of  the  great  highway,"  the  present  east  side 
of  Broadway,  below  Exchange  place. 
'    "      "  Lot  in  the  Smith's  Valley,"  present  Pearl  street,  near  Fulton. 

■      "  Lot  on  the  great  highway,"  on  Broadway,  near  the  Bowling 
Green. 


308 


APPENDIX. 


1643.  -  Lot  on  the  south  end  of  the  Company's  Valley,  north-east  from 

the  fort,"  on  the  present  north  side  of  Beaver  street,  west  of 
Broad  street. 

"      "  Lot  on  the  common  highway,"  east  side  of  Broadway,  north  of 
Beaver  street. 

■  "  Lot  along  the  public  highway,'"  on  the  east  side  of  Broadway. 

north  of  Beaver  street. 
"      •■  Lot  east  of  the  fort."  on  the  present  Stone  street,  east  of  White- 
hall street. 

"      H  Lot  south  of  the  fort,"  on  the  present  Pearl  street,  west  of 
Whitehall  street. 

"        Lot  on  the  common  ditch."  on  the  east  side  of  Broad  street. 

between  Pearl  and  Stone  streets, 
"      "  Lot  on  the  public  highway,"  east  side  of  Broadway. 

■  "  Lot  next  Hendrick  Kip."  extending  from  Bridge  to  Stone  street. 

1644.  M  Lot  on  the  common  ditch,"  on  the  present  Broad  street. 

"      u  Lot  southerly  from  the  fort,"  on  the  present  Pearl  street,  west 
of  Whitehall  street. 

1645.  Land  called  the  Otter  track,"  at  Harlem. 

"      "  Lot  on  the  west  side  of  the  ditch,"  Broad  street. 
"        Lot  on  the  common  highway."  Broadway. 
u      "  Lot  on  the  road."  present  Stone  street,  east  of  Whitehall  street 
"        Lot  north  of  the  fort,"  west  side  of  Broadway,  opposite  the 
Bowling  Green. 

"      "  Lot  north-east  of  the  fort,"  Broadway  and  Beaver  street. 
••  Land  at  the  East  river."  at  present  Franklin  square. 

"      ;-  Lot  on  the  ditch."  present  Beaver  street,  east  of  Broad  street. 

"      "  Farm  called  Bylvelt's  Bowery."  toward  Corlear*s  Hook. 

"      u  Lot  behind  the  public  tavern,"  on  the  present  Stogie  street,  be- 
tween Broad  street  and  Hanover  square. 

"      ••  Land  north  of  the  fresh  water,"  in  present  Fourteenth  Ward. 

"      "  Land  on  the  Swamp,"  in  vicinity  of  present  north-west  corner  of 
Beaver  and  Broad  streets. 

"      •'  Bouwery  No.  5,"  or  Pennebacker's  Bowery,  east  of  Chatham 
square. 

"      -  Bouwery  Xo.  6,"  east  of  Chatham  square. 
"      ••  Lot  behind  the  public  inn,"  on  present  Stone  street,  east  corner 
of  Broad  street. 

■  "  Lot  north-east  of  the  fort,  on  the  road,"  the  present  south-east 

corner  of  Beaver  and  Whitehall  streets. 


APPENDIX. 


309 


1645.  "  Lot  along  the  ditch,  corner  of  the  road,"  south-west  corner  of 

Broad  and  Beaver  streets. 
"      u  Land  next  Cornelius  Dircksen,  the  ferryman,"  at  the  present 
Franklin  square. 

1646.  ••  Lot  close  to  the  Fiscal's  kitchen,  and  next  the  yard  of  the 

preacher,"  present  Bridge  street,  east  of  Whitehall  street. 
■      "  Lot  on  the  great  public  highway,"  Broadway. 
"      "  Lot  east  of  the  fort,  between  the  stone  houses  and  the  fort."  on 

the  present  Whitehall  street,  between  Bridge  and  Stone 

streets. 

"      "  Lot  on  the  ditch,  adjlining  the  swamp,"  near  the  present  north- 
west corner  of  Beaver  and  Broad  streets. 
"      u  Lot  along  the  public  road,  near  the  garden  of  Jan  Damen,"  the 

present  Broadway,  near  Wall  street. 
"      M  Land  in  the  Smith's  Yalley,"  the  present  Pearl  street,  near 
John  street. 

"      "  Lot  east  of  the  fort,  opposite  the  five  stone  houses,"  the  present 

Whitehall  street,  between  Stone  and  Bridge  streets. 
"      "  Lot  along  the  road,  near  the  brew-house  of  the  Company,"  on 
the  present  Stone  street,  between  Whitehall  and  Broad 
streets. 
"  Schout's  Bouwery." 
u      u  Lot  south  of  the  fort,"  the  present  north  side  of  Pearl  street, 
west  of  Whitehall  street. 
u  Lot  on  the  strand,  next  the  Company's  warehouse,"  the  present 

north-east  corner  of  Pearl  and  Whitehall  streets. 
u  Lot  south-west  of  the  fort,  on  the  strand,"  the  present  State 
street,  near  Pearl  street. 
"      "  Land  at  Sapokanikan,"  afterward  Greenwich,  in  Ninth  Ward 
"  Lot  along  the  East  river,  near  the  old  church,"  on  the  present 
north  side  of  Pearl  street,  between  Broad  and  Whitehall 
streets. 

"  "  Lot  on  the  ditch,  bounded  in  rear  by  a  trench  in  the  marsh," 
on  the  present  north  side  of  Beaver  street,  west  of  Broad 
street. 

"  ;*  Lot  on  the  north-east  side  of  the  ditch."  present  Beaver  street, 
west  of  Broad  street. 

1647.  M  Lot  between  Claes  De  Ruyter  and  the  Company's  bakery,"  on 

the  south  side  of  Pearl  street,  west  of  Whitehall  street. 


310 


APPENDIX. 


1645.    "  Plantation  south  of  the  marsh  of  Domine  Bogardus,"  in  the 

present  Fifth  Ward. 
"      "  Lot  on  the  common  ditch,"  the  present  Broad  street,  west  side, 

near  Stone  street. 
"      "  Land  called  Flatland,"  near  Harlem. 

'•'      "  West  side  of  the  great  public  road,  next  the  garden  of  the  Com- 
pany, west  side  of  Broadway/'  near  Rector  street. 
1651.    "  Lot  on  the  strand  of  the  East  river,"  present  Pearl  street,  east 

of  Broad  street. 
1657.    ;i  Heere  graft,"  lower  part  of  Broa^l  street. 

u      u  prince  graft,"  Broad  street,  above  Beaver  street. 
"      "  Brouwer  straat,"  Stone  street,  between  Broad  and  Whitehall 
streets. 

"  "  Brugh  straat,"  Bridge  street,  between  Broad  and  Whitehall 
streets. 

"      "  Markvelt  steegie,"  Marketfield  street, 

"  "  Markvelt,"  Whitehall  street,  east  side,  between  Stone  and  Beaver 
streets  ;  and  Broadway,  west  side,  between  Battery  place  and 
Morris  street. 

"      "  Heere  straat,"  Broadway,  south  of  Wall  street,  to  Beaver  street. 

"  "  Hoogh  straat,"  Stone  street,  between  Broad  street  and  Hanover 
square  ;  and  Pearl  street,  from  thence  to  Wall  street. 

"  "  De  Waal"  Pearl  street,  north  side,  from  Broad  street  to  Hano- 
ver square. 

"  "  The  Water,"  Pearl  street,  north  side,  between  Whitehall  and 
Broad  streets. 

"  "  Perel  straat,"  Pearl  street,  between  State  and  Whitehall 
streets. 

"      "  Winckel  straat,"  (now  closed.)  then  running  between  Stone  and 

Bridge  streets,  east  of  Whitehall  street. 
"      "  Prince  straat,"  Beaver  street,  between  Broad  and  William 

streets. 

"  "  Smee  straat,"  William  street,  between  Wall  street  and  Hanover 
square. 

"      "  Smith's  Valley,"  Pearl  street,  east  of  Wall  street. 
"  The  Wall,"  Wall  street. 
1665.    "  Maagde  Paetje,"  Maiden  lane. 
"  "Broadway." 

"      "  Smith "s  Valley,"  Pearl  street,  above  Wall  street. 


APPEND  IX. 


311 


1666.  "  Hecrcwegh,"  Chatham  street,  along1  the  Park. 

"      "  High  street,". Stone  street,  between  Broad  and  William  streets. 
"      "  House  and  land  outside  the  land  gate,"  Broadway,  above  Wall 
street. 

"      "  Land  called  the  Olaverwatie,  south  of  the  Maagde  Paetje," 
south  of  Maiden  lane. 

1667.  "  The  Wall,"  Wall  street. 
"      "  Breedwegh,"  Broadway. 

M      "  Slyck  Steegh,"  South  William  street. 
1672.    "  Broadway." 

"      "  Tuyen  street"  (Garden  street,)  Exchange  place. 
"      "  Markvelt  lane,"  MarketfMd  street. 

u  Cingle,"  Wall  street. 
"      a  Schreyer's  Hook,"  State  street,  south  of  Pearl  street. 
"      u  Smith  street,"  William  street,  between  Wall  street  and  Hanover 
square. 

"      u  The  land  at  the  ferry,"  near  Peck  slip. 

"      "  Waal  or  Strand,"  Pearl  street,  north  side,  between  Broad  street 
and  Old  slip. 

"      "  Brewer  or  Stone  street,"  Stone  street,  near  Broad  street. 
"      "  Great  graft,"  Broad  street,  south  of  Beaver  street. 
"  Kalch-hook,"  north  of  the  Park. 
1677.    "  The  water  side,"  present  north  side  of  Pearl  street,  between 
Wall  and  Whitehall  streets. 
■      "  The  Market-field  and  Broadway,"  Whitehall  street,  north  of 
Stone  street ;  and  Broadway,  to  Wall  street. 
"  The  Walls,"  Wall  street. 
"      "  The  Schaape  waytie,"  or  the  sheep  pasture,  present  Broad  street, 

between  Exchange  place  and  Wall  street. 
"      "  The  High  street,"  present  Stone  street,  between  Broad  street 

and  Hanover  square. 
"      "  The  Smith  street,"  the  present  William  street,  below  Wall 
street. 

"      "  Mill  street  lane,"  the  present  South  William  street. 
"      "  The  Smith  street  lane,"  formerly  "  Schaape  waytie,"  or  sheep 
path. 

"      "  The  Heere  graft,"  Broad  street,  below  Beaver  street, 
"      "  The  Beaver  graft,"  Beaver  street,  between  Broadway  and  Broad 
street. 

"      "  Field  street,"  Marketficld  street. 
•      "  Stone  street,"  Stone  street. 


312 


APPENDIX. 


1677.    "  Markvelt  street/'  Whitehall  street,  above  Bridge  street. 

"  "  Winkle  street/'  between  Stone  and  Bridge  streets. 
1680  "  Land  at  the  outlet  of  the  fresh  water  little  creek  on  the  East 
river,  bounded  by  Wolfert's  meadow,"  near  the  present  foot 
of  Roosevelt  street. 
"  "  Smith's  Fly,"  before  described  ;  see  also  map  of  1695,  and  sub- 
sequent maps,  for  the  several  designations  of  the  streets  at 
the  periods  to  which  they  refer. 


APPENDIX. 


313 


LIST  OF  INHABITANTS 

WnO  OFFERED  LOANS  FOR  ERECTING  THE  CTTY  PALISADES  IN  163o 

Mynheer  TTercklioyen  Trader   980 

Joannes  Van  Beeck                      "    80 

J oannes  Tan  Brugh                      *    80 

Joannes  Depeyster                        "    40 

Cornells  Steenwyck                       "    80 

Goyert  Looekeimans                     "    60 

Oloff  Steyenson  Van  Cortland.  .Brewer   60 

Jacob  Schellinger  Trader   80 

Pieter  Prins                               ■    40 

Anthony  Van  Hardenburgh ....      "    80 

Joannes  Nerinfl                            "    40 

Gulian  Wye                               "    80 

Pieter  Buys                               ■    40 

A.  &  J.  Keyser                           "    40 

Paulas  Sehrick                             M    40 

Jacob  Gerrits  Strycker  Tailor  ;   80 

Francois  Fyn  Trader   40 

Mattheus  de  Vos  Notary   40 

Adrian  Blommaert  Ship  captain    40 

Eyert  Tesselaer's  Clerks   80 

Jacobus  Backer  Trader   60 

Nicholas  Boodt                            ■    40 

Isaac  De  Foreest                      Brewer   40 

Abram  Geenes  Trader   40 

Jacob  Steendain                           "    40 

Anthony  Clasen  Farmer   20 

Jan  Jansen.  jr  Builder   20 

Borger  Joris  Blacksmith   40 

Jan  Vinje  Brewer   20 

Arent  Van  Hattem  Trader   40 


314 


APPENDIX. 


Martin  Crigier  Trader   $40 

P.  L.  Vandiegrist                         "    40 

Maximilian  Yan  Gheel                   "    40 

Allard  Anthony                            "    40 

Abram  Delanoy                            "    40 

Daniel  Litschoe  Tavern-keeper   40 

Philip  Geraerdy  Trader   20 

Egbert  Yan  Borsuni  Tavern-keeper   40 

Hendrick  Kip  Tailor   40 


$2020 


APPENDIX. 


315 


TAX  AND  CONTRIBUTION  LIST, 

RAISED  EN  1655,  TO  DEFRAY  THE  DEBT  FOR  CONSTRUCTING  THE  CITY 
DEFENCES. 

[Tliis  list  embraces  all  the  taxable  inliahitants  of  the  city  at  that  time. 
The  several  amounts  are  given  in  the  currency  of  the  present  day  in 
round  numbers.  Several  included  in  the  list  were  non-residents,  but  held 
taxable  interests  in  the  city.] 


Petrus  Stuyvesant  $60 

Cornells  Yau  Tienhoven   40 

Allard  Anthony   40 

doff  Stevenseu  Yan  Cortland.  40 

Joannes  Nevius   20 

Joannes  De  Peyster   20 

Jacob  Strycker   12 

JanYinje   12 

Jacob  Kip   8 

Martin  Crigier   20 

P.  L.  Yandiegrist   24 

Domine  Megapolensis   20 

Domine  Drissius   20 

Cornelis  Van  Ruyven   12 

P.  "W.  Yan couwenho ven   40 

Daniel  Litschoe   20 

Johannes  Yan  JBrugh   40 

Cornelis  S teen wyck   40 

Joost  Yan  Beeek   20 

Skipper  Bestenaer   40 

G  overt  Loockermans   40 

Pieter  C.  Yanderveen   24 

Pieter  Jacobus  Buys   32 

Jacobus  Backer   40 

Rynier  Rycken   24 

Abram  Nickels   28 


Abm.  Delanoy   $16 

Pieter  Schabanck   10 

Elbert  Elbertsen   10 

Rynier  Stoffelsen   10 

Hendrick  Jansen  Yandcrvin . .  24 

Jacob  Messerau   10 

Dirck  Clasen  Boot   10 

Jacob  Onnosel   12 

Isaac  Mense   12 

Pieter  Rudolphus   15 

Daniel  Yerveele  (Ft.  Orange).  10 

Cornelis  Martenzen   16 

Abm.  Goozen   4 

Arent  Herkoff.   16 

Rbt.  Yastrick  (Fort  Orange) .  16 

Jeremias  Yan  Rensselaer    do.  12 

Jan  Jansen,  jr   8 

Frerick  Warner   12 

Laurens  Hey n   14 

Nicholas  Staelback   7 

Gerrit  Banker   8 

Cornelius  De  Bruyn   10 

Nicholas  Boot   10 

Alex'r  d'  Injossa   10 

Joannes  Withart   20 

Adrian  Blommaert   14 


316 


APPENDIX. 


Nicholas  Beverlodt  $12 

Cornel  is  Schut   40 

Teunis  Pietersen  Tempel   6 

Nicholas  Yan  Holstyn   12 

Marcus  Vogelsang   16 

Cornelis  Yan  Schel   12 

Paulus  Shriek   8 

Gysbert  Yan  Imbroecken. ...  10 

S ymon  Jansen   4 

Bareut  Yan  Marrel   10 

Pieter  d'Maker  

Jan  Jansen  Yan  Schol   10 

Frerick  Gysbertsen   12 

Jacobus  Crap   4 

Pieter  Tonnenian   4 

Skipper  of  the  Speckled  Cow.  60 

Skipper  of  the  New  Amsterdam  60 

Skipper  of  the  Wkitehorse. . .  60 

Jurien  Blanck   8 

Claes  Carsten  Noorman   4 

Isaac  Kip   8 

Andries  De  Haes   8 

Tomas  Fredricksen   3 

Jan  Gerritsen   3 

Andries  Hoppen  

Tomas  Lambertsen   8 

Evert  Coerten   4 

Jacob  Boreem  

Maryn  Luycken   6 

Claes  Bordingh  ,  8 

Jan  d'Cuyper   10 

Pieter  Yan  Naerden   5 

Lodowick  Pos   6 

Jan  Paulizen  Jaquet   8 

Jan  Dircksen's  wife   8 

Jan  Peeck   8 

Frerick  Hendricksen   4 

Eeiuhout  Ptcinhoutsen   6 

Pieter  Jacobs  Marins   8 

Pieter  Cornelisen   8 


Adrian  "Wouterzen   3 

Abraham  Pietersen   3 

Andries  Jochemsen   4 

Michael  Pauluzen's  wife   6 

Egbert  Yan  Borsum   12 

Aage  Bruynsen  

Hendrick  Kip   5 

Koelof  Jansen   4 

Jan  Perie   4 

Jacob  Yeets   3 

Ryndert  Pietersen   8 

Claes  Tysen   5 

Frans  Clasen   3 

Coenraet  Ten  Eyck   8 

Isaac  De  Foreest   G 

Abram  Clock   6 

Dirck  Yan  Schelluyne   5 

Alder t  Coninck   6 

Auken  Jansen  

Sybrant  Jansen  Galma   4 

William  Brouwer  

Hay  Yolkertsen   4 

Hans  Steyn   6 

TTilliain  Pietersen  d'Groot ...  6 

Jan  Gerritzen  Brouwer   5 

Albert  J ansen   6 

Claes  Yan  Elslant   6 

Migkiel  Tadens   7 

AVarnaer  "Wessells   10 

Saloman  Pietersen   4 

Cornelis  Jansen  Clopper   6 

Myndert  the  Cooper   4 

C.  De  Ruyter  and  H.  Douwson  6 

Laurens  d'Drayer   6 

Abram  La  Cuya   40 

Jossep  d' Coster   40 

David  Freere   40" 

Fusilador  Dandrade   40 

Jacob  Cowyn   40 

Jacob  Barsimsen   3 


APPENDIX. 


Asser  Laurens   $3 

Abram  Yerplanck   8 

Hans  Kierstede   6 

Adolph  Pietersen   5 

Gerrit  Fullwever   6 

Frerick  Flipzen   8 

Borger  Jorisen  .  8 

Egbert  TVouterzen   8 

Jacob  Steeudam   10 

Hendrick  Willeinsen  ........  10 

Jacob  Huges   3 

Willem  Beeknian  (exempt) 

Joost  TuDizen   10 

Carel  Yau  Brugh   14 

Tunis  Kray   8 

Pieter  Kock   8 

Jan  Geraerdy   8 

Rendel  Huit   4 

Jan  J.  Schepmoes   8 

Adrian  Yan  Tienhoven   10 

Adrian  Keyser   6 

Evert  Duychingh   6 

Jan  Hendricksen   4 

Abraham  Jacobsen   5 

Jan  Ryersen   3 

Jan  Adrianzen   7 

Pieter  Harmenzen  

Caspar  Steinmets   4 

Allart  Trumpeter's  wife   4 

Sybout  Clasen   8 

Adrian  Yincent   5 

Teunis,  the  mason   3 

Thomas  Hall   10 

Gabriel  Barenzen  De  Haes ...  4 
Resolvert  Waldron  (exempt). 

Jochem  Beekman   4 

Claes  Paulizen   4 

Isaac  Allerton   25 

Claes  Pieterzen   3 


317 

Albert  Kalekbuys   $3 

Jan  Jansen  Yan  Ham   3 

Gerrit  Jansen  Roos   4 

Harincn  Sybrantzen  (exempt.) 

Joost  Goderis   2 

Jan  Cornelizen,  Clyn  &  S.  Abels  10 

Jan  Scryver   5 

Symon  Felle   5 

Jan  Rutgerzen   3 

Arent  Isaacson   3 

Cornelis  Yan  Langvelt   3 

Rynclert  Jansen  Yan  Hoorn . .  5 

Henry  Yan  Dy ck   12 

Samuel  Edsal   3 

Frans  Jansen  Yan  Hooghten .  8 

Claes  Hendricksen  

Lourens  Jansen   5 

Barent  Meynderts   3 

Jan  Jansen  Yan  St.  Obyn ...  5 

The  Provoost  of  Citizens ....  5 

Thomas  Willet   24 

Mathys  Capita   6 

Hendrick  Pietersen   4 

David  Wessells   4 

Thomas  Marschal  (exempt.) 

Hendrick  Yan  Bommel   2 

Jacob  Clomp  

Pieter  Jansen   2 

Lambert  Huybertsen  Mol ....  6 

Andries  Yan  Sluys   4 

Laurens  Laurenzen   5 

Pieter  Stoutenburgh   5 

Dirck  Holgoisen   4 

Claes  Tysen   4 

Ryndert  De  Yries   5 

Aert  Willemsen  Bromsen ....  8 

Andries  Audriezen   2 

Aryen  Symonsen   3 

Lucas  Andriezen   3 


318 


APPENDIX. 


Claes  De  Jongh   $8 

Dirck  Clasen,  Corey  &  Brother  16 

Hen'k  Hendricksen  (drummer)  4 

Jacob  Hendricksen  Yarvanger  12 

J acob  Leeudersen  Yandiegrist  40 

Jacob  Yan  Couwenhoven ....  40 

Hendrick  Kip   10 

S chipper Wm.  Tomazen  (house)  10 

Sander  Leenderzen,         "  10 


William  Teller,          (house)  $10 

Arent  Yan  Corlaer         "  10 

Albert,  the  Noorman       "  8 

Pieter  Hartgers,             "  10 

Flip  Pieterzen,               "  10 

Rut.  Jacobsen,               "  10 

Christian  Barenzen   6 

Andries  Ciaseu  (exempt) 

Arent  Lourenzen   2 


APPENDIX. 


319 


LIST  OF  THE  OWNERS 

OF  HOUSES  AND  LOTS  IN  THE  CITY,  ABOUT  THE  YEAR  1674,  AT  THE  FINAL 
CESSION  TO  THE  ENGLISH  J  THE  PROPERTY  BEING  CLASSIFIED  ACCORD- 
ING TO  ITS  RELATIVE  VALUE,  AS  FIRST,  SECOND,  THIRD  AND  FOURTH  ; 
WITH  THE  NATIONAL  DESCENT  OF  THE  PERSONS  NAMED  GIVEN  TO  ILLUS- 
TRATE THE  CONDITON  OF  THE  POPULATION  AT  THAT  ERA  AND  THEIR  ES- 
TIMATED WEALTH.* 


On  the  west  side  of  the  present  Pearl  street,  between  Franklin  square 
and  Wall  street;  known,  at  that  time,  as  The  Smith's  Valley.- 

Owner.  Class  of  property.  National  descent.   Estimated  wealth. 

Henry  Brazier  Third  Dutch   $1,500 

William  Beekman  First                      "    10,000 

Abraham  Yerplanck  Third                     "    3,000 

William  Rodney                          "   English   1,000 

Derrick  Norman  Fourth  Dutch  

John  Lawrence                            "   English   1,500 

Christopher  Elsworth  Third  Dutch   1 ,000 

Joost  Carelzen  Fourth                    "    500 

Lambert  Clomp  Third                     "    500 

Joseph  Hollaker  Fourth  English   500 

Henry  Ricks  Second                   11    500 

Henry  Lamberts  Fourth  Dutch   500 

Peter  Lawrence                           "                        "    500 

JohnYinje  ..First                      "    2,500 

John  Bolasser  Second  English   1,000 

Abraham  Lamberts  Mol                 "   Dutch   1,200 

Henry  Vandewater                        "                        "    1,500 

Albert  Cornelis  Third                     "    500 

Cornells  Clopper  First                      "    10,000 

*  The  estimate  of  the  wealth  of  the  several  inhabitants  of  New  York,  at  this  period,  is  not  based  upon  any 
single  document,  but  is  compiled  from  various  sources  ;  and  is  only  designed  by  the  author  to  be  considered  as  au 
approximate  estimate,  formed  from  the  best  evidences  within  his  reach. 


320 


APPENDIX. 


Owner.  Class  of  property.  National  descent.    Estimated  wealth. 

Evert  Everts  Second  Dutch  $1,000 

Elizabeth  Clasen  Fourth   " 

Dirck  Evertsen  Floyd  Second   "    1,000 

John  Johnson  Slott  Third   "    1,200 

Martyn  Meyer  First   "    1,500 


On  the  present  west  side  of  Pearl  street,  between  Wall  and  William 
streets,  then  a  part  of  the  street  called  The  Water  Side. 

Owner.  Class  of  property.  National  descent.    Estimated  wealth . 

Ann  Litschoe  Second  Dutch   $1,500 

Widow  Dehart  First                      "    15,000 

John  Lawrence                            "   English   10,000 

Heirs  A.  Jochemsen  Third  Dutch 

Oarsten  Leersen  Second                   M    7,500 

Cornelius  Dirle  First  English   3,000 

Jacob  Loockermans  Second  Dutch   3,000 

Widow  Loockermans                    "                        "    4,000 

Jacobus  Dehart  First                       "    7,000 

Joannes  Van  Brugh                       "                       "    15,000 

Thomas  Lewis                             "   English   10,000 

On  the  present  Old  Slip,  between  Stone  and  Pearl  streets,  then  a  part 
of  the  street  called  The  Water  Side: 

Owner.  Class  of  property.  National  descent.    Estimated  wealth . 

Evert  Duychink  Second  Dutch   $3,000 

On  the  present  northerly  side  of  Pearl  street,  between  Old  slip  and 
Broad  street,  then  a  part  of  the  street  called  The  Water  Side 

Owner.  Class  of  property.  National  descent.    Estimated  wealth. 

Tryntje  Clock  Third  Dutch   $1,000 

John  Shackerly  First  English   3,000 

Widow  of  B.  Joris  Second  Dutch   1,500 

Thomas  Wandell  Third                     "    L200 

John  Darvall  Second  English   5,000 

Charles  Van  Brugh  Third  Dutch   1 ,000 

LodowyckPost                            "                        "    1,000 

Gov.  Lovelace  First   English 


APPENDIX. 


321 


Owner.  Cla^s  of  property.  National  descent.    Estimated  wealth. 

Kinier  Johnson  Second  Dutch  8]  ,200 

Cornelis  Jansen  Van  Horn   "    "    5,000 

Albert  Bush   14    «    1,200 

SyboutClasen   "    *    1,000 

Stephanos  Van  Cortland  First   "    5,000 

On  the  present  north  side  of  Pearl  street,  between  Broad  and  White- 
hall streets,  then  a  part  of  the  street  called  The  Water  Side. 

Owner.  Class  of  property.  National  descent.    Estimated  wealth. 

Isaac  Morland  First  English   §5,000 

James  Matthews   "                        "    6,000 

Nicholas  Jansen   "   Dutch   1,500 

Gulian  Verplanck   ■                        "    8,000 

Samuel  Edsall   ■                        "    2,500 

John  Hendricks  Bruyn   "                        "    10.000 

Allard  Anthony   "                        *    3,500 

Lucas  Tienhoven   "                       "    3,500 

Widow  Bedlow   "                        "    1,000 

Mary  Jacobs   H                        "    1,000 

Elizabeth  Drissius   "                        "    8,000 

Paulus  Richards  Second  French   10,000 

Peter  Bayard   *   Dutch   2,500 

On  the  west  side  of  the  present  Whitehall  street,  between  Pearl  and 
State  streets,  then  also  a  part  of  The  Water  Side: 

Owner.  Class  of  property.  National  descent.     Estimated  wealth . 

Jacob  Leisler  First  Dutch  830,000 

William  Darvall   "   English   30,000 

On  the  present  State  street,  near  Whitehall  street,  then  also  a  part  of 
The  Water  Side. 

Owner.  Class  of  property.  National  descent.    Estimated  wealth. 

John  Shumis  Fourth  Dutch  

John  Everts  Lasalras   "    "   


On  the  present  Pearl  street,  between  Whitehall  and  State  streets,  then 
known  as  Pearl  street: 

Owner.  Class  of  property.  Naiional  descent.    Estimated  wealth. 

Christopher  Hooghland  Second  Dutch   88,000 

Garret  Uregnon   M    "    50C 

21 


322 


APPENDIX. 


Owner.  Class  of  property.  National  descent.   Estimated  wealth. 

Anna  Yan  Borsum  First  Dutch    $3,000 

Henry  Sellepon  Second   " 

William  Qook  Fourth  English 

John  Schouten  Second  Dutch   1,000 

Henry  Araits   "   Spanish  .... 

Jacob  Yandewater                       "   Dutch   2,500 

Pieter  Jacobs  Marius                    "                        "    6,000 

Thomas  Lamberts   "    "   

Andrew  Clare  Third  English  

Thomas  Lawrens  Second  Dutch   4,000 

Jurien  Blanck                              "                        "    1,000 

Warner  Wessells                         "                        "    2,500 

William  Allen                             "   English   1,000 

Nicholas  Bordirigh                        "   Dutch   3,000 

Andrew  Bresteede                        "                        "    1,000 

Michael  Smith                             "   English   1,000 

Isaac  Greveraet                           "   Dutch   5,000 

Cornelis  Yan  Borsum  First                      "    10,000 


On  the  present  east  side  of  Whitehall  street,  between  Pearl  and  Beaver 
streets,  then  known  as  a  part  of  The  Marketfield  and  Broadway  : 

Owner.  Class  of  property.  National  descent.    Estimated  wealth. 

Cornelis  Steenwyck  First  Dutch  $50,000 

Richard  Man  Second                   "    4,000 

Peter  de  Rymer                           "                        "    3,000 

Mettie  Greveraet  Fourth   "   

Frederick  Philipse  Three  small  houses.  "   

Jacob  Tunis  De  Kay  Second                   "    8,000 

Barent  Corten  Third                     "    4,000 

John  Stevens  ■  First  English   2,000 

William  J.  De  Champ  Third  French   5,000 

Frederick  Arents  Second  Dutch   2,000 

On  the  present  east  side  of  Broadway,  between  Beaver  and  Wall 
streets,  then  known  as  a  part  of  The  Marketfield  and  Broadway.- 

Owner.  Class  of  properly.  Nitional  descent.    Estimated  wealth. 

Widow  Bresteede  Second  Dutch   $1,000 

Jaques  Cosseau  Third  French  3,000 


APPENDIX. 


323 


Owner.  Class  of  property.  National  descent.   Estimated  wealth. 

Isaac  Abrahams  Fourth  Dutch 

Walter  Hayes  Third  English 

Garret  the  Miller   "   Dutch 

Captain  Lockwood  Fourth  English 

Suert  Olpherts  Second  Dutch  85,000 

G.  Garrits  Fourth   " 

John  Hendricks  Van  Gunst  Third   "    1,000 

Abraham  Whorley   >;   English   2,000 

John  Meynderse   li   Dutch   1,000 

Governor  Lovelace  Second  English 

Evert  Arisen  Third  Dutch   1.000 

Isaac  Greveraat   w    " 

William  Yauderscheuren  Second  .... 

Derrick  WemeQs  Third  

John  Van  Gelder   "   

John  Watkins   "  .... 

Philip  Polers  Second  .... 

William  Lawrence   "  .... 

George  Cook  Third  

Harman  Smeeman   "  .... 

Paulas  Torek   u  .... 

Albert  Leenders   "   

Samuel  Leete   "  .... 


"    2,000 

"    1,000 

  2,000 

English   1,000 

"    1,000 

  2,000 

  2,500 

Dutch   1,000 

"    1,000 

  1,000 

2,000 


English 


On  the  present  west  side  of  Broadway,  between  Battery  place  and 
Rector  streets,  then  known  as  a  part  of  The  Marketjield  and.  Broadway  : 

Owner.  Class  of  property.  National  descent.    Estimated  wealth. 

Anna  Cox  First  Dutch   85,000 

Martin  Crigier  Second                   "    5.000 

Gerrit  Van  Trisrht                         "                        "    6.000 

Gabriel  Minvielle  First  French   15.000 

Balthazar  Bayard                          "   Dutch   7.000 

Lucas  Andrews  Second                   14    2.500 

John  Joosten                              "                       u    4,000 

Robert  Darkins                             "   English   5,000 

Arnold  Fabritius  Fourth  French 

Pieter  Simkam  Third  Dutch   1,000 

Hendrick  Van  Dyck  Second                   "    5,000 

Humphrey  Davenport  First  English   2,500 


324 


APPENDIX. 


Owner.  Class  of  property.  National  descent.   Estimated  wealth. 

Kichard  Blake  First   English   $6,000 

PieterKing  Third                    "    3,000 

Francis  Lee                                "                        "    3,000 

William  Vredenburgh                   "   Dutch   1,000 


On  the  present  Broadway,  above  Wall  street ;  then  also  called 
Broadway  : 

Owner.  Class  of  property.  National  descent.    Estimated  wealth. 

GarritRoos  Third  Dutch  $2,500 

Pieter  Stoutenburgh   "    "    5,000 

George  Cobbett   "    "    1,000 

Domine  Haronbrisk   " 


On  the  south  side  of  the  present  Wall  street,  between  Broadway  and 
Pearl  street,  then  known  as  The  Walls : 

Owner.  Class  of  property.  National  descent.    Estimated  wealth 

Matthias  Janes  Fourth  English  

Anna  Hall   "    "   $1,000 

Barse  Lott   "    "   

Robert  Story  Third   "    5,000 

John  Johnson  Landyke  Fourth  Dutch  

Jacob  Smith   "   English  

Mrs.  Gibbs   "    "   

Zachariah  Sluce  Third   "    1.000 

Cornelius  Johnson   "    "   

Frederick  Hays   "    "    1,000 

Derrick  Smith  Second  Dutch  

Jar  vis  Marshal  Third  English   1 ,000 

Adrian  Dircksen   "   Dutch  

Gilbert  Elberts  Fourth   "   

Henry  Brazier  Third   "   

Samuel  Wilson  First  English   20,000 


APPENDIX. 


325 


On  the  north  side  of  the  present  Stone  street,  between  William  and 
Broad  streets,  then  known  as  a  part  of  The  High  street.- 

Owner.  Class  of  property.  National  descent.    Estimated  wealth. 

Coenraet  Ten  Eyck,jr  Second  Dutch   $2,000 

Nicholas  Bayard  First  Dutch   15,000 

David  Johnson  Second  ...English 

John  Harpending                        <:   Dutch   3,000 

John  Johnson  Landyke  Third                      "    1,000 

Evert  Wessells                            "                       "    1,000 

Widow  Mynderts   "    "   

William  D'Honeur  First  French   2,500 

Nicholas  De  Meyer                       "   Dutch   10,000 

Barent  Coertcn  Second                   "    8,000 

John  Cooley  First  English   4.000 

Barent  Coursfield  Second  Dutch  

Jacob  Abrahams                         "                        *    5,000 

Abel  Hardenbrook                       "                        "    2,500 

Est.  of  J.W.  Van  Couwenhoven. .  First   " 


On  the  present  south  side  of  Stone  street,  between  William  and  Broqjl 
streets,  then  known  as  a  part  of  The  High  street : 


Owner.  Class  of  property. 

Evert  Duyckink  Fourth  .. 

Henry  Wessells . . !.  Second  . . 

Peter  Vandewater  First. . . . 

Peter  J.  Van  Workendum  Fourth  . . 

Carel  Van  Brugh  Third 

Geertruyd  Ibeer  Fourth  . . 

Sigismundis  Lucas  Third. .  . , 

Lawrence  Hulst   " 

Augustyn  Blydenburgh  Second  . . 

George  Johnson  Fourth  . 

Evert  Pietersen  Second  . . 

Adolph  Pietersen   " 

Rinier  Willemsen   " 


National  descent.    Estimated  wealth. 


Dutch 


326 


APPENDIX. 


On  the  present  "William  street,  between  Hanover  square  and  Wall 
street,  then  known  as  The  Smith  street  : 

Owner.  Class  of  property.  National  descent.    Estimated  wealth. 

Abel  Hardenbrook  Third  Dutch   

Bernardus  Hessel   "    "   

Jacob  Israel  Fourth  Jewish 

John  Smeedes   "   Dutch  

John  Eay  Third  English  $2,000 

Garret  Hendricks   "   Dutch  

Andrew  Eees  Fourth   "   

Emetje  Dircks   "   Dutch  

James  Woodruff   "   English  

Pieter  Heermaus   "   Dutch  

Arthur  Strangwide   "   English  

Andrew  Andrews  Third  Dutch  

Andrew  Heudricks   "   

Henry  Yolkertsen  Fourth  

Frederick  Harmens   "   

Albert  Trumpeter   "   

John  Andross   "   

Robert  Whitty  First  English   6,000 

Tymen  Yan  Borsum  Third  Dutch   1,000 

Elias  Provoost   "    "    1,000 

John  Henry   "   English   1,000 

John  Cornelis   "   Dutch   1.000 

John  Pieters  Rosch   "   Dutch   1,000 

Christian  Lauries   "   Dutch   1,000 

John  Johnson  Fourth   "   

David  Provoost  Second   "    3,000 

John  Peters  Third   "   

Thomas  Lewis   "   English  


On  the  present  South  "William  street,  then  known  as  The  Mill 
street  lane: 

Owner.  Class  of  property.  National  descent.    Estimated  wealth 

Henry  Yan  Dusbury  Fourth  Dutch  

John  Hendrick  Yan  Bommel. . . .  Third   " 

Jacob  Melyn   "    " 


APPENDIX. 


327 


Owner.  Class  of  property.  National  descent.    Estimated  wealth. 

Hans  Goderis  Third  Dutch  

Carsten  Jansen  Fourth   "   

The  Old  Mill  House   "    "   


On  the  present  Beaver  street,  between  William  and  Broad  streets,  then 
known  as  The  Smith  street  lane  : 

Owner.  Class  of  property.  National  descent.    Estimated  wealth. 

Pieter  Wessells  Third   Dutch  

Nicholas  Bayard   "    "   

John  Bush   "    "   

Richard  Sinker  Fourth  English  

Arabrosius  de  Weerham  Third   Dutch  

Thomas  Yarden   "   English  

Barent  Gerritson   "   Dutch  

John  Langstreete   "    "   

John  Coersen  Fourth   "   

Albert,  the  Trumpeter   "    "   


On  the  present  Broad  street,  east  side,  between  South  William  street 
and  Broad  street,  then  known  as  a  part  of  Tfic  Hccre  Graft  find  Princes' 
Graft  .• 

Owner.  Class  of  property.  National  desecnt.    Estimated  wealth. 

Adrian  Yincent  Third   Dutch   81,500 

Johannes  De  Peyster  Second                   "    ]  0.000 

John  Yincent  Third                       "    1.500 

Anna  Yincent   "    "   

Claes  Lock                                 "                        "    2,500 

V\rilliam  Bogardus   "    "   

Dick  Clasen                                «                        "    1,500 

Margaret  Backer  First                        "    2.000 

Jochem  Beekman  Third                      "    1.000 

Johannes  Yervaelen  First                      •    3.000 

Margaret  Provoost  Fourth                    "    1,500 

William  Waldron  Third   English  

Alexander  Watts  Second  English   2,000 

Abraham  Furniss                         "                         "    3,000 


328 


APPENDIX. 


Owner.  Class  of  property  National  descent.  Estimated  wealth. 

William  White  Third   English  

Otto  Grim   "   Dutch   $1,000 

Mrs.  De  Silla   "    «    2,000 

William  Norwood  Second  English   2.500 

Henry  Gerrits  First  Dutch    2.500 


On  the  present  west  side  of  Broad  street,  between  Wall  and  Beaver 
streets,  then  known  as  a  part  of  The  Sheep  Pasture  and  Princes1  Graft : 

Owner.  Class  of  property.  National  desi-ent.    Estimated  wealth. 

Frederick  Hendricks  Fourth  Dutch   $1,000 

The  Bark  Mill   f   

Mrs.  Drissius  (four  houses)   "   Dutch  

Jacob  Tunis  Quick   "    "   

George  Walgrave                         "   English   1.000 

Isaac  Yan  Yleck  Second  Dutch   3.000 

Jacob  Kip  First                      "    8,000 

Daniel  AValdron  Third    "   

Jacob  Mens   "    "   

Thomas  Taylor   "   English  

Peter  Winster   "   Dutch  

Conraet  Ten  Eyck  First                       "    5,000 

Beetje  Tum>  Third    "   

Nicholas  Delaplaine                     "                ....    "    3,000 

Boile  Roelofs. ,  Second                   "     ...  2,000 

Cornells  Barens                            "                       il    2.000 

Henry  Yan  Borsum  Third                      "    1,000 

Jacob  Leunis                              "                         "    1,000 

Etienne  Guineau  Fourth    "   


On  the  present  Beaver  street  and  Marketfield  street,  (between  Broad 
street  and  the  Bowling  Green)  and  on  the  west  side  of  Broad  street,  south 
of  Beaver  street : 

Owner.  Cluss  of  property.  National  descent.    Estimated  wealth. 

Nicholas  Dupuy  Second  Dutch  $2,500 

Egbert  Woutersen  Third    "    3,500 

H.  J.  Yandervin   "    "    5,000 


APPENDIX. 


329 


Class  of  property.  National  descent.  Estimati 

.  Second  Dutch  

!  Third  Dutch  

"   English  


Dutch  . 

English , 


Dutch 


Owner. 

Henry  Bosch  

Andrew  Glaus  

Samuel  Davis   " 

James  Roy   " 

Henry  Van  Bommel   " 

Lawrence  Corlvolt   M 

Jacob  Tormont   " 

Peter  Guilliam  Second 

Henry  Jausen   " 

Arien  Jonson  Third  . 

Andrew  Clasen  Fourth 

Jacob  Tuniseu  De  Kay  Second 

Isaac  Deschamps   " 

Hugh  Bayrouts  Third .  . 

Paul  us  Richards  Second  French 

Lambert,  the  tailor  Fourth  Dutch 

John  Adams   "   English 

Mettie  Jansen  Third  Dutch  . 

David,  the  Turner  Second   " 

Derrick  Ten  Eyck   '•    " 

Pieter  Van  Worden  Third  

William  Merritt  First  English 

Jaqucs  Cosseau  Second  French 

Peter  Abrahamseu  Third  Dutch 

Christopher  Van  Laar   "    " 

Hannah  Kiersted  Second   " 

Laurens  Vauderspeigle   First   " 

John  Johnson  Moll  Third   " 


French 
Dutch  . 


81.000 

1,000 
1,000 
1,500 
3.000 


10.000 
5.000 


$3,000 


5,000 
2,000 

1,500 
5.000 

3.000 


On  the  present  Stone  street,  between  Whitehall  and  Broad  streets,  then 
known  as  Stone  street. 


Owner.  Class  of  property. 

J oho  Sharpe  First 

Oloff  Stevensen  Van  Cortland ...  " 

Sarah  De  Foreest  Third 

Mr.  Palmer  First 

Frederick  Philipse   u 

John  Rider   " 


National  descent.    L'stiraated  weallh. 

.  .  .English  S5.000 

.  . .  Dutch   30,000 

...    "    3,000 

.  . .  English   5,000 

. .  .Dutch  150,000 

...English   5,000 


330 


APPENDIX. 


Owner.  Class  of  property.  National  descent.   Estimated  wealth. 

Christian  Pieters  Third  Dutch  

Symon  Barouts   "    "    $1,500 

Casper  Steimnets   "    "    1,000 

John  Johnson   "    "   

Laurens  Vanderspeigle  Second   "   10,000 


On  the  present  Bridge  street,  and  a  small  street  between  Bridge  and 

Stone  street,  now  closed,  then  known  as  The  Marckvelt  street  and  Winkle 
street  : 

Owner.  Class  of  property.  National  descent.  Estimated  wealth. 

Henry  Williams  Second  Dutch   .152,500 

Otto  Gerritsen  Third   "    1,000 

Jereinias  Jansen                           ,(    "  ......  1,000 

Anthony  Jansen  Second   "    3,000 

Abraham  Jansen  Third   "    1,200 

Henry  Kip                                 "    "    2,500 

John  Derricks  Meyer                    "    "    2,000 

Andrew  J.  Meyer   "    "   

Pieter  J.  Mories  Fourth   "   

William  Walsh   "    "  ..... 

Frederide  Gysberts  Second   "    3,000 


APPENDIX. 


LIST  OF  MEMBERS 

OF  THE  DUTCH  CHURCH  IN  THIS  CITY,  IN  THE  YEAR  1686. 
(From  the  MSS.  of  Domine  Selynus,  by  Rev.  Dr.  De  Witt,  of  this  city.) 


BREEDWEG.  (BROADWAY.) 

Arentje  Cornelis,  huys  more  (wife  of)  Albert  Barents. 
Paulus  Turck,  en  zyn  huys  vrow,  (and  his  wife)  Aeltje  Barents. 
Maria  Turck,  huys  mow  van,  Abraham  Kermer. 
Conrad  Ten  Eyck,  en  zyn  h  uys  vrow,  Annetje  Daniels. 
Gerrit  Jansen  Roos,    "  "      TVyntje  Arents. 

Tobias  Stoutcnburgh,  "  "       Annetje  Van  Hillogorn. 

Marretje  Cornelis,  h.  v.  van,  Elias  Post 
Juriaen  Blanek,  en  zyn  h.  v.,  Hester  Vanderbeeck. 
Johannes  Van  Gelder,  en  zyn  //.  v.,  Janneken  Monterack. 
Peter  Willemse  Roome,       a         Hester  Van  Gelder. 
Willem  Vanderschuren,       "         Grictje  Plettenbergh. 
Annetje  Berding',  //,.  v.  van  Cornelis  Crigier. 
Tryntje  Cornelis,  weduwe  van  (widow  of)  Christian  Pietersen 
Hendrick  Obe,  en  zyn  h.  v.,  Aeltje  Claes. 
Evert  Aertsen,      "       a    Marretje  Herck. 
Willem  Aertsen,    "       "    Styntje  Nagel. 
Olphert  Sucrt,       "       "    Margaretta  Clopper. 
Helena  Pietersen,  h.  v.  van  Abraham  Mathysen. 
Guert  Gerritsen,  en  zyn  h.  v.,  Elizabeth  Cornelis. 
Suert  Olphertsen,  "        M    Ytie  Roelofse. 
Anneken  Mauritz,  weduwe  van  Domine  Van  Nieuwenhuysen. 
Tryntje  Bickers,  h.  v.  van  Walter  Hcyers. 
De  Heer  Francois  Rombout,  en  zyn  h.  v.  Helena  Teller. 
Isaac  Stevensen,  en  zyn  h.  v.,  Margaretta  Van  Veen. 
Lucas  Andriezen,    "        "    Aeftje  Laurens. 
Gerrit  Van  Tright,  "        "    Maria  Vandegrift. 


•1 


APPENDIX. 


Balthazar  Bayard  en  zyn  h.  v.  Marretje  Loockermans. 
Blandina  Kierstede,  h.  v.  van  Pieter  Bayard. 
Rachel  Kierstede. 

Jan  Peeek,  en  zyn  //.  v.,  Elizabeth  Van  Imburgh. 
Gysbert  Van  Imburgh. 
Tryutje  Adolpk,  k.  v.  van  Thomas  Hoeken. 
Elizabeth  Lucas,  weduwe  van  Jan  Stephensen. 


BEURS  STRAAT. 

( Exchange  street ,  present  Whitehall  streef.) 

Margaretta  Pieters,  h.  v.  van  Frederick  Arentse. 
Jacob  Teller,  en  zyn  h.  v.,  Christina  Wessells. 
Jacob  De  Kay   "        "    Hillegond  Theunis. 
Sara  Bedlo,  //.  v.  van  Glaes  Borger. 
Pieter  De  Riemer.  en  zyn  h.  v.,  Susanna  de  Foreest. 
Isaac  De  Riemer. 

Margaret  De  Riemer,  weduwe  van  Heer  Cornelis  Steenwyck. 
Andries  Grevenraet,  en  zyn  h.  v.,  Anna  Van  Brugh. 


PAERL  STRAAT. 

(Pearl  street,  between  Siate  and  Whitehall  streets.) 

Jan  Willemsen,  en  zyn  h.  v.,  Elizabeth  Frederick. 
Martin  Crigier. 

Tryntje  Cregier,  weduice  van  Stoffel  Hooghland. 
Margaretta  Blanck.  //.  r.  van  Philip  Smith. 
Gerrit  Hardenberg,  en  zyn  h.  v.,  Jaepje  Schepmoea. 
Sara  Hardenberg. 

Isaac  Grevenraedt     "       "     Marritje  Jans. 
Hcndrick  Jillisen  Meycrt.  en  zyn  h.  v.,  Elsje  Rosenvelt. 
Andries  Bresteede,  M        "     Annetje  \ran  Borsnm. 

.-Veltje  Schepmoes.  weduwe  van  Jan  Kvertsen  Ketelta^. 
Susanna  Marsuryn,       u        Claes  Bordingh. 
Gerrit  Van  Gelder. 

Pieter  Le  Grand,  en  zyn  h.  v..  Janneken  De  Windel. 
Jan  Schouten.        H        "    Sara  Jans. 
Elizabeth  Schouten. 


APPENDIX. 


333 


Dirck  Tennizen,  en  zyn  h.  v.,  Catalina  Frans, 
Warner  Wessells,  M       "    Elizabeth  Cornelis. 
Nicholas  Blanck,  h.  v.  van  Justus  Wilvelt. 
Claesje  Blanck..       "        Victor  Bicker. 
Tryntje  Claes,  weduwe  van  Juriaen  Blanck. 
Pieter  Jacobsen  Marius,  en  zyn  h.  v.,  Marratje  Beeck. 
Aeltje  Willemse,  weduwe  van  Pieter  Cornelisen. 
Thomas  Laurenzen,  en  zyn  h.  v.,  Marretje  Jans. 
Cornelis  Van  Langvelt,  en  zyn  h.  v.  Maria  Groenlaet. 
Tryntje  Michaels,  h.  v.  van  Andries  Clasen. 


LANG  STRAUT. 

(Along  the  Strand.  This  embraces  the  line  elsewhere  described  as  the 
water  side,  viz :  The  west  side  of  Whitehall  street,  between  State  and 
Pearl  streets  ;  the  north  side  of  Pearl  street  and  Hanover  square,  between 
Whitehall  and  Wall  streets.) 

Rebecca  Delavall,  h.  v.  van  William  Dervall. 
Elsje  Thymeus,       "         Jacob  Leisler. 
Susanna  Leisler. 

Daniel  Veenvos,  en  zyn  h.  v.,  Christina  Vandicg-rist. 

Jacob  Leenderzen  Vandiegrist.  en  zyn  h.  v..  Rebecca  Frederick. 

Nicholas  Vandiegrist. 

Rachel  Vandiegrist. 

Rachel  Kip,  h.  v.  van  Lucas  Kierstede. 

Celetje  Jans,    M        Paulus  Richard. 

Elizabeth  Grevenraedt,  weduwe  van  Domine  Drissius. 

Pieter  Delauoy,  en  zyn  //.  v.,  Elizabeth  De  Potter. 

Catharina  Bedlow. 

Frederick  Gysbertscn  Vandenbcrgh.  en  zyn  it.  v.,  Maria  Lubberts. 
Jannetje  Tienhoven,     v.  van  John  Smit. 
Henrietta  Wessells,  weduwe  van  A  Hard  Anthony. 
Maria  Wessells. 

Benjamin  Blanck,  en  zyn  It.  v.,  Judith  EdsalL 
Jacobus  Kip,  "        "    Hendrickje  Wessells. 

Maretje  Wessells,  weduwe  van  Nicholas  Jansen  (Backer.) 
Deborah  De  Meyer,  /*.  v.  van  Thomas  Crumdall. 
Albert  Bosch,  en  zyn  v.  //.,  Elsje  Blanck. 


APPENDIX. 


Anna  Maria  J ans,  h.  v.  van  Cornelis  Jansen  Yan  Tloorn 
Hillegond  Cornelis,  "        Olphert  Kreeftberg. 
Yrouwtje  Cornelis. 

Pieter  Jansen  Messier,  en  zyn  h.  v.,  Marretje  Willemse 
Conraet  Ten  Eyck,        "        "    Beletje  Hercks. 
Tobias  Ten  Eyck,  "        "    Elizabeth  Hegeman. 

Benjamin  Hegeman. 
Hermanns  Berger. 

Engeltje  Mans,  weduwe  van  Borger  Jorisen. 
J ohannes  Borger. 

Lucas  Tienlioven,  en  zyn  h.  v.,  Tryntje  Bording. 
Cornelis  Yerduyn,    "        "    Sara  Hendricks. 
Albert  Clock,         "        "    Tryntje  Abrahams. 
Martin  Clock,         "        "    Elizabeth  Abrahams. 
Geesje  Barense,  weduwe  van  Thomas  Lewis. 
Catharina  Lewis. 

Johannes  Van  Brugh.  en  zyn  h.  v..,  Catharina  Roelofs. 
Cornelia  Beeck,  h.  v.  van  Jacobus  De  Hart. 
Margaretta  Hendricksen,  k.  v.  van  John  Bobertson. 
Carsten  Leursen.  en  zyn  h.  v.,  Geertje  Quick. 
Aeltje  Gysberts,  h.  v.  van  Zacharias  Laurens. 
Francytje  Andries,    "      Abraham  Lubberts. 
Annetje  Van  Borsum,  weduwe  van  Egbert  Yan  Borsum. 
Pieter  Yandergrief,  en  zyn  h.  v.,  Janneken  Yan  Borsum. 
Robert  Sinclair,        "        11    Maria  Duycking. 


LANG  DE  WAL.      (WALL  STREET.) 

Willemtje  Claes,  h.  v.  zan  Gysbert  Elbertse. 
Neeltje  Gysberts. 

Adrian  Dircksen,  en  zyn  h.  v.,  Elizabeth  Jans. 

Heyltje  Delachair,  h.  v.  van  John  Cavalier. 

Anna  Maria  Yan  Giesen,  h.^v.  van  Johannes  Jansen. 

Marritje  Pieters,  "       Jacob  Pietersen. 

Bernardus  Hassing,  en  zyn  h.  v.  Neeltje  Yan  Couwenhovcn. 

Geertruyd  Jansen,  h.  v.  van  Jan  Ottcn. 

Neeltje  Yan  Tuyl. 

Sophia  Claes,     "       Rutgcr  Parker. 


APPENDIX. 


335 


Gerrit  Cornelisen  Van  "Westeen,  en  zynh.v.  Wyntje  Stoutenburg. 
Urseltje  Duytman,  weduwe  van  Johannes  Hardenbrook. 
Metje  Hardenbrook,  h.  v.  van  Evert  Hendricksen. 
Casparus  Hardenbrook. 

Harmanus  Yan  Borsum,  en  zyn  h.  v.  Wybrug  Hendricks. 
Claertje  Dominions,  h.  v.  van  Jan  Pietersen  Slot. 
Gerritje  Quick..  "        Leendert  De  Graw. 


NIEUW  STRAAT.      (NEW  STREET. J 

Jannekin  Jans,  h.  v.  van  Isaac  Abrahamsen. 
Daniel  Waldron,  ed  zyn  h.  van  Sara  Rutgers. 
Adriaentje  Jans,  h.  v.  van  Vincent  Delamontagnie. 
Marritje  Waldron,    "         Hendrick  Gerritsen. 
Aefje  Roos,  "         Johannes  Van  Gelder. 

Hey  man  Koning,  en  zyn  h.  v.  Merritje  Andries. 
Metje  Davids,  weduwe  van  Abraham  Kermer. 
Jan  Willemsc  Roome,  en  zyn  k.  v.  Maria  Bastiaeus. 
Annetje  Ackerman,  h.  v.  van  Daniel  Pietersen. 
Arent  Fredcrickscn,  en  zyn  h.  v.  Sara  Theunis. 
Jurriaen  Nagel^  "  "    Jannetje  Phillipsen. 

Willeim  Peers  "         "    Greetje  Kierse. 


BEVER  STRAAT.   (BEAVER  STREET.) 

Between  Broadway  and  Broad  street. 
Jacob  Kolve. 

Jannekin  Lucas,  h.  v.  van  Jacob  Van  Saun. 
Jacob  Phoenix,  en  zyn  h.  v.  Anna  Van  Vleck. 
Engeltje  Hercks,  h.  v.  van  Jan  Everts. 
Hendrick  Bosch,  en  zyn  h.  v  Egbertje  Dircksen. 
Catalina  De  Vos,  h.  v.  van  Nicholas  Depuy. 
Jacob  De  Koninck. 
Henricus  Selyns. 

Hendrick  Boelen,  en  zyn  h.  v.  Anneken  Coert. 
Cornelis  Vandercuyl,       "        "    Elizabeth  Arents. 


336 


APPENDIX. 


Sara  Waldron,  h.  v.  van  Laurens  Colevelt. 
Abraham  Delanoy,  en  zyn  h,  v.  Cornelia  Toll. 


MARCKYELT  STRAAT.      (MARKETFIELD  STREET.) 

Jan  Adamsen,  (Metzelaer.)  en  zyn  h.  v.  Geertje  Dircksen. 
Harman  De  Grauw,  "         "     Styntje  Yansteenberger. 

Dirck  Jansen  De  Groot,         "         M     Rachel  Philipse. 
Baetje  Jans,  huysvrou  van  Pieter  Meyer. 
Arent  Leenderts  De  Grauw,  en  zyn  h.  v.  Maria  Hendricks. 


BROUWERS'  STRAAT. 

Now  the  part  of  Stone  street  between  Whitehall  and  Broad  streets. 

De  Heer  Frederick  Philipse. 

Johanna  Yan  Swaanenberg. 

Anna  Blanck.  h.  v.  van  Joris  Brugerton. 

Janneken  De  Kay,  h.  v.  van  Jeremias  Tothill. 

Isaac  De  Foreest,  en  zyn  h.  v.  Elizabeth  Yanderspeigle. 

Sara  Philipse,  weduwe  van  Isaac  De  Foreest 

Jan  Dircksen,  en  zyn  h.  v,  Baetje  Kip. 

De  Heer  Stephanus  Yan  Cortland,  en  zyn  h.  v.  Geertruyd  Schuyler 
Jacobus  Yan  Cortland. 

Jufrrou  Susanna  Shriek,  h.  v.  van  De  Heer  Anthony  BrockhoW. 

Sara  Yanderspeigle.  h.  v.  van  Rip  Yan  Dam. 

Johannes  Yanderspeigle. 

Ariaentje  Gerritsen,  h.  v.  van  PietenJ  raen. 


BRUGH  STRAAT.      (BRIDGE  STREET.) 

Otto  Gerritsen,  en  zyn  h.  v.  Engeltje  Pieters.* 
Jeremias  Jansen,    *'        "     Catharina  Rapelje. 
Metje  Grevenraet,  weduwe  van  Anthony  Jansen. 
Abraham  Kip. 

Abraham  Jansen,  en  zyn  h.  v.  Tryntje  Kip. 
Maria  Abrahams. 

Hartman  Wessells,  en  zyn  h.  v.  Elizabeth  Jan  Cannon. 
Andries  Meyer,         "        "    Yromvtje  Yan  Yorst. 
Jan  Dervall,  "        u     Catharina  Yan  Cortland. 


APPENDIX. 


337 


heeren  gracht,  west  zyde.    (broad  street,  west  side.) 

Carel  Lodowick. 
Johannes  Provoost. 

Brandt  Schuyler,  en  zyn  h.  v.  Cornelia  Van  Cortland. 
Hans  Kierstede,       "        "     Jarmeken  Loockermans. 
Evert  Arentzen. 
Isaac  Arentzen. 

Maria  Bennett,  h.  v.  van  Jacobus  Verhulst. 

Pieter  Abrahamsen  Van  Duwrsen,  en  zyn  h.  v.  Hester  Webbers. 

Helena  Fiellart. 

Harmentje  Dircksen,  h.  v.  van  Thomas  Koock. 
Dirck  Ten  Eyck,  en  zyn  k.  v.  Aefje  Boelen. 
Dr.  Johannes  Kerf  by],  m  zyn  h.  v.  Catharina  Hug. 
Margaretta  Hagen. 

Aneckje  Jane,  weduwe  van  Pieter  Van  Naerden. 
Tryntje  Pieters. 

Hendrick  Jansen  Van  Vurden,  en  zyn  It.  v.  Sara  Thomas.  \ 

Boele  Roelofsen,  "        "    Baykcn  Arentse. 

Cornelis  Quick,  .  "        "    Maria  Van  Hooghten. 

Theunis  De  Kay,  "        "    Helena  Van  Brugh. 

Agmetje  Bouen,  h.  v.  van  Lodowick  Post. 

Gerrit  Leydecker,  en  zyn.  h.  v.  Neeltje  Vandercuyl. 

Hendrick  Kermer,    "  "     Annetje  Thomas. 

Jan  Jansen  Moll,     "         "    Engeltje  Pieters. 

Jacob  Boelen,         "  "     Catharina  Clark. 

Dirck  Frangen,       "  "     Urseltje  Schepmoes. 

Elizabeth  Jacobsen,  //.  v.  van  AVybrant  Abrahamsen. 

C.  Madaleena  Dumsteede,  h.  v.  van  Hermanus  Wessells. 

.fohannes  Kip,  en  zyn  h.  v.  Catharina  Kiersted. 

Styntje  Paulus,  weduwe  van  Paulus  Jurrisen. 

Isaac  Van  Vleck,  en  zyn  h.  v.  Catalina  Dclanoy. 

Mietje  Theunis,  h.  v.  van  Jan  Corsen. 

Rutger  Willemsen,  en  zyn  L  v.  Gysbertje  Mauritz. 

Magdaleentje  Rutgers,  h.  v.  van  Joris  Walgraef. 


diaconies  huys,  (Deacon's  house  for  the  poor,  in  Broad  street.) 

Willem  Jansen  Roome,  en  zyn  h.  v.  Marritje  Jan. 
Geertje  Jans,  h.  v.  van  Reyer  Stoffelsen. 
22 


338 


APPENDIX. 


Jaunetje  Hendricks,  h.  v.  van  Cregera  Golis. 
Albert  Cuynen.  en  zyn  h.  v.  Tryntje  Jans. 
Elizabeth  Jacobs,  weduwe  van  Jacob  Mons. 
Clara  Ebel,  h.  v.  van  Pieter  Ebel. 


HEEREN  GRACHT,  OOSt  Zlfde.      (BROAD  STREET,  east  Side.) 

Hendrick,  Arentse,  en  zyn  h.  v.  Catharina  Hardenbrook. 
Anna  Thyssen,  h.  v.  van  Hendrick  Beniers. 
Marritje  Cornells,  "        Frans  Clasen. 
Anna  Wallis,        "        Wolfert  Webber. 
Albertus  Bingo,  en  zyn  h.  v.  Jannetje  Stoutenburgh. 
Jan  Delamontagnie,  u       u     Annetje  Waldron. 
Jannetje  Yan  Laer,  //.  v.  van  Simon  Bresteede. 
Catharina  Cregiers,  weduwe  van  Xicasius  De  Sille. 
Leendert  De  Klyn,  en  zyn  h.  v.,  Madalena  Wolsnm. 
Magdalena  Pieters,  h.  v.  van  Joris  Jansen. 
Hugh  Barentsen  De  Kleyn,  en  zyn  h.  v.,  May  ken  Barrels. 
Pieter  Stoutenburg. 

William  Waldron,  en  zyn  h.  v.,  Engeletje  Stoutenburg. 

Maria  Bon,  It.  v.  van  Jillis  Provoost. 

Grietje  Jillis,    "       David  Provoost. 

Catharina  Vanderveen,  h.  v.  van  J onathan  Provoost. 

Jan  Willemse  Fering,  en  zyn  h.  v.,  Catharine  De  Meyei 

Griesje  Idens,  weduwe  van  Pieter  Xuys. 

Jacob  Mauritzen,  en  zyn  h.  v.,  Greetje  Tandiegrist. 

Willem  Bogardus,    "        "    Walburg  De  Silla. 

Kmertje  Hendricks,  h.  v.  van  Claes  Leet. 

Cornelia  Lubberts,       u        Johannes  De  Peyster. 

Paulus  Shriek,    en  zyn  h.  v.,  Maria  De  Peyster. 

Jan  Vincent,        "        "    Annetje  Jaus. 

Arent  Isaacsen,     "        "    Elizabeth  Stevens. 


HOOGH  STRAAT.      (HIGH  STREET.) 

Now  the  part  of  Stone  street,  between  Broad  and  William  streets. 

Eynier  Willemsen,  en  zyn  h.  v.,  Susanna  Arents. 
Tryntje  Arents. 
Geertruyd  Eeyniers. 

Adolph  Pietersen  De  Groot,  en  zyn  h.  v.,  Aeftje  Dircksen. 


APPENDIX. 


339 


Annetje  De  Groot. 
Maria  De  Groot. 

Evert  Keteltas,  en  zyn  h.  v..  Hillegond  Joris. 
Anna  Hardenbrook,  h.  v.  van  John  Lillie. 
Johannes  Hardenbrook. 

Jacob  Abrahamse  Santvoort,  en  zyn  h.      Madalena  Van  Vleet. 
Laurens  Hoist,  en  zyn  h.  v.,  Hilletje  Laurens. 
Jannekeu  Tan  Dyck,  h.  v.  van  Jan  Cooley. 
Elizabeth  Cooley. 

Barent  Coerteu,  en  zyn  h.  v..  Christina  Wessells. 
Sara  Bones,  h.  v.  van  Barent  Hibon. 
Heer  Nicholas  De  Meyer,  en  zyn  h.  v.  Lydia  Van  Dyck. 
Elizabeth  De  Meyer. 

Christina  Steentjens,  //.  v.  van  Guillame  D'Honneur. 

Olaee  Jansen  Stavast,  en  zyn  h.  v.  Aefje  Gerritsen. 

Evert  Wessells,  "        M    Jannetje  Stavast. 

Laurens  Wessells,  "        **    Aefje  Jans. 

Anneken  Duychink.  //.  v.  van  Johannes  Hooghland. 

Geertruyd  Barents,  weduwe  van  Jan  Hibon. 

Francis  Goderus,  en  zyn  h.  v.,  Rebecca  Ideus. 

Jan  Jansen  Tan  Langendyck.  en  zyn  h.  v.,  Grietje  Wessells. 

Jan  Harpendinck,  en  zyn  h.  v..  Mavken  Barents. 

Gerrit  Duyckinck,    M        "    Maria  Abeel. 

Christina  Capoeus,  h.  v.  van  David  Jochemsen. 

Anna  Tebelaer,  «       Elias  De  Windell. 

Marriatje  Audries,      u       Jan  Bresteede. 

Hendrick  Wessells  Ten  Broeck.  en  zyn  h.  v.,  Jannetje  Bresteede. 

Geertruyd  Bresteede. 

De  Heer  Nicholas  Bayard,  "        u    Judith  Verleth. 

Francina  Heermans. 

Evert  Duycking,  en  zyn  h.  v.,  Hendrickje  Simons. 

Cytie  Duycking,  h  v.  van  "Willem  Bleek. 

Antony  De  Mill,  en  zyn  It.  v.,  Elizabeth  Yanderliphorst. 

Peter  be  Mill. 

Sarah  De  Mill. 

De  Heer  Abraham  De  Peyster,  en  zyn  h.  v.,  Cathariua  De  Peyster. 


SLYCK  STRAAT.      (DITCH  STREET.) 

Now  South  William  Street. 
Jan  Hendrick  Van  Bommel,  en  zyn  h.  v.,  Annetje  Abrahams.  / 


340 


APPENDIX. 


Geertruyd  De  Haes,  //.  v.  van  Jan  Kreeck. 

Eininerentje  Laurens,  weduwe  van  Hendrick  Oosterbaven. 

Reeudert  Oosterbaven. 


PRIXCEX  STRAAT.     (PRIXCE  STREET.) 

[Now  Beaver  street,  between  Broad  and  William  streets.) 

Jan  Langstraten.  en  zyn  h.  v.,  Marretje  Jans. 

Albertje  Jans.  //.  v.  van  Jan  Jansen  Tan  Quistkout. 

Hendrick  De  Foreest,  en  zyn  h.  v.  Teininetje  Flaesbeek. 

Barent  Flaesbeek,  "  "    Marretje  Hendricks. 

Susanna  Yerletts.  h.  v.  van  Jan  De  Foreest. 

Metje  Pieters.  //.  v.  van  Jan  Pietersen. 

Nicholas  Jansen.  en  zyn  //.  v.  Jannekeu  Kiersen. 

Annetje  Jans,  //.  v.  van  "William  Moore. 

Ambrosias  De  Weerbain,  en  zyn  h.  v..  Areentje  Thomas. 

Susanna  De  Xegrin,  //.  v.  van  Tbomas  De  Meer. 


KOXIXCK  ST  R  A  AT.      (kIXG  STREET.) 

Elsje  Bergcr,  h.  v.  van  Jan  Sipkens. 
Cornelius  Pluvier.  en  zyn  ft.  v.  Xealtje  Van  Couwenboven. 
Frederick  Heudricksen.  en  zyn.  h.  v.  Styntje  Jans. 
Geesje  Scbuwrmans.  weduwe  van  Bruin  Hage. 
Elizabetb  Scbuwrmans. 

Jacol)  Frausen,  en  zyn  h.  v.  Madalena  Jacobs. 


SMIT  STRAAT.      (SMITH  STREET.) 

Now  William  street,  below  Wall  street. 

Cornelia  Roos,  weduwe  van  Elias  Provoost. 
Jan  Vinje.  en  zyn  h.  v.  Wieske  Huypkens. 
Asucris  Hendricks,  en  zyn  h.  v.  Xeeltje  Jans. 
Hester  Pluvier,  h.  t\  van  Tliymen  Fransen. 
Jan  Meyer,  en  zyn  h,  v.,  Anna  Van  Yorst. 
Pieter  Jansen,    u       "    Elizabetb  Van  Hoogbten. 


APPEXDLX. 


341 


Jan  Janseu  Van  Flemburg,  en  zyn  h.  v.,  Willemtje  De  Klyu. 
Laurens  Hendricks,  "  "    Marretje  Jans. 

Hencfrick  Van  Borsum.  "  "    Marretje  Cornells. 

Jannetje  Cornells. 

Thynien  Van  Borsum.  en  zyn  h.  v.  Greetje  Focken. 
Wyd  Timnier. 

Greetje  Langendyck,  weduwe  van  Dirck  Dey. 

Jannetje  Dev.  It.  v.  van  Frans  Cornelisen. 

Jan  Pietersen  Bosch,  en  zyn  h.  v.  Jannetje  Barents. 

Jannetje  Frans,  h.  v.  van  Willcm  Buyell. 

David  Provoost,  en  zyn  h.  v.  Tryntje  Laurens. 

Tryntje  Eeymers,  weduwe  van  Meendert  Barenzen. 

Marretje  Pietersen,  h.  v.  van  Jan  Pietersen. 


SMITS'  V AL YE.      (SMITH'S  VALLEY.) 

Along  the  road,  on  the  East  river  shore,  above  Wall  street. 

Elizabeth  Lubber ts,  weduwe  van  Dirck  Fluyt. 

Jan  Jansen  Van  Langendyck. 

Pieter  Jansen  Van  Langendyck. 

Herman  Jansen,  en  zyn  h.  v.  Breechie  Elswart. 

Tryntje  Hadders.  /*.  v.  van  Albert  Wantenner. 

Hilletje  Pieters,  weduwe  van  Cornelis  Clopper. 

Johannes  Clopper. 

Margaretta  Vermeulen,  weduwe  van  Hend'k  Vandewater. 
Adrientje  Vandewater. 

Abraham  Moll,  en  zyn  h.  v.  Jacomyntje  Van  Darlebeck. 

Fytje  Sipkens,  //.  v.  van  Roelofee. 

"Wilhelmus  De  Meyer,  en  zyn  h.  v.  Catharina  Bayard. 

Jacob  Swart,  en  zyn  h.  v.  Tryntje  Jacobs. 

Sara  Joosten,  h.  v.  van  Isaac  De  Mill. 

Dirck  Vandercliff,  en  zyn  h.  v.  G-eesje  Hendricks. 

Styntje  Jaus,     v.  van  Joost  Carelse. 

William  Hollaker,  en  zyn  h.  v.  Tryntje  Boelen. 

Anna  Maria  Engelbert,  h.  v.  van  Clement  Elswaart. 

"Wilhelmus  Beekman,  en  zyn  h.  v.  Catharina  De  Boog. 

Johannes  Beekman,    "        "    Aeltje  Thomas. 


342  APPENDIX. 

BUYTEN  DE  LANT  P00RT.     (BEYOND  THE  LAND  GATE.) 

On  the  present  Broadway,  above  Wall  street. 
Anneken  Schouten,  h.  v.  van  Theunis  Dey. 


OVER  HET  VERSCH  WATER.      (BEYOND  THE  FRESH  WATER,) 


Or  above  the  ancient  pond  called  the  Kalch-hock. 

Wolfert  Webber,  en  zyn  h.  v.  Geertruyd  Hassing. 
Neeltje  Cornelis,  h.  v.  van  Dirck  Cornelisen. 


Eebecca  Idens. 
Barbara  Emanuel. 
Marretje  Anthony. 
Josyntje  Thomas. 
"Wyntje  De  Yries. 
Geetje  Cozyns. 
Yrouwtje  Gerritsen. 
Appollonia  Cornelis. 
Marietta  Jacobs. 
Maria  Delaniontagnie. 


Arie  Cornelisen,  en  zyn  h. 
Franciscus  Bastiaense,  " 
Solomon  Pieters,  " 
Anthony  Saileyren,  " 
Francois  Vanderhook,  " 
Daniel  De  Clerk, 
Cozyn  Gerritsen,  " 
Jan  Thomassen,  " 
Pieter  Jansen,  " 
Jacob  Kip,  " 
Maria  Kip. 

Jufirou  Judith  Isendoorn,  iveduwe  van  De  Heer  Petrus  Stuyvesant. 
Nicholas  Wm.  Stuyvesant,  en  zyn  h.  v.  Elizabeth  Slechtenhorst. 
Marritje  J acobs,  h.  v.  van  Gysbert  Servaes. 
Abraham  Van  de  Wostyne. 
Catalina  Yan  de  Wostyne. 
Abel  Bloetgoot,  en  zyn  h. 
Pieter  Jacobsen,  " 
Jan  De  Groot,  " 
Jacob  De  Groot,  " 
Jillis  Mandeville,  " 
Grietje  Mandeville. 
Egbert  Toekensen,  " 
Johannes  Thomassen,  " 


Ida  Adrianse. 
Beletje  Anaense. 
Margrietje  Gerritse. 
Grietje  Jans. 
Elsje  Hendricks. 

Elsje  Lucas. 
Aef  je  Jacobs. 


Johannes  Yan  Couwenhoven,  en  zyn  h.  v.  Sarah  Frans. 


APPENDIX. 


AEN  DE  GROOTE  KILL.     (BY  THE  BIG  CREEK.) 


Conradus  Vanderbeeck,  en  zyn  h.  v.  Elsje  Jans. 


Arnout  Webber,  en  zyn  k.  v.  Janneken  Cornells. 
Margaretta  Meyrout,  h.  v.  van  Hendrick  Martense. 
Abraham  Rycking. 

Wyntje  Teunis,  h.  v.  van  Herck  Tiebout. 
Annetje  Claes,  k.  v.  van  Tunis  Cornelisen. 


ARME  BOUWERY.      (POOR  FARM.) 


344 


APPENDIX. 


LIST  OF  INHABITANTS 

OF  THE  CITY  IN  1703. 


Heads  of  Families.  Family  and  Domestic  Household. 

Abrahamsen,  Andrew  1  male,  1  female;  1  child. 

Abrahamsen,  Abraham  2  females,  3  children,  1  negro  child. 

Adams,  Rebecca  1  female,  2  children. 

Adams.  Thomas  1  male,  3  children. 

Adolph,  Derrick  1  male,  1  female,  3  children. 

Adolph,  Widow  1  male,  3  females,  1  child,  1  negro  child 

Aker,  Cornelius  1  male,  one  female,  4  children,  1  negro  child. 

Akerson,  Thomas  1  male,  1  female,  3  children. 

Alkfield,  Widow  1  female,  2  children. 

Allie  Mrs  1  female,  2  children,  1  negress,  1  negro  child. 

Arneker,  Mrs  1  female. 

Anderson,  Edward  1  male,  1  female,  1  child. 

Anderson,  Isaac  1  male,  1  female,  4  children,  1  negress. 

Anderson,  Robert  1  male,  1  female,  1  child.         [negro  child. 

Anderson,  William  1  male,  1  female,  2  children,  2  negroes,  1 

Anen,  John  1  male,  2  females,  2  children. 

Anuevine,  Zachary  1  male,  1  female,  3  children,    [gro  children. 

AntiU,  Mr  1  male,  1  female,  4  children,  2  negresses,  2  ne- 

Appell,  William  1  male,  1  female. 

Arisen,  William  1  male,  1  female,  2  children,  1  negro,  1 

Attell,  William  1  male,  1  female,  5  children.  [negress. 

Backer,  Cornelius  1  male,  1  female,  2  children. 

Bakeman,  Charles  1  male. 

Baker,  Captain  1  male,  1  negro  child. 

Balch,  Jacob  1  male,  1  female,  1  child. 

Banker,  Johannes  1  male. 

Bant,  Johannes  1  male,  1  female,  2  children. 


APPENDIX. 


345 


Heads  of  Families.  Family  and  Domestic  Household. 

Bannt,  Peter  1  male,  1  female.  2  children. 

Barbarie,  John  2  males.  1  female,  6  children,  3  negresses. 

Barclay,  William  1  male,  3  females,  2  children,  1  negress.  , 

Bams,  Benjamin  1  male,  1  female. 

Barr,  John  2  males,  1  female,  4  children. 

Barteloo,  Daniel  1  male,  1  female,  2  children. 

Bassett,  Mrs  1  female,  3  children. 

Bason,  John  1  male,  1  female,  1  child.      [negro  children. 

Bayard,  Balthazer  5  males,  1  female.  1  negro.  1  negress,  4 

Bayard,  Nicholas  1  female.  1  child.  2  negroes,  1  negro  child. 

Bayard,  Samuel  1  male,  1  female,  3  children,  1  negro,  1  ne- 

Bayard,  Peter  1  male.  1  female,  2  children.  1  negress.  [gress. 

Beard,  James  

Beedie,  Jan  1  male,  1  female.  2  children. 

Beekman,  Samuel  1  male,  1  female,  6  children. 

Beekman,  William  1  male,  1  child.  2  negroes,  1  negress. 

Bellens,  Philip  1  male,  1  female,  1  child. 

Bennett,  Jacob  1  male,  2  females,  4  children. 

Bentell,  John  3  females. 

Berry,  Jacob  1  male.  1  female.  3  children. 

Bicker,  Victor  1  male,  2  females,  1  child. 

Bickley,  William  2  males,  1  negress,  2  negro  children. 

Bill,  Benjamin  1  male,  1  female,  2  children.  1  negress. 

Blackgrove,  Mrs  1  female.  4  children.  2  negroes.  2  negresses.  3 

Blagge,  Edward.  1  male,  1  child,  2  negresses.  [negro  children. 

Blank,  Jurien  1  male. 

Blank,  Mary  1  female,  1  child. 

Blank.  Garret  1  female,  4  children.  1  negro. 

Blatchford,  Nicholas  1  male.  1  female.  [negro  child. 

Bloom,  Aaron  1  male,  2  females.  6  children,  1  negress,  1 

Bloom,  Frerick  1  male,  1  female,  3  children. 

Blower,  James  1  male,  1  female. 

Bocketts,  Francis  1  male.  1  female,  4  children. 

Bockho  Peter  1  male,  1  female. 

Boelen.  Jacob  1  male,  1  female,  5  children,  1  negress,  3 

Bogardus,  Everardus  1  male,  2  females.  [negro  children. 

Bogert.  Derrick  1  male,  1  female,  2  children. 

Bogert.  Eleazer  1  male.  1  female.  4  children. 

Bogert,  Johannes  1  male.  1  female. 


346  APPENDIX. 

Heads  of  Families.  Family  and  Domestic  Household. 

Bogert,  William  1  male.  1  female,  2  children. 

Borgeran,  Wier  1  male.  1  female.  1  child. 

Bolt,  Abraham  1  male.  1  female,  9  children,  1  negress,  1  ne- 

Bolsoii,  Cornelius  1  male,  1  female,  1  child.  [gro  child. 

Boulero.  James  1  male,  1  female. 

Bonan,  Simon  1  male.  1  female. 

Bonan,  Anion  1  male,  1  child,  1  negress. 

Bond,  Widow  Peter  2  females.  2  children,  1  negro  child. 

Bookhout.  Mattvs  1  male.  1  female. 

Boot,  Catharine  1  female. 

Borditt,  Captain  2  males,  1  female,  2  children,  1  negro. 

Bordis.  Heudrick  1  male,  1  female,  6  children,  1  negro. 

Bos,  Peter  1  male,  1  female,  3  children. 

Bos.  Jan  Pietersen  2  males. 

Bos.  Hendrick  1  male,  1  female,  4  children. 

Boseit.  Mrs  1  female.  [child. 

Boudinot.  Elias  1  male,  1  female,  1  child.  1  negress,  1  negro 

Boudinot,  Widow  1  male.  4  females,  2  children,  1  negro,  2 

Boutons,  Sampson  4  males,  3  children.  [negresses. 

Bo  wring,  John  1  male,  1  female.  1  child. 

Bradford.  William  2  males,  1  female,  5  children,  2  negresses. 

Brazier,  Abraham  1  male.  1  female,  2  children. 

Brazier,  Joseph  1  male,  1  female.  1  child. 

Borgcr,  Joris  1  male,  1  female.  2  children. 

Brassan,  Evert  1  male,  1  female,  7  children. 

Brass,  George  1  male.  1  female,  6  children. 

Bratt.  Jacob  1  male,  1  female,  2  children,  1  negro. 

Bratt,  Isaac  1  male,  1  female,  2  children. 

Bridges.  Margaret  1  female. 

Brimer,  Abraham  1  male.  1  female,  4  children. 

Britt.  Roger  1  male.  [negress. 

Bresteede,  Andries  2  males,  4  females,  6  children,  2  negroes,  1 

Bresteede.  Simon  1  male.  1  female,  5  children,  1  negro. 

Brockmau,  John  1  male.  1  female.  1  child. 

Broughton.  Samson  Shelton.2  males.  5  females,  1  negro. 

Bronod,  John  1  male,  1  female,  3  children,  1  negro,  2  negro 

Brown,  Widow  1  female,  4  children.  [children. 

Brown,  Widow  2  females.  1  child. 

Buckley,  Lieut  1  female.  4  children. 


APPENDIX. 


347 


Heada  of  Families.  r&mily  mod  Domestic  Household. 

Burger,  Antje  1  female.  G  children. 

Burger.  Peter  1  male.  1  female.  4  children. 

Burger.  Garret  1  male.  1  female.  -4  children. 

Burger.  Harmanus  1  male.  1  female.  2  children. 

Burger.  Johannes  1  male.  2  females.  4  children. 

Burger.  Mr  2  males.  1  female.  5  children.  2  negroes.  1 

Burgess.  Samuel  1  female.  3  children.  1  negress.  [negress. 

Bures,  John  1  male.  1  female.  1  child.  1  negress. 

Burley.  Edward  1  male.  1  female.  1  child. 

Burroughs.  Thomas  1  male.  1  female.  3  children,  1  negro,  1 

Bush,  Jurian  1  male.  1  female.  3  children.  [negress. 

Bush.  Widow  1  male.  3  females,  2  children. 

Bush.  Widow  1  male.  2  females. 

Bush.  Bernard  1  male.  1  female.  3  children. 

Bush.  Jasper  1  male.  I  female.  2  children,  1  negro,  [child. 

Byner.  Mrs  2  males.  2  females.  1  negro.  1  negress.  1  negro 

Canoon.  John  2  males.  1  female,  1  child,  1  negro  child. 

Carelse.  Joseph  1  male.  1  female. 

Carelse.  Jan  1  male.  1  female.  1  child. 

Carrebil.  J acob  1  male.  1  female. 

Carkman.  Hend'k  1  male.  1  female.  2  children.  1  negress. 

Carroll.  Thomas  1  male.  2  females,  3  children,  1  negress. 

Carpenter.  Daniel  2  males.  2  females.  1  child. 

Carter.  Mr  2  females. 

Casall.  J ohn  1  male.  1  female.  2  negresses. 

Cavice.  Johannes  P  1  male.  1  female.  1  child. 

Chambers.  William  1  male.  2  females.  3  child'n.  1  negro,  [children. 

Child.  Thomas  1  male.  1  female.  1  child.  3  negroes.  2  negro 

Cholwell.Mr  1  male.  1  female.  3  children.  2  negresses,  1 

Christiaeuse.  David  2  males.  1.  female.  3  children,    [negro  child. 

C4app.  John  1  male.  1  female.  2  child*u.  2  negroes.  1  negress. 

Cloberry,  Mrs  1  female.  2  children.  1  negress.  1  negro  child. 

Clock.  Martin  1  male.  1  female.  1  child.  2  negresses. 

Clock.  Albert  2  males.  1  female.  5  children,  1  negro.  1 

Clopper,  Cornelius  1  male.  1  female.  3  children.  [negress. 

Clopper.  Widow  2  males.  1  female.  2  children,  1  negro  child. 

Coesart,  David  1  male.  1  female.  3  children.     [negro  child. 

Coerscns.  Mr  1  male.  1  female,  4  children.  2  negresses,  1 

Coleman.  Henry  1  male.  1  female.  1  child.  1  negro. 

Colett,  James  1  male.  1  female.  4  children. 


348  APPENDIX. 

Heads  of  Families.  Family  and  Domestic  Household. 

Collie,  Widow  2  males. 

Collura,  Mary  1  female,  2  children,  1  negro. 

Collier,  Elizabeth  1  female. 

Colyer,  Jochem  1  male,  1  female,  3  children. 

Conant,  Jacob  1  male,  1  female,  1  child,  1  negro  child. 

Cool,  Barent  1  male,  1  female,  4  children. 

Cooper,  Mr  1  male,  1  female,  4  children,  2  negro  children. 

Corbett,  Captain. ...   3  males,  3  females,  2  children,  2  negroes,  2 

Corburn,  Thomas  1  male,  1  female.  [negresses. 

Cornelius,  Tunis  2  males,  1  female,  4  children,  1  negro,  2 

Cornelius,  Jacob  2  males,  1  female,  2  children,  [negro  child'n. 

Cornelius,  Jacob  1  male,  1  female,  3  children,  1  negro  child. 

Cosyn,  Garret  1  male,  1  female,  2  children. 

Craft,  Johannes  (  1  male,  1  female. 

Crannell,  Robert  1  male,  1  female,  4  children. 

Crigier,  Martin  1  male,  1  female,  1  child. 

Cragror,  Captain  1  male,  1  female,  2  children,  1  negress. 

Crommelin,  Mr  1  male,  1  child. 

Crow,  Hugh  1  male,  1  female,  1  child,  1  negro  child. 

Cure,  John  1  male,  1  female,  1  child. 

Cuyler,  Mrs  1  male,  2  females,  1  child,  1  negro,  1  negress. 

Danly  Nicholas  1  male,  1  female,  1  child. 

Darkins,  Robert  2  males,  2  females,  2  children,  1  negro,  2  ne- 

Davenport,  Mr  2  males,  1  female,  1  negro  child.  [gresses. 

David,  Joshua  1  male,  1  female,  5  children. 

Davis,  Agnes  1  female,  2  children. 

Davis,  John  1  male,  1  female,  2  children,  1  negro  child. 

Davis,  J ohn  1  male.  1  female.  2  children,  2  negroes,  1  ne- 
gress, 3  negro  children. 

Davis,  Anthony  1  female,  2  children.  1  negress,  1  negro  child. 

De  Boogh,  Gerrit  1  male,  1  female,  1  child. 

De  Boogh,  Isaac  1  male,  1  female. 

De  Bower,  Xich  1  male,  1  female,  2  children. 

De  Bross,  James  1  male,  1  negro. 

De  Brouts,  Capt  1  male,  2  females,  1  negro. 

De  Champ,  Widow  1  male,  2  females,  1  child,  4  negresses,  2  ne 

De  Graw,  Jannetie  2  females,  1  child.  [gro  children 

De  Graw,  Harman  1  male,  1  female,  5  children. 

De  Graw,  Leonard  1  male,  3  females,  G  children. 

De  Hart,  Matthias  2  males,  2  females,  3  children. 


APPENDIX. 


349 


Heads  of  Families.  Family  and  Domestic  Household. 

De  Fany.  Dr  1  male,  I  female.  2  children. 

De  Foreest.  'Widow  1  male.  1  female.  7  children,     [gro  children. 

Be  Kay.  J acobns  1  male.  1  female.  3  children,  4  negroes,  2  ne- 

De  Kay.  Widow  1  female.  5  children.  1  negro,  1  negress.  1 

negro  child. 

Delucena.  Jew  1  male.  1  female,  2  children.  1  negro.  1  ne- 
gress. 1  negro  child. 

Delancy,  Stephen  1  male,  1  female.  2  children,  3  negroes.  2 

negresses.  2  negro  children. 

Delamontagnie.  Saml  1  male,  2  females.  8  children.  1  negro. 

Delamontagnie.  John  1  male.  1  female,  5  children. 

Delaplaine.  Nicholas  1  male.  [gresses,  1  negro  child. 

De  Marques,  Isaac  1  male,  2  females.  2  children.  1  negro.  2  ne- 

Demill,  Isaac  1  male,  1  female,  5  children. 

Deiutant.  Robert  1  male,  1  female,  5  children. 

Demskiu.  Daniel  1  male,  1  female,  2  children. 

Denison,  Charles  1  male,  1  female,  1  negress. 

Depeyster,  Abraham  1  male.  2  females,  4  children.  6  negroes.  2 

negresses,  2  negro  children. 

Depeyster.  Widow  1  female,  2  children,  1  negro,  1  negress. 

Depeyster,  Johannes  1  male,  1  female,  4  children.  1  negro.  2  ne- 
gresses. 2  negro  children. 

Depeyster.  Isaac  1  male.  1  female.  6  children.  3  negro  children. 

Depeyster,  Cornelius  1  male,  2  females.  4  children.  1  negress,  1  ne- 

Deportee,  Jacob  1  male.  1  female.  3  children.         [gro  child. 

De  Reimer.  Mr  1  male.  1  female,  2  children.  1  negro.  2  ue- 

Dc  Robelas,  Widow  4  females.  4  children.  1  negress.  [gro  child'n. 

Devy,  John  1  male,  1  female,  5  children,  1  negress. 

Deveune,  Jan  1  male.  1  female,  1  child,  1  negro. 

Devor,  John  2  males,  6  children. 

Devous.  Daniel  1  male.  1  female.  3  children. 

Dewint,  Levinus  1  male,  1  female.  1  negro  child 

Dircksen,  Evert  

Dircksen,  Cornelius  2  males.  1  female.  4  children. 

Dickter.  Joseph  1  male.  1  female,  2  children. 

Dohneare,  Johannes  ]  male,  1  female,  5  children,  1  negro.  1  ne- 
gress, 3  negro  children. 

Doley,  Philip  1  male,  1  female.  1  child. 

Dolsie,  Andries  1  male,  1  female.  1  child. 

Douwe,  Andrew  1  male.  1  female,  2  children. 


350  APPENDIX. 

H*ad3  of  Families.  Family  and  Domestic  Household. 

Dowcher,  "Widow  1  male,  1  female,  3  children. 

Drinnez.  Henry  1  male,  1  female,  2  children. 

Droilhett,  Paul  1  male,  1  female,  6  children,  2  negresses. 

Druelef.  Benjamin  3  males,  1  female,  2  children,  1  negro,  1-  ne- 

Dubois.  Madam  3  females.  [gress,  1  negro  child. 

Dubois,  Walter  1  male,  1  female,  1  child,  1  negress. 

Dublett,  John  1  male,  2  females. 

Dunken,  George  1  male,  1  female,  2  children,  2  negresses. 

Duychink,  Garret  1  male,  1  female,  4  children,  1  negro,  1  ne- 
gress, 2  negro  children. 

Duychink,  Widow  2  females,  8  children,  4  negroes,  1  negress,  2 

Dyckman,  John  1  male,  1  female.  [negro  children. 

Dyer,  Thomas  1  male. 

Dyer,  John  1  male,  2  females,  2  children. 

Ebbetts,  Daniel  2  males,  1  female. 

Ebou,  Johannes  2  males,  1  female,  4  children. 

Edwards,  Robert  1  male,  1  female,  2  children. 

Echeles,  William  1  male,  1  female,  1  child,  2  negroes. 

Elberts.  Albert  1  male,  3  females,  4  children,  1  negro. 

Ellison,  Thomas  1  male,  4  females,  4  children. 

Ellison,  John  2  males,  1  female,  3  children,  1  negro,  2  ne- 
gresses, 1  negro  child. 

Ellison.  Robert  1  male,  2  females,  2  negresses. 

Elliott,  Elizabeth  1  female. 

Ellsworth,   1  male,  5  children,  2  negroes,  1  negress. 

Ellsworth,  Christopher  1  male,  1  negro,  1  negress. 

Ellsworth,  George  1  male,  1  female,  6  children,  2  negroes. 

Ellsworth,  Widow  1  female,  3  children. 

Ellsworth,  William  1  male,  1  female,  4  children.  [negress. 

Emott,  James.  1  male.  2  females,  3  children,  1  negro,  1 

Evans.  Thomas  1  male,  1  female,  1  child. 

Everson,  Mr  2  females,  2  children,  1  negro. 

Evarts.  John  1  male,  1  female,  1  child,  1  negro. 

Evert.  Mr  1  male,  1  female,  3  children,  1  negress. 

Everts,  Wessell  1  male,  1  female,  4  children. 

Fagett,  Widow  3  females. 

Farnandus,  William  1  male,  1  female.  [negro  child. 

Farree,  Lewis  1  male,  3  females,  4  children,  1  negress,  1 

Fargoe,  Daniel  1  male,  1  child. 


APPENDIX. 


351 


Heads  of  Families.  Family  and  Domestic  Household. 

Farmer,  Anthony  1  male,  1  female,  3  children,  4  negroes. 

Fauconuier,  Peter  1  male,  3  females,  4  children,  1  negro,  1  ne- 

Fancout,  Andrew  1  male,  1  female.  [gress. 

Fielding,  Nicholas  1  male,  1  female,  4  children. 

Fisher,  William  1  male,  1  female,  6  children,  1  negro. 

Finch,  Captain  1  male,  1  female,  2  children. 

Fleming,  Richard  1  male,  1  female,  1  child. 

Florau,  Mr  1  male,  1  female,  1  child. 

Flower,  Carny  1  male,  1  female,  3  children. 

Fordyce,  Margaret  2  females.  [negro  children. 

Forkell,  Captain  1  male,  1  female,  3  children,  1  negrcss,  4 

Foster,  William  1  male,  1  female,  5  children. 

Francen,  Emanuel  2  males,  2  females,  1  child. 

French,  John  1  male,  2  females,  3  children. 

French,  Philip  1  male,  1  female,  3  children,  3  negroes,  2 

negresses,  2  negro  children. 

Frouse,  Widow  2  females,  4  children. 

Funnell,  Mr  1  male,  1  female,  3  children. 

Gaudenoa,  Giles  1  male,  1  female,  1  negro  child. 

Garrets,  Nicholas  3  females,  4  children,  1  negro,  1  negro  child. 

Garabrant,  Francis  1  male,  2  females,  2  children,  2  negroes. 

Garners,  Isaac  1  male,  1  female,  1  child. 

Gerrits,  Cornelius  1  male,  1  female,  2  children. 

Gillin,  Christopher  1  male,  1  female,  3  children. 

Gillison,  Hendrick  1  male,  1  female,  3  children. 

Gleaves,  Thomas  1  male,  1  female,  5  children,  2  negroes,  2 

Glencross,  Mr  1  male,  1  female,    [negresses,  1  negro  child. 

Gonfrey,  John  1  male,  1  female,  2  children,  1  negrcss. 

Goderis,  Francis  2  females,  4  children,  1  Degress. 

Gomaz,  Mr  2  males.  2  females,  4  child'n,l  negro,  1  negrcss. 

Gouverneur,  Abraham  1  male,l  female,  2  children,  1  negro  child. 

Gravenrod,  Andrew  1  male,  1  female,  5  child'n,  1  negro,  1  Degrees. 

Gracklin,    

Grans,  Gerard  1  male,  1  female,  5  children. 

Grassett,  Augustus  1  male,  1  female,  1  negress. 

Green,  Richard  1  male,  1  female,  1  child. 

Green,  Richard  1  male,  1  female. 

Griggs,    1  male,  1  female,  2  children. 

Gunoscn,   1  male,  1  female,  1  child. 


352 


APPENDIX. 


Heads  of  Families.  Family  and  Domestic  Household. 

Gurney,  John  1  male,  1  female,  1  child.,  1  negro,  1  negress. 

Hagers,  William  1  male,  1  female,  2  children. 

Hains,  Thomas  1  male,  1  female. 

Halgrave,  Widow  1  female,  1  child. 

Hallar,  Garret  1  male,  1  female,  1  child,  1  negro. 

Hardin,  Michael  2  males,  3  females,  1  negro  child. 

Hardin,  Thomas  2  males,  1  female,  3  children.  1  negro  child. 

]  lardbrow,  Bernardus  1  male,  5  children,  1  negro. 

Hardenbrook,  Johannes.  . .  .1  male,  1  female,  3  children,  1  negro  child. 

Hardenburgh,  Mr  1  male,  1  female,  5  child'n,  1  negro,  1  negress. 

Haring,  Michael  1  male,  1  negro. 

Harks,  Mary  2  females. 

Harman,   

Harpending,  John  1  male,  1  female,  1  child,  1  negro  child. 

Harris,  Mr   .  2  males,  1  female,  1  child,  2  negresses,  4 

negro  children. 

Harris,  John  1  male,  1  female,  2  children,  1  negro. 

Hart,  Bartholomew  1  male,  1  female,  1  child,  2  negroes,  1  negress 

Hases,  Jacob  1  male,  1  female,  1  child. 

Haywood,  William  2  males,  1  female,  4  children,  1  negro  child. 

Hedding,  Lawrence  1  male,  2  females,  1  negro  child. 

Heermans,  Peter  2  males,  1  female,  1  child. 

Hendricks,    1  male,  3  females. 

Hendricks,  Swerez  1  male,  1  child. 

Herrick,  Jan  1  male,  1  female,  2  children. 

Heme,  Annetje  1  female,  1  child. 

Hcslook,  Jan  1  male,  1  female,  1  child. 

Hewson,  Leendert  1  male,  3  children,  1  negro,  1  negress. 

Hill,  Jan  1  male,  2  females,  6  children. 

Holding,  Harman  1  male.  , 

Honan,  Mr  1  male,  2  females,  1  child,  1  negress. 

Hooper,  Mr  1  female,  2  children.      [gress,  1  negro  child. 

Hooghland,  Mr  1  male,  1  female,  5  children.  2  negroes.  !  ne- 

Hooghland,  Christopher  1  male,  1  female,  2  children. 

Hooghland,  Johannes  1  male,  2  females,  1  child,  1  negro,  1  negress. 

Howard,  Widow  3  females,  1  child,  4  negro  children. 

Huck,  Thomas  2  males,  1  negro. 

Huddlcston,  Mr  1  male,  1  female,  3  children,  2  negresses. 

Hudson,  Margaret  1  female,  2  children. 


APPENDIX. 


353 


Headi  of  Families  Family  and  Domestic  Household. 

Hutchins.  John  1  male.  1  female,  2  negresses,  1  negro  child 

Hyer,  Garret  2  males,  2  females,  2  children. 

Isaacs,  Joseph  1  male,  1  female,  4  child'u,  1  negro. 

Ives,  Thomas  2  males,  1  female,  1  negro,  1  negress. 

Jacobs,  Cornelius  2  females,  G  children,  1  negress,  1  negro  child. 

Jackse,  Peter  1  male,  1  female,  3  children.  1  negro.l  negress. 

Jackson,  William  4  males,  1  female,  2  child'n,  1  negro,  1  negress. 

Jamaine,  Nicholas  1  male.  1  female,  5  negresses,  1  negro  child. 

Jameson,  David  1  male,  1  female,  3  children.  J  negro,  2  ne- 

Jausen,  Johannes  1  male,  1  female,  4  children.  [gresses. 

Jansen,  Widow  1  female. 

Jansen,  Hendrick  1  male,  1  female,  3  children. 

Janeway,   1  male,  1  female,  2  children,  5  negroes,  1  ne- 
gress, 1  negro  child. 

Jaudon.  Daniel  2  males,  1  female,  4  children. 

Jay.  Augustus  1  male,  1  female,  3  children,  1  negro. 

Johnson,  Peter  1  male,  1  female,  1  negro. 

Johnson,  Abraham  2  males,  1  negro,  1  negress. 

Jones,  Roger  2  males. 

Jones.  Griffin  1  male,  1  female. 

Jones.  Jan  1  male. 

Joosten,  Johannes  1  male,  1  female,  2  children.     [negro  child 

Jordan,  Widow  1  female,  G  children,  1  negro,  1  negress,  1 

Joris,  Stintje  1  female. 

J uter,  Isaac  1  male,  1  female,  3  children. 

Kage.  William  1  male,  2  females,  1  negress. 

Kenning,  Jacob  1  male,  1  female,  3  children. 

Kenne.  Johannes  1  male. 

Kettletas.  Abraham  1  male,  1  female.  2  children. 

Kettletas  Garret  

Kill.  Enoch  1  male,  1  female. 

Kidd.  Widow  2  females. 

Kierstede,  Hans  1  male,  1  female,  1  child. 

Kierstede,  Widow  2  females,  6  children,  1  negro. 

Kierstede,  Widow  1  male,  1  female,  1  child,  1  negro  child. 

Kingston,  John  1  male,  1  female. 

Kiaing,  Mr  1  female.  8  children,   [gresses,  1  negro  child. 

Kip,  Mr  2  males,  2  females,  1  child,  5  negroes,  2  ne- 

Kip,  Peter  1  male,  1  female.  ]  child.  1  negro  child. 


23 


35-i  APPENDIX. 

Heads  of  Families.  Family  ami  Domestic  Household. 

Kip,  Catharine  1  female,  8  children,  2  negroes,  2  negresses, 

1  negro  child. 

Kip,  Abraham  1  male,  1  female,  2  children,  1  negro,  1  ne- 

gress,  2  negro  children,  [negresses. 

Kip,  Isaac  1  male,  2  females,  6  children,  2  negroes,  2 

Koeck,  Jan  1  male,  1  female,  6  child'n,  1  negro,  1  negress. 

Koning,  Jan  1  male. 

Lamb,  Alexander  1  male,  1  female,  6  children. 

La  Mereaux,  Andrew  1  male,  1  female,  2  children. 

Lagram,  Jan  1  male,  1  female,  1  child,  1  negro. 

Lansin,  Garret  1  male,  1  female,  5  children. 

Lamas,  Walter  1  male,  1  child, 

Lansing,  John  

Laroux,  Bartholomew  2  males,  1  female,  6  children,  1  negress. 

Larye,  Peter  1  male,  1  female,  2  children. 

Lastly.  John  1  male,  1  female,  1  child. 

Latham,  John  1  male,  1  female,  2  children. 

Law,  Andrew  2  males,  3  females,  2  children. 

Lawrence,  Widow  1  female,  5  children. 

Lawrence,  Andrew  1  male,  1  female,  6  children. 

Leathing,  John  1  male,  1  female,  1  child. 

Lees,  Mr  2  males,  1  female,  1  negress. 

Lees,  Widow  1  female,  1  child. 

Leigh,  James  1  male,  1  female,  1  child. 

Leiree,  Boult  1  male,  1  female. 

Ledham,  J ohn  1  male,  1  female,  2  children 

Leendcrts,  Albert  1  male. 

Leersten,  Carsten   1  male,  1  female,  1  child. 

Legrand,  Mr  1  male. 

Leslie,  John  1  male,  1  female.  [negress. 

Leveridge,  Samuel  1  male,  3  females,  4  children,  2  negroes,  1 

Lewis,  Leonard  1  male,  2  females,  7  children,  1  negro,  1  ne- 
gress, 1  negro  child. 

Lewis,  Mr  1  female,  G  children,  1  negress. 

Leyros,  Joost   .1  male,  1  female,  3  children. 

Lillie,  Widow  3  males,  4  females,  6  children,  1  negress. 

Lindslay,  Mrs  1  female. 

Ling,  Mr  2  males,  3  negresses. 

Lloyd,  William  1  female,  2  children. 


APPENDIX. 


355 


Heads  of  Families.  Family  mid  Domestic  Household. 

Lock,  Captain  1  male.  1  female,  1  child,  1  negro. 

Lock,  Edward  1  male.  1  female,  3  children. 

Lodge,  Cornelius  1  male,  1  female,  1  child. 

Loeter,  Sarebs  1  male.  4  females,  2  children. 

Logall,  David  1  male,  1  female,  3  children,  1  negress. 

Longstreet,  Johannes  1  male,  1  female,  3  children. 

Loockerman,  Abraham  1  male,  1  female,  1  child,  3  negroes,  3  ne- 

gresses,  2  negro  children. 
Loockerman,  Peter  1  male,  1  female,  1  child,  1  negro,  1  negress, 

1  negro  child.  [gress. 

Locherest,  Samuel  1  male,  1  female,  3  children,  1  negro,  1  ne- 

Loring,  John  1  male,  1  female,  2  children,  2  negresses. 

Lorteen,  Nicholas  1  male,  1  female. 

Loukes,  Augustus  1  male,  1  child,  1  negro.  1  negro  child. 

Lowrican,  Barman  1  male,  1  female,  1  child. 

Lourier,  Christian  1  male,  1  female,  2  children. 

Louries,  Annetje  1  female. 

Lourier,  Cornelius  1  male.  1  female,  4  children,  1  negro. 

Low,  Peter  2  males,  1  negress. 

Lucas,  John  1  male,  1  female,  1  child. 

Ludlow,  Gabriel  1  male,  1  female,  G  child'n,  1  negro,  1  negress. 

Lurting,  Robert  2  males.  3  females,  G  children,  1  negress,  1 

Lysenner,  Widow  2  females,  1  child.  ]  negro  child. 

Lysoner,  Mr  1  male.  2  children,  2  negro  -  . 

Levy,  Moses  3  males,  2  females.  2  children,  1  negress,  1 

Macdougal,  David  1  male,  1  female,  1  child.         [negro  child. 

Maerschalk',  Andrew  1  male,  2  females,  G  children. 

Man,  Adrian  4  males.  1  female,  4  children. 

Many,  James  1  male,  3  children. 

Mambroits,  John  1  male.  1  female,  2  children. 

Manshares,  John  1  male,  1  female,  1  child. 

Marins,  Cornelia  1  female,  5  children. 

Marks,  Peter  1  male,  1  female. 

Mortons,  Samuel  1  male.  1  female. 

Martens,  John  1  male,  1  child. 

Martens,  Ryer  1  male,  1  female,  3  children. 

Marie,  Anne  1  female,  1  child. 

Marshall,  Edward  1  male,  1  female,  1  child,  1  negress. 

Markener.  Margaret  4  females. 


356  APPENDIX. 

Heads  of  Familiet.  Family  and  Domestic  Household. 

Marshett,  Mrs  1  female,  1  child. 

Marstou,  Nathaniel.  1  male,  and  others. 

Materbe,  Nicholas  1  male,  1  female. 

Matthews,  Captain  1  female,  5  children,  1  negress,  1  negro  child. 

Maurice,  Jacob  2  males,  1  female,  1  child,  1  negro. 

Maynard,  George  1  male,  1  female. 

Maynard,  Daniel  1  male,  1  female,  2  children. 

Meet,  Jan  1  male,  1  female,  6  children. 

Meinderse,  William  1  male,  1  female,  2  children. 

Merritt,  Meyer  1  male,  2  females,  3  children. 

Merritt,  Mrs  1  female,  2  children. 

Mesier,  Hendrick  1  male,  1  female. 

Mesier,  Abraham  1  male,  1  female,  5  child'n,  1  negro,  1  Degrees. 

Mettalaer,  Abraham  2  males,  1  female,  6  children,  1  negro,  1 

Meyer,  Hendrick  1  male,  1  female,  2  children.  [negress. 

Meyer,  Andrew  2  males,  2  females,  3  children,  1  negress. 

Meyer,  Peter  1  male,  1  female,  5  children. 

Milne,  Robert  1  male,  1  female. 

Minthorne,  Philip  1  male,  1  female,  3  children. 

Minvielle,  Peter  1  male,  1  female,  1  negress. 

Minvielle.  Mrs  1  female,  1  child,  2  negresses. 

Minvielle,  David  1  male,  2  females,  1  child,  1  negro,  1  negress. 

Moll,  Engeltere  1  female,  3  children, 

Moll,  Abraham  1  male,  1  female,  1  child. 

Mollts,  Abraham  1  male,  1  female,  1  child. 

Mousett,  Mr  1  male,  2  females,  3  children. 

Moutaync,  Hester  1  female,  4  children . 

Montayne,  Peter  1  male,  3  females,  1  child. 

Mooney,  Henry  2  males,  1  female. 

Moor,   2  males,  1  female,  3  children,  1  negro. 

Morgan,  Mrs  1  female,  4  children,  1  negress. 

Morehouse,  John  1  male. 

Morris,  Archibald  1  male,  1  female,  1  child. 

Morris,  Captain  1  male,  1  female,  3  children,  1  negro,  2  ne- 
gresses, 1  negro  child. 

Morrisgreen,  Jacob  1  male,  1  female,  1  child,  1  negro. 

Morrayn,  Peter  1  male.  1  female,  6  children,  1  negro. 

Moss,  William  1  male,  2  females,  4  children. 

Mussett,  Mrs  1  male,  1  female. 


APPENDIX. 


357 


Heads  of  Families.  Family  and  Domestic  Household. 

Myler.  Paul  1  male.  1  female,  3  children,  1  negress. 

Xauclaft,  Widow  1  female,  3  children,  1  negress,  2  negro  chl'n. 

Xanfan,  John  1  male,  1  negro. 

Xarbree,  Jan  1  male,  1  female.  1  child. 

Xasseros,  William  1  male,  1  female.  5  children. 

Xarrosses,  William  1  female,  5  children. 

Xessepot,  Widow  1  male,  1  female,  1  child. 

Xewkirk.  Peter  1  male,  1  female.  5  children,  2  negresses. 

Xieuweuhuysen.  Wilhelmns.2  males,  2  females,  1  negro  child. 

Xovered,  Captain  1  female,  3  children.  1  negress. 

Now,  Elias  1  male,  3  females,  4  children,  1  negro. 

Obee.  Onerre  5  females. 

Octon.  William  1  male;  1  female. 

Onclebagh,  Garret  1  male.  1  female,  3  children. 

Oomian,  James  1  male,  1  female,  1  child.  1  negro. 

Paldiug.  Joseph  1  male,  1  female,  4  child'n,  1  negro,  1  negress. 

Parmeutier,  Peter  1  male,  2  females,  2  children. 

Parmentier.  J ohn  1  male,  1  female,  2  children. 

Pasco.   1  male,  1  female,  2  negro  children. 

Peartree,  Colonel  1  male,  1  female,  1  child.  2  negroes,  2  ne- 

gresses.  2  negro  children. 

Pearce.  William  1  male,  3  females,  5  children. 

Peecke.  John  1  male,  2  females.  7  children. 

Pell.  William  1  male.  1  female,  4  children. 

Pell.  Evert  1  male,  1  female,  3  children. 

Pells,  Christopher  1  male,  1  female.  4  children.  1  negro,  1  ne- 
gress, 1  negro  child. 

Pell.  Thomas  1  male,  1  female.  2  children. 

Pell,  William  1  male,  1  female.  5  children. 

Pendston,  Captain  1  male,  1  female.  1  child,  1  negro. 

Peroa,  J  ohn  1  male,  3  females. 

Peters.  Dr  1  male.  1  female,  1  child. 

Peterslot.  John  :  . .  1  male.  1  female.  4  children. 

Peterbaus,  Widow  1  male.  2  females.  3  children.  1  negro  child. 

Peterow,  Widow  1  female,  6  children,  1  negro. 

Petram,  John  and  Elias.  .  .  .2  males.  1  female.  6  children,  1  negro,  1  ne- 
gress. 1  negro  child. 

Philips.  Samuel  1  male.  1  female,  1  child.  1  negro. 

Philipse,  Widow  1  female.  1  child.  1  negro.  2  negresses, 

3  negro  children. 


358  APPENDIX. 

Heads  of  Families.  Family  r.ud  Domestic  Household. 

Pierson,   

Pietersen,  John  1  male.  1  female,  3  children. 

Pitt,  John  1  male,  1  female,  2  children. 

Piumley,  Elizabeth  2  females,  1  child,  1  negress. 

Piuvier,  Neeltie  2  males,  2  females,  5  children. 

Podventon,  Robert  1  male. 

Potter,  Catharine  1  female,  2  children,  1  negress. 

Poulee,  John  1  male,  2  females,  4  children. 

Provoost,  Benjamin  1  male,  11  children. 

Provoost,  David,  jr  1  male,  5  children,  2  negroes,  1  negress. 

Provoost,  David,  sen  1  male,  2  females,  2  children,  1  negress. 

Provoost,  Johannes  1  male,  1  female,  1  child. 

Provoost,  William  1  male,  1  female,  4  children. 

Provoost,  Hettie  I  female,  6  children,  2  negroes. 

Provoost,  Widow  1  female,  6  children,  2  negroes. 

Puddington,  Robert  1  male,  2  females. 

Quick,  Annez  1  male,  1  female,  4  children,  1  negress. 

Quick,  Marre  1  female.  1  child. 

Quick,  Cornelius  1  male,  1  female,  6  children,  1  negress.  - 

Rabi,  Mrs  1  male,  2  females.  2  children. 

Bambert,  Elias  1  male,  1  female,  4  children. 

Reyersen,  Bettie  2  females,  1  child. 

Reed,  Archibald  1  male,  1  female. 

Reade,  Mr  1  male,  1  female,  2  children,  1  negress. 

Reight,  A  1  male,  1  female,  2  children. 

Reindersen,  Mr   1  male,  1  female,  1  child,  1  negro,  1  negress. 

Remsen,  Mangel  1  male,  1  female,  4  children,  2  negroes. 

Riersen,  Joris  1  male,  2  females,  8  children,  2  negroes,  1  ne- 
gro child. 

Richards,  Stephen  1  male,  2  females,  3  children,  1  negress. 

Rightman,  Peter  1  male,  1  female,  5  children. 

Bingo,  Albert  1  male,  1  female,  5  children. 

Rishey,  Dennis  1  male,  1  female,  2  children. 

Risoe,  Rinier  2  males,  2  females,  2  children. 

Bitman,   2  males,  2  females,  3  children,  1  negro,  2  ne- 

Ritvire,  Mr  1  male,  1  female.  [gro  children. 

Robeson,  Jochcm  1  male,  1  female,  2  children. 

Roberts,  Thomas  1  male. 

Roberts,  Daniel  3  males,  1  female. 


APPENDIX. 


359 


Heads  of  Families.  Family  and  Domestic  Household. 

Robertson,  G  2  females. 

Robinson,  William  1  male,  1  female. 

Rollwagon,  Catharine  2  females,  1  negro,  1  negro  child. 

Rombouts,  Mrs  3  females,  1  negress,  2  negro  children. 

Roome,  Peter  Willemse ....  1  male,  1  female,  8  children. 

Roome,  John  Willemse  1  male,  1  female,  2  children. 

Rose,  Ljdia  3  females,  1  child. 

Roosboom,  William  1  male,  1  female,  3  children. 

Rous,  Peter  1  male,  3  children.  [negro  child. 

Russell,  Mr  1  male,  1  female,  3  children,   1  negress,  1 

Rutgers,  Herman  2  males,  1  female,  1  child,  2  negroes. 

Rutgers.  Anthony  1  male,  1  female,  2  children,  1  negress. 

Sackett,  Richard  1  male,  1  female,  4  children,  3  negroes,  1  ne- 
gress. 

Sanderson,  Thomas  1  male,  1  female,  2  children,  1  negro  child. 

Sanders,  Widow  3  females,  1  negress,  3  negro  children. 

Sailor,  Widow:  1  female,  1  child,  2  negroes,  1  negress,  1  ne- 

Sandford  Abraham  1  male,  1  female,  5  children.        [gro  child. 

Scott,  John  1  male,  2  females,  1  child,  1  negro  child. 

Scouten,  Sarah  1  male,  2  females,  5  children. 

Selecot  Catharine  1  female. 

Selwood,  Mr  1  male. 

Sewalls,  Widow  1  male,  2  females. 

Shackerly,  William  1  male,  1  female,  1  child,  1  negro. 

Shackmaple,  John  1  male,  2  females. 

Sharpas.  Mr  1  male,  1  female,  1  child,  1  negress. 

Sherwood,  William  1  male,  1  female,  1  child.  [child. 

Shelly,  Captain  1  male,  2  females,  1  negro,  1  negress,  1  negro 

Shaman,  Simeon  1  male,  4  children. 

Sadman,  Captain   2  males,  1  female,  2  children,  4  negroes,  2 

negresses,  4  negro  children. 

Sickles,  William  1  female,  3  children. 

Sickles,  Thomas,  1  male,  1  female. 

Sinicam  Deborah  1  female,  1  child  [gi'ess,  1  negro  child. 

Sinkeler,  Mr  2  males,  1  female,  1  child,  1  negro,  1  ne- 

Skelton,  Robert  1  male,  2  females,  1  child,  1  negro. 

Slay,  Mr  1  male,  1  female,  4  children. 

Slevett,  Michael  2  males,  2  females,  1  child,  1  negress. 

Slick,  Derrick  1  male,  1  female,  3  children. 


360 


APPENDIX. 


Heads  of  Families.  Fnmily  and  Domestic  Household. 

Smith,  Mrs  3  females,  4  children. 

Smith,  Widow  1  female,  3  children,  1  negro. 

Smith,  Joseph  1  male,  2  females,  4  children. 

Smith,  Bernardus  1  male,  1  female,  2  children. 

Smith,  Bernardus  1  male,  1  female,  10  children. 

Smith,  William,  (Alderman) .1  male,  1  female,  2  negroes,  4  negresses,  6 

negro  children. 

Smith,  English  1  male,  2  females,  1  child. 

Smith,  Sergeant  1  male,  1  female. 

Sokane,  Samuel  1  male,  2  females,  4  children. 

Solomon,   1  male,  2  females,  2  children. 

Solomon,   1  male,  1  female,  2  children. 

Spencer,  James  1  female,  2  children. 

Splinter.  Abraham  2  males,  1  female,  2  children,  1  negro  child. 

Staats,  Doctor  1  male,  9  children,  1  negress. 

Stanton,  George  2  males,  1  female,  4  children.  4  negroes,  2 

negresses,  2  negro  children. 

Stanton,  William  1  male,  I  female,  2  children. 

Stevens,  Mrs  2  females,  4  negroes,  1  negress. 

Stephens,  John  2  males. 

Stephens,  John  1  male,  1  female,  5  children. 

Stokes,  William  1  male,  1  female,  2  children. 

Storr,  Doreman  1  male,  1  female,  1  negro. 

Stoutenburgh,  Isaac  1  male,  1  female,  2  children.  [gress. 

Stoutenburgh,  Tobias  2  males,  2  females,  4  children,  1  negro,  1  ne- 

Stukey,  Widow  1  male,  2  females,  2  children. 

Suerts,  Olphert  1  male,  1  female,  5  children,  1  negro,  1  ne- 
gress, 3  negro  children. 

Swart,  Jacob  1  male,  1  female,  3  children. 

Saveer,  John  1  male,  1  female,  3  children. 

Sweer,  Tillet  1  male,  1  female. 

Sweetman,  Dennis  1  male,  1  female,  1  child. 

Symes,  Captain  1  male,  2  females,  2  children,  1  negro,  1  ne- 
gress, 1  negro  child. 

Syms.  William  1  male,  1  female,  3  children. 

Taylor,  William  1  male,  1  female,  4  child'n,  2  negroes,l  negress. 

Taylor,  Widow  1  female,  3  children,  1  negro,  1  negress,  2 

negro  children. 

Tenbrook,  Hannah  2  males,  1  female,  1  child. 


APPENDIX. 


361 


Heads  of  Families.  Family  and  Domestic  Household. 

Ten  Eyck,  Derrick  3  males,  1  female,  2  children,  12  negroes,  1 

Ten  Eyck,  Han  2  males,  3  females,  2  children.  [negress. 

Ten  Eyck,  Conrad  4  males,  3  females,  1  child,  1  negro. 

Ten  Eyck,  Geesje  1  female,  1  negress. 

Ten  Eyck,  Jacob  2  males,  2  females,  1  child,  1  negro  child. 

Terree,  J ohn  1  male,  1  female,  1  child. 

Theobalds,  John  1  male,  5  children,  2  negroes,  1  negress. 

Thibaud,  Johannes  1  male,  1  female,  1  child.  [child- 
Thomas,    1  male,  1  female,  3  children,  1  negro,  1  negro 

Thomas,  Edmund  1  male,  1  female,  1  child. 

Thompson,  John  1  male,  2  females,  5  children. 

Thorn,  John  1  male,  1  female. 

Thouet,  Peter  1  male,  2  females,  2  negro  children. 

Thwaites,  Daniel  1  male,  1  female,  2  children. 

Ten  Brook,  Andrew  1  male,  1  female,  2  children. 

Teilho,  Vausent  1  male,  1  female,  5  children. 

Tichtor,  Susannah  1  female,  1  child. 

Tiebout,  Annenez  1  male,  1  female,  5  children. 

Tic-bout,  Johannes  1  male,  1  female,  1  child. 

Toy.  Mr  1  male,  1  female,  1  child. 

Tudor,  Captain  1  male,  1  female,  5  children,  1  negress. 

Tuder,  Affey  1  female,  1  child,  1  negress.         [gro  child. 

Tuder.  Captain  2  males,  5  females,  6  children,  1  negeess,  1  ne- 

Tunsedes,   2  males,  4  females,  2  children,  1  negro,  5  ne- 

Turk,  Paulus  1  male,  1  female.  [gro  children. 

Turk.  Paulus,  jr  1  male,  1  female,  2  children. 

Turse,  James  1  male,  1  female,  3  children. 

Trevett,  Captain  1  male,  2  females. 

Trevor,  Daniel  1  male,  1  female,  1  child. 

Urielant,  Johannes.  1  male,  1  female.  1  child. 

Yalo.  Steven  1  male,  2  females,  4  children. 

Van  Aren,  Abraham  1  male,  1  female,  4  children,  1  negro,  1  ne- 
gress, 2  negro  children. 

Van  Bussing,  Widow  1  female,  1  negro. 

Van  Bos,  Wyburgh.  1  female,  1  child. 

Van  Breukelen,  Jannetje.  .  .3  females. 

Van  Brugh,  Widow  1  female,  1  negro. 

Van  Caver,  Garrett  1  male,  1  female,  2  children,  1  negress. 

Van  Cortlant,  Widow  2  males,  2  females,  3  children,  5  negroes,  2 

negresses,  2  negro  children. 


362 


APPENDIX. 


Heads  of  Families.  Family  and  Domestic  Household. 

Van  Cortlant,  Jacobus  1  male,  1  female,  3  children,  2  negroes,  2 

negresses,  1  negro  child. 
Van  Couwenhoven,  Francis .  2  males. 

Van  Crouger,  Captain  1  male,  1  female,  2  children,  1  negro  child. 

Van  Dam,  Mr  2  males,  2  females,  5  children,  3  negroes,  2 

negresses,  1  negro  child. 

Vandemark,   1  male,  2  females,  1  child. 

Vanderbeeck,  Ratio  1  female,  2  children. 

Vanderbeeck,  John  1  male,  1  female,  2  children. 

Vanderbeeck,  Conrad  1  male,  1  female,  2  children.  [gress. 

Vandenbergh,  Derick  1  male,  1  female,  2  children,  2  negroes,  1  ne- 

Vandenboogh,  Solomon. . .  .1  male,  1  female,  3  children. 

Vaude water,  Widow  1  female,  3  children. 

Vandewater,  Abraham  1  male,  1  female. 

Vandewater,  Jannetje  1  female. 

Vandewater,  Evert  1  male,  1  female,  1  child,  1  negro  child. 

Vandewater,  Johannes  1  male,  2  females,  2  children. 

Vandemeyer,  Laire  1  female,  4  children. 

Vanderhull,  Hendrick  1  male,  1  female,  2  children. 

Vanderwel,  Abraham  1  male,  1  female. 

Vanderhuyden,  Mattie  1  female,  2  children. 

Vandeschuyr,  Margaret  1  female. 

Vandervoort,  Cornelia  1  male,  1  female. 

Vauderspeigle,  Jacobus  1  male,  1  female,  1  children,  1  negress. 

Vanderspeigle,  John  2  males,  1  female,  4  children,  1  negro  child. 

Vanderspeigle,  Hendrick ...  1  male. 

Van  Dircksen,  Jacob  1  male,  1  female,  4  children. 

Van  Dusen,  Abraham  1  male,  1  female,  5  children. 

Van  Dyck,  Francis  1  male,  1  female,  3  children. 

Van  Dyke,  Armje  1  male,  1  female,  4  children. 

Van  Dyck,  Orseltje  2  females,  1  child. 

Van  Dyck,  Mr  1  female,  1  child. 

Van  Ecker,  Mrs  1  female. 

Van  Gelder,  Johannes  1  male,  1  female,  1  children. 

Van  Gelder,  Abraham  1  male,  1  female,  4  children. 

Van  Gelder,  Harmanus  1  male,  1  female,  5  children. 

Van  Gesen,  Mr  1  male,  1  female,  1  child. 

Van  Gesen,  Johannes  2  males,  3  females. 

Van  Gesen,  Mr  1  male,  2  females.  2  children. 


APPENDIX. 


363 


Heads  of  Families.  Family  and  Domestic  Household. 

Yan  Hook,  Evert  1  male,.  1  female.  5  children. 

Tail  Hook,  Lawrence  2  males,  2  females.  4  children,  1  negro. 

Yan  Horn,  Abraham  1  male.  1  female.  1  child,  1  negro,  1  negresSj 

1  negro  child.  [negress. 

Tan  Horn,  Garret  1  male,  1  female,  3  children,  2  negroes,  1 

Yan  Horn,  Widow  1  male,  3  females.  1  negress. 

Yan  Horn,  Jan  1  male,  1  female.  [gress,  1  negro  child. 

Yan  Horn,  John  1  male,  1  female,  3  children,  3  negro.-.  1  ne- 

Yan  Imbroecken,  Gysbert . .  1  male,  1  female.  4  children,  1  negro. 

Yan  Xostrand,  Autre  1  female,  4  children,  1  negro. 

Yan  Ostrom.  Hendrick  

Yan  Rost,  J ohaunes  1  male,  1  female,  5  children,  1  negro  child. 

Yan  Schaick,  Rebecca  1  male,  1  female,  2  negroes,  1  Degress. 

Yan  Schaick,  Widow  6  females.  3  children.  1  negro,  1  o  gress,  2 

negro  children. 
Yan  Schaick,  Hendrick. . .  .1  male.  1  female.  2  children. 

Yan  Sart,  John  1  male,  1  female,  1  negro  child. 

Yan  Strip,  John  1  male,  1  female. 

Yan  Sane,  Jacob  1  male.  1  female,  1  negro  child. 

Yan  Tienhoven.  Lucas  1  male.  1  female.  2  children. 

Yan  Tienhoven,  Nicholas ...  1  male.  1  female,  1  negress,  2  negro  children. 

Yan  Tilburgh,  Johannes  1  male.  1  female.  2  cliildren. 

Yan  Tilburgh,  Barent  1  male.  2  children. 

Yan  Tilburgh,  Jan  1  male.  1  female. 

Yan  Tilburgh,  "Widow  1  female.  3  children. 

Yan  Tilburgh,  Peter  2  males.  1  female.  1  child,  1  negress 

Yan  Tyle.  Mrs  2  females,  2  children.  1  negro. 

Yan  Tright.  Garret  1  male.  2  females,  1  child. 

Yan  Yechteu,  J ohannes ....  1  male,  1  female,  3  children. 

Yan  Yeele.  John  J ames ....  1  male,  1  female.  1  negress,  1  negro  child. 

Yan  Yelson,  Aiges  1  male,  1  female.  4  children. 

Yan  Ylarden,  Aaron  1  male,  1  female.  5  children. 

Yan  Yeelen,  Cornelius  2  males,  1  female.  3  children.  1  negro  child. 

Yan  Yos,  Widow  1  female,  3  children.  1  negro,  1  negre-s.  2 

negro  children. 

Yan  Wagensen.  Peter  1  male.  1  female.  2  children,  1  negro. 

Yan  Zandt.  John  2  males.  1  female.  2  negroes,  1  negress. 

Yarick.   2  males.  2  females.  4  children. 

Yenel,  Bartholomew  1  male.  1  female.  3  children. 


364  APPENDIX. 

Heads  of  Families.  Family  and  Domestic  Household. 

Verplanck,  Widow  3  females,  5  children,  1  negress. 

Yesey,  Garret  1  male,  1  female,  4  children,  1  negro. 

Viene,  N ieste  2  females,  1  child,  1  negro. 

Vietch,  Samuel  1  male,  2  females,  1  child,  2  negro  children. 

Villat,  David  1  male,  1  female,  2  children. 

Vincent.  Francis  2  males,  1  female.  3  children,  1  negro.  1 

negress,  1  negro  child. 

Vredenburgh,  G  1  male,  1  negro  boy. 

Wadersen,  Joseph  1  male,  1  female,  5  children. 

Wadersen,  William  1  male,  2  females. 

Wackharu.  Mary  4  females,  1  negro  child. 

Waldron.  Rutger  3  males,  1  female,  2  children. 

Waldron.  Daniel  1  male,  1  female,  5  children. 

Walsh.  William  1  male.  2  females,  3  children. 

Walls,  Robert  1  male.  [child. 

Walton,  William  1  male,  2  females,  1  child,  1  negro.  1  negro 

Wandell,  Abraham  1  male,  2  females. 

Wandell.  Johannes  1  male,  5  children. 

Waters,  Mr  1  male,  1  female,  3  children,  2  negresses. 

Watson,  John  1  male,  1  female,  2  children,  1  negro. 

Weaver,  Madam  2  females.  3  children,  1  negro,  2  negresses.  1 

negro  child. 

Webber,  Ararat  1  male,  1  female,  2  children. 

Webber.  Wolfert  1  male,  1  female,  2  children. 

Webrand,  Abraham  1  male.  1  female,  2  children . 

Wells,  Susannah  1  female,  2  children.  [gresses. 

Wenham,  Thomas  1  male,  1  female,  2  children,  2  negroes,  3  ne- 

Wessells,  Widow  2  males,  3  females. 

Wessells,  Francis  2  males,  2  females.  5  children,  5  negroes. 

Wessells.  Lawrence  1  male,  1  female,4  child'n,  3  negroes,  1  negress. 

Wessells,  Peter  1  male,  1  female,  4  children,  1  negress. 

Wessells,  Harman  1  male,  1  female,  1  child. 

White,  Robert  1  male,  1  female,  3  children. 

White.  Catharine  2  females,  2  children. 

White,  William  1  male,  1  female,  1  child. 

White,  William,  jr  2  males,  1  female. 

Whitt.  John  1  male,  3  children. 

Wickham.  Elizabeth  4  females. 

Williams.  Arthur  1  male,  1  female,  2  children. 


APPE.VDLX. 


365 


H««ds  of  Families.  Family  and  Domestic  Household. 

Williams,  George  1  male.  1  female. 

Willett,  Richard  2  males.  1  female,  1  negress,  1  negro  child. 

Wilson,  Captain  1  male,  1  female,  5  children,  1  negress. 

Wilson,  Ebenezer  3  males,  4  females,  4  children,  1  negro,  1  ne- 

Windeford,  John  1  male,  1  female,  3  children.  [grass. 

Witteo  Los  1  male,  1  female,  2  children. 

Wooley,  Charles  3  males.  1  negro. 

Wouterzen,  Garret  1  male,  1  female,  2  children. 

Wright,  Alida  1  female.  2  children. 

Wright.  Joseph  1  male,  1  female.  1  child. 

Wyncoop.  Benjamin  2  males.  1  female.  1  child. 

Wynans.  Garret  1  male.  1  female. 

Yelverton.  Antiene  1  female.  3  children. 


366 


APPENDIX. 


LIST  OF  CITIZENS  OF  NEW  YORK, 

ADMITTED  AS  FREEMEN  OF  THE  CITY,  BETWEEN  THE  YEAES  1683  AND  1740. 


/     4  \ 
(A) 

1695. 

Aske,  Benjamin, 

1726. 

Anthony,  Nicholas, 

u 

Apple,  Hendrick, 

1721. 

Abrahamsen,  John, 

1696. 

Abeel,  John, 

1731. 

Alexander,  James, 

Allison,  Thomas, 

(i 

Abeel,  David, 

1698. 

Aerentse,  Peter, 

1735. 

Anderson,  Jochem, 

Ariantse,  John, 

Allen,  Thomas, 

1700. 

Atwood,  William, 

« 

Apple,  John, 

" 

At  wood,  Leigh, 

u 

Anderson,  Edward, 

1701. 

Allison.  Robert, 

1737. 

Amerman,  Albert, 

1705. 

Allaire,  Alexander, 

«« 

Amerman,  Dirck, 

1710. 

Aspinwall,  Joseph, 

a 

Alsteyn,  Abraham,  jr 

1716. 

Anthony,  Henricus, 

u 

Aspinwall,  John,  ' 

Arden,  James, 

u 

Anderson,  Peter, 

1720. 

Allaire,  Lewis, 

it 

Alsteyn,  Johannes, 

1721. 

Anthony  Allard, 

1738. 

Axson,  William, 

(B) 

1683. 

Burling,  Edward, 

1696. 

Bickley,  Wm.,  jr., 

1687. 

Boudinot,  Elias, 

Bancker,  Evert, 

1691. 

Blydenbnrgh,  J oseph, 

Bradford,  Samuel, 

<« 

Biydenburgh,  Benjamin, 

1698. 

Bogardus,  Everardus, 

1694. 

Bickley,  William,  sen., 

Boudinot,  Elias, 

1695. 

Brooke,  Chidley, 

Boudinot,  Peter, 

Buckley,  John, 

«< 

Bresteede,  Simon,  .? 

Bastbrd,  John, 

« 

Budyan,  Arthur, 

Bievoort,  Hend'k  I., 

H 

Blanck,  Nicholas 

Blanck,  Juricn, 

M 

Bogaert,  Claes, 

Erected  in  tf&ffJ^molis^eS  J<5/2 


OLD  -JAIL . 

SiLua/**Oa/  tA(.JVEezlrc:niUyof7.he?ajTL  erected,  many  y&ai\r  a rde.CL.de nt  to  tht  .^nurtcan 
TtsvnlzL-tcn    Ji  has  since  ietn  a7&rt>j£t  tt/wL  u.<  now  known  a.s  the  JT<tLO  of  J?j>c-or<Z*' ■ 


APPENDIX. 


1698. 

Burger,  Harmanus, 

1734. 

Beekman  John. 

u 

Beekman,  John, 

Burger,  Nicholas, 

it 

Brazier,  Abraham, 

Blackledge,  Philip. 

it 

Brevoort,  Elias, 

1735. 

Bender,  Matthias. 

1700. 

Broughton,  Sampson  Shelton,  " 

Bowne,  Robert, 

u 

Broughton,  Sampson, 

Benson,  Benjamin, 

1701. 

Benson,  Harmanus, 

Bonee,  Francis, 

Bayard,  Jacobus, 

Beek,  William, 

1702. 

Benson,  Samson, 

Bant,  Peter, 

« 

Bissell,  William, 

Bant,  John, 

" 

Borrow,  John, 

M 

Boree,  Isaac, 

1706. 

Bradhnrst,  Jonathan, 

u 

Barheit,  Andries, 

1708. 

Bickley,  May, 

" 

Brewer,  Cornelius, 

Bradford,  Andrew, 

Brisner,  James, 

1713. 

Brock,  Abraham, 

Beekman,  William, 

1715. 

Beekman,  Gerardus, 

a 

Benson,  Sampson. 

1716. 

Burnett,  John, 

tt 

Brown,  Samuel, 

Byvanck,  Anthony, 

1736. 

Bevens,  John, 

1717. 

Bcdlow,  Isaac, 

Brown,  Thomas, 

1720. 

Burnet,  William, 

Brown,  William  J.. 

" 

Bcdlow,  Peter, 

Bloom,  John, 

1722. 

Brouwer,  Sebrant, 

Brown,  James, 

1724. 

Boelen,  Abraham, 

Bayard,  Samuel, 

Beekman,  William, 

1737. 

Blanchard,  John, 

1725. 

Bradhnrst,  Samuel. 

" 

Brass,  Adolph, 

1727. 

Blagge,  Edward, 

<< 

Bissett,  John, 

1729. 

Browne,  John, 

Bant,  William, 

" 

Boyle,  Solomon, 

Bush,  Peter,  jr., 

1731. 

Benson,  Sampson, 

Brevoort,  Elias, 

Brinkerhoff,  Joris, 

Bogaert,  Cornelius, 

« 

Bancker,  Adrian, 

Brevoort,  Henry, 

u 

Byvanck,  Evert, 

it 

Bant,  Martin, 

1732. 

Beekman,  Henry, 

n 

Benson,  Robert, 

1733. 

Bayard  Stephen, 

Boeke,  Abraham, 

1734. 

Burger,  Johannes, 

Bant,  Peter,  Jr., 

it 

Bayard,  Nicholas, 

it 

Burger,  Renier, 

Byvanck,  John, 

1738. 

Burger,  Caspar, 

« 

Brazier,  John, 

Bush,  Barent, 

n 

Beekman,  Charles, 

u 

Bartlett,  William, 

M 

Bogaert,  Arie, 

Boeke,  Isaac, 

368 


APPENDIX. 


1738.  Bowyer,  Samuel, 

"  Brouwer,  Everardus, 

1739.  Bell,  Samuel, 

"  Burger,  Daniel, 

"  Bogert,  J olm,  jr., 

"  Bicker,  Victor, 

"  Benson,  John, 

"  Burn,  George, 


1739.  Bailey,  Nicholas, 

"  Bedlow  Isaac, 

"  Beekman,  Gerardus,  jr., 

"  Byvanck,  Evert, 

"  Burris,  Abraham, 

"  Benson,  Abraham, 

"  Burger,  J ohn. 


(0) 


1693. 

Chamber,-,  Thomas, 

1734. 

Carr,  William, 

1695. 

Clarksou,  Matthew, 

!  735. 

Cregier,  Simon, 

1696. 

Cuyler,  Johannes, 

Constable,  John, 

1698. 

Clarke,  Thomas, 

Cazalet,  John, 

Cock,  Jacobus, 

" 

Cooke,  Dirck, 

it 

Clock,  Albert, 

Cosby,  William, 

u 

Couwenhoven,  Cornelius, 

« 

Clopper.  John, 

u 

Crigier,  Martin, 

«< 

Cure,  John, 

1699. 

Couwenhoven,  Joh's, 

ft 

Cowley,  J oseph, 

Crosevelt,  Bay, 

" 

Campbell,  James, 

1700. 

Cooper,  Caleb, 

1736. 

Cavalier,  John, 

Cozens,  Barne, 

Child,  Francis, 

1701. 

Cholwell,  John, 

Cousine,  William, 

Cornelisen,  Johannes, 

1737. 

Crookc,  Charles, 

1702. 

Cebra,  James, 

u 

Crooke,  Gabriel, 

u 

Cornbury,  Viscount, 

it 

Clarke,  Robert. 

Cruger,  John, 

It 

Clopper,  Andrew. 

Crawford,  Patrick, 

11 

Cannon,  Peter, 

1711. 

Chardavoyne,  Stephen, 

u 

Crolius,  William, 

1716. 

Crannell,  Robert,  jr.. 

Crolius,  Peter, 

1724. 

Cuyler,  Henry, 

u 

Colegrove,  William. 

Cortland,  Philip, 

1738. 

Clopper,  Cornelius, 

1727. 

Campbell,  Archibald. 

Cohen,  Abraham,  M., 

Clarkson,  David, 

Charlton,  James, 

Clarkson,  Matthew, 

Cregier,  John, 

1728. 

Chambers.  John, 

Cook,  Richard, 

1729. 

Charming,  William, 

« 

Colwell,  William, 

1730. 

Clock,  Martin, 

1739. 

Croker,  John. 

1734. 

Cox,  John, 

APPENDIX. 


1692.  Droilhet,  Paul, 

1698.  De  Peyster,  Isaac, 

u  De  Klyn.  Leonard  H.. 

u  Delamontagnie,  John, 

*  Duychink,  Evert. 

M  De  Peyster.  J ohannes, 

1699.  De  Hart  Matthias, 
44  Duychink.  Garret, 

1700.  D'Harriette.  Benjamin. 
De  Witt,  Daniel, 

1701.  Davenport,  Thomas, 

1702.  Denne,  Christopher, 
M  Davis,  William, 

1708.  Delucena.  Abraham, 

1712.  Dugdale,  William, 

1713.  Dupre,  James, 

- — 1715.  Delamontagnie,  John,  jr.. 

1717.  Duane,  Anthony, 

1721.  Dyer,  John, 

1 724.  De  Foreest,  Barent, 

1726.  Dart,  Thomas, 

"  Delamontagnie,  Isaac. 


1728.    De  Witt,  John. 

1730.  De  Peyster,  Isaac. 

1731.  Delancey,  James. 

44      Duychinck.  Gerardus. 

1734.  De  Foreest.  Henry. 
Dobbs,  Adam. 

44      De  Foreest.  Isaac, 

1735.  De  Riemer.  Steenwyck. 
44      De  Foreest.  Nicholas, 

De  Boogh.  John. 
44      Davy.  James. 
44      De  Foreest.  Jesse, 

1736.  Dunscomb.  Samuel. 

1737.  Delancey.  Stephen,  jr.. 
44      Delancey.  John, 

44      De  Hart.  Balthazer, 
44      Duncan,  Thomas, 
Droite,  William, 

1738.  De  Mill,  Joost. 
44      Dever,  William. 

1739.  Dobbs,  William. 
Dobbs,  Charles. 


1691.  Ellison.  John, 

1698.  Ernott,  James, 

"  Euwatse,  John, 
Ellis.  Joseph, 

1700.  Everts.  John, 

"  Ebbets.  Daniel, 

1715.  Els  worth.  George,  sen., 

M  Elsworth,  George,  jun., 

1717.  Euwatse,  Euwatse, 

1721.  Eyres,  Nicholas, 

1722.  Ellison,  John, 

1725.  Elsworth,  Theophilns, 

24 


(E) 

1735.  Eager,  Richard. 

"  Eckerson.  John. 

1737.  Euwatse.  John. 
44  Elsworth.  John. 
44  Eastham.  John. 

1738.  Earle.  Marmaduke. 
44  Eustie,  Thomas, 

44  Elsworth.  Theophilus. 

1739.  Ebbets.  Richard. 
44  Elsworth,  George, 
44  Edmonds,  William, 
41  Earle,  John. 


y  1  v 

APPENDIX. 

1696. 

Fletcher,  Governor, 

1735. 

Farmer,  Jasper, 

1698. 

j?  rencn,  Jr  nmp, 

1  too. 

Field,  Thomas, 

1699. 

Faneuil,  Beniamin, 

1638. 

Fresnau,  Andrew, 

1715. 

Fell,  Thomas, 

a 

Frazier,  Thomas, 

1717. 

Foster,  Beniamin, 

a 

Fleming,  Thomas, 

1734. 

Fell,  Christopher, 

1739. 

Fosseur,  Matthias. 

1735. 

Fine,  Frederick, 

1696. 

Gracie,  Matthew, 

1728. 

Gouverneur,  Nicholas. 

1698. 

Graham,  James, 

1731. 

Goelet,  Philip, 

u 

Graham,  Augustyn, 

1734. 

Gardiner,  Isaac, 

u 

Goelet,  J acobus, 

" 

Grant,  William, 

(I 

Gouverneur,  Abraham, 

1735. 

Goelet,  Raphael, 

a 

Gouverneur,  Isaac, 

Gombauld,  Moses, 

1707. 

Gasherie,  John, 

u 

Garnier,  Isaac, 

1713. 

Graham,  John, 

1736. 

Gale,  William, 

1714. 

Garland,  Thomas, 

Gilbert,  Aaron, 

1721. 

Glover,  William, 

1737. 

Gilbert,  J ohn, 

1  iZb. 

Goelet,  Jacob, 

1738. 

Gardner,  Daniel, 

1727. 

Gomez,  Daniel, 

u 

Gasherie,  John, 

1728. 

Gilbert,  Thomas, 

1739. 

Gilbert,  William,  jr. 

u 

Groesback,  John, 

(H) 

1683. 

Holland,  Samuel, 

1698. 

Hardenbrook,  Bernardus 

1692. 

Heathcote,  Caleb, 

1699. 

Heermans,  Folkert, 

1695. 

Hamilton,  Andrew, 

1708. 

Hammond,  William, 

u 

Honan,  Daniel, 

Harrison,  Francis 

1696. 

Hooghland,  Adrian, 

1710. 

Hunter,  Robert, 

1698. 

Hyer,  Walter, 

1714. 

Holland,  Henry, 

Hyer,  Gerrit, 

Hyat,  John, 

u 

Hyer,  William, 

1719. 

Harrison,  Robert, 

<( 

Hooghland,  Johannes, 

1725. 

Hays,  Jacob, 

u 

Hardenbrook,  Johannes, 

1729. 

Hunt,  Obadiah,  jr., 

H 

Hardenbrook,  Johannes, 

n 

Hillyer,  John 

APPENDIX. 


1731.  Harrison,  Francis, 

1734.  Huggeford,  Thomas, 

"  Hawkshurst,  William, 

"  Hanus,  Joseph, 

"  Harris,  Robert, 

1735.  Hopson,  Samuel, 
"  Hinman,  John, 

"  Hays,  David, 

"  Hays,  Judah, 

"  Hartell,  Christian, 

1736.  Hayes,  William, 

"  Hardman,  Jonathan, 

1737.  Hogg,  Robert, 

"  Hitchcock,  William, 


1695.  Jainain,  Nicholas, 
"  Janeway,  William, 

1696.  Jamison,  David, 
1700.  Jay,  Augustus, 
1702.  Johnson,  John, 

1731.  Jamison,  William, 

1732.  Jay,  Peter, 


1695.  Kemble,  John, 

1698.  Kiersted,  Cornelius, 

■  Kip,  Petrus, 

"  Kip,  Isaac, 

"  Kiersted,  Jacobus, 

H  Kiersted,  Hans, 

1702.  Kiersted,  Jacobus, 

1710.  Kearney,  Thomas, 

1720.  Kip,  Isaac, 

1724.  Kip,  Jacobus, 

1730.  Kip,  Samuel, 

1734.  Kip,  Abraham, 


1737.  Henley,  Charles, 
*  House,  William, 

"  Hayward,  Thomas, 

"  Hazard,  Nathaniel, 

"  Hyer,  Aaron, 

"  Hyer,  Garret, 

"  Hyer,  Walter, 

"  Hyer,  Frederick, 

1738.  Houghton,  Richard, 
Hibon,  Peter, 

"  Ham,  Anthony,  jr., 

"  Ham,  Uriah, 

1739.  Harris,  Richard. 

(J) 

1734.  Johnson,  Simeon, 

"  Jacobs,  Samuel, 

1736.  Jarratt,  James, 

1737.  Jenkins,  Henry, 

"  Johnson,  Jacobus, 

1738.  Jones,  James, 

"  Jones,  Thomas. 

(K) 

1734.  Kip,  Petrus, 

1735.  Keeling,  James, 
"  Kip,  Jacob, 

"  Kermer,  Henry, 

1737.  Kip,  Richard, 

"  Koning,  Johannes, 

"  Kiersted,  Jacobus, 

1739.  Kingston,  John, 
"  Kiersted,  Luke, 

"  Killmaster,  James, 

"  Ketchum,  William. 


372 


APPENDIX. 


(L) 


1688.  Le  Boyteaux,  Gabriel, 

1698.  Ling,  Matthew, 

"  Le  Chevalier,  John, 

1696.  Lansing,  Garret, 

1698.  Lewis,  Leonard, 

"  Lewis,  Thomas, 

"  Low,  Albert, 

"  Low,  Peter, 

1701.  Leisler,  Jacobus, 

1708.  Lynch,  Anthony, 
"  Lovelace,  Lord, 

u  Lyndsey,  John, 

1709.  Livingston,  Robert, 
1716.  Livingston,  Gilbert, 
1722.  Le  Eoux,  John, 
1724.  Le  Roux,  Charles, 

1727.  Lowry,  James, 

1728.  Lurting,  George, 

1730.  Lucas,  Friend, 
"  Lindesay,  John, 

"  Lodge,  Abraham, 

1731.  Lurting.  Robert, 


1731, 
1734. 

u 

1735. 


1736. 
1737. 


1738. 


1739. 


Lamb,  Anthony, 
Lynch,  Peter, 
Legrange,  Christian, 
Lewis,  Samuel, 
Legrange,  Johannes,  jr., 
Lynsen,  Gideon, 
Lyne,  James, 
Lamberts,  Lawrence, 
Langdon.  Richard, 
Lynsen,  Daniel, 
Letellier,  Lawrence, 
Leslie,  John,  jr., 
Leisher,  Charles, 
Lyell,  William, 
Lush,  John, 
Lawrence,  Stephen, 
Lane,  William, 
Lane,  Henry,  jr., 
Lawrence,  Henry, 
Le  Roux,  Bartholomew, 
Lloyd,  John. 


1695.  Matthews,  Peter, 
"  Morris,  John, 

"  Monsey.  Thomas, 

"  Mills,  James, 

1696.  Morehead,  William, 
1698.  Merritt,  William, 

"  Merritt,  John, 

"  Morris,  William, 
Mesier,  Abraham, 
Meyer,  Hermanus, 

"  Meyer,  Johannes, 

"  Mesier,  Peter  J., 

u  Maerschalck,  Andries, 


(M) 

1699.  Montagnie,  Thomas, 

1708.  Mompesson,  Roger, 

1710.  Martindale,  James, 

1712.  Maxwell,  James, 

1714.  Matthews,  Fletcher, 

"  Minvielle,  David, 

1716.  May,  William, 

1724.  Messier,  Peter, 

1728.  Montgomery,  John, 

"  Murray,  Joseph, 

1730.  Moore,  John, 

1734.  Marston,  Nathaniel,  jr., 

"  Marshall,  John, 


APPENDIX. 


1734. 

Macrschalck,  Peter, 

1737. 

Milliner,  William, 

K 

Moore.  Benjamin. 

« 

Maerschalck,  John, 

Meyer.  Jacob, 

« 

Morss,  Gerrit  H., 

1735. 

Miller,  Caleb, 

Maerschalck,  Franci 

Marrell,  Robert, 

1  i  oo. 

Mann,  John,  jr., 

« 

Meyer,  Andrew, 

Mills,  Abraham, 

Mattock,  Isaac, 

«( 

Myer,  Johanucs, 

.. 

Macrschalck,  Abraham, 

Mears,  Judah, 

u 

Meyer,  Andrew, 

.. 

Maguire,  Matthew, 

u 

Ming-,  Thomas, 

Murphy,  Nicholas, 

1736. 

Mills,  James, 

1739. 

Machade,  Aaron. 

1683. 

Nessepot,  Jasper, 

1722. 

North,  William, 

1724. 

Nixon,  Thomas, 

Nerberry,  John, 

1725. 

Nesbitt,  James, 

1.VJJ. 

1  i  t-oacuui,  uitsULl,  Jl., 

1727. 

Noble,  John, 

1700. 

Nisbett,  Robert, 

1730. 

Nicolls,  Richard, 

1701. 

Nanfau,  John, 

1734. 

Norwood,  Richard, 

1715. 

Noxon,  Thomas, 

1736. 

Noble,  Thomas, 

1739. 

Noble,  Richard, 

(O) 

1698. 

Olpherts,  Suert, 

1732. 

Oothout,  John, 

Onclebagh,  Gerrit, 

1737. 

Oates,  Samuel, 

1701. 

Outman,  Johannes, 

1738. 

Owen,  Jeremiah. 

1713. 

Oostrander,  Johannes, 

(?) 

1683. 

Paulding',  Joost, 

1698. 

Pell,  Thomas, 

1695. 

Phipps,  Benjamin, 

Provoost,  Benjamin 

1698. 

Palmer,  Thomas, 

Provoost,  David, 

Paxton,  Alexander, 

Phcenix,  Jacob, 

Provoost,  Jonathan, 

1699. 

Provoost,  William, 

Provoost,  Johannes, 

Parmyter,  Parenlis, 

Pell,  William, 

1701. 

Peartree,  William, 

« 

Provoost,  Jacob, 

Parkinson,  Robert, 

374 


APPENDIX. 


1710.  Peck,  Benjamin, 

1716.  Paulding,  Abraham, 

1724.  Penny  man,  Joseph, 

1725.  Pintard,  John  Lewis, 
1732.  Perot,  Philip, 

"  Phoenix,  Alexander, 

1735.  Pepper,  Mark, 

"  Palmer,  Thomas, 

"  Paulding,  Joseph, 

"  Pell,  Samuel, 

1736.  Par'cell,  William, 
"  Peeck,  William, 

1737.  Peisley,  Jonathan, 
u  Perfect,  James, 

Peffer,  John, 


1837. 


1738. 
1739. 


Proctor,  William, 
Phoenix,  Jacob,  jr., 
Pelletrau,  Paul, 
Provoost,  David,  jr., 
Provoost,  John, 
Provoost,  Giddes, 
Popelsdorf,  William, 
Plowman,  Peter, 
Price,  John, 
Provoost,  Robert, 
Parcell,  Abraham, 
Provoost,  Peter  Praa, 
Peet,  William, 
Parent,  Lewis. 


( Q) 

1734.    Quey,  Edward,  1738.    Quick,  James, 

1737.    Quackenbush,  Benj.,  jr.,       1739.    Quick,  John. 
"      Quick,  Abraham, 


(B) 


1691.  Reade,  Lawrence, 

1696.  Rutgerson,  Harman, 
Randell,  William, 

"  Rodriques,  Isaac, 

1698.  Roosevelt,  Nicholas, 
"  Roos,  Gerrit  Jansen, 

"  Roome,  John  Willemse, 

1699.  Rutgers,  Anthony, 

1700.  Robertson,  William, 
1708.  Regnier,  Jacob, 

"  Robinson,  Joseph, 

1710.  Roy,  John, 

"  Reill,  Joseph, 

1712.  Robinson,  Robert, 


1724. 
1725. 
1728. 
1732. 
1733. 
1734. 


1735. 


1736. 


Roos,  Garret, 
Rutgers,  Petrus, 
Robinson,  Charles, 
Robins,  John, 
Rynders,  Barent, 
Roome,  William, 
Rutgers,  Hcrmanus,  ji 
Rutgers,  Henry, 
Richardson,  William, 
Roome,  Luke, 
Row,  Henry, 
Rout,  Thomas, 
Roome,  Lawrence, 
Richard,  J ohn, 


APPENDIX. 


1736.  Rice,  Lawrenee, 

1737.  Roosevelt,  John,  jr., 
"  Ruston,  Peter, 

1738.  Rhuel  Gustavus, 

"  Rodriques,  Isaac  R., 

"  Roome,  Lawrence, 

"  Roberts,  John, 

"  Redding,  Jeremiah, 

"  Ratsey,  Robert, 


1738.  Rigby,  Thomas, 

"  Richardson,  William, 

"  Rutgers,  Anthony,  jr., 

"  Rousby,  William, 

"  Ruff  head,  James, 

1739.  Roome,  Arnout, 

"  Roosevelt,  Nicholas, 

"  Richards,  Samuel, 

1740.  Roosevelt,  Nicholas. 


(S) 


1  £01 

ibyl. 

btaats,  bamuel, 

1729. 

Stevens,  John, 

lo9o. 

Sharpas,  William, 

1731. 

Smith,  William, 

Smith,  Joseph, 

1732. 

bliaeli,  Joshua, 

« 

Schuyler,  Aaron, 

1  ( od, 

Symes,  John, 

loyo. 

Stevens,  John, 

1734. 

Schuyler,  Myndert, 

loyo. 

Suert,  Olpherts, 

hcott,  Kobert, 

M 

Sickles,  Zachariah, 

1  160. 

Sands,  Nathaniel, 

u 

SntiflprQ  T?nl»ort 

S4f ant ctfil vm*cNn  .TnnTi 

O  LUll IClllJUl  q  11,  *J  l/lili, 

Sinkam,  Peter,  jr., 

Stoutenburgh,  Peter, 

a 

Schenck,  Johannes, 

Swan,  Richard, 

1701. 

Smith,  William, 

Shatford,  Daniel, 

it 

Symes,  Lancaster, 

Shadwick,  Israel, 

1702. 

Schuyler,  Garret, 

Schuyler,  Peter, 

Scott,  John, 

Schuyler,  Adoniah, 

Stuckey,  Andrew, 

173G. 

Sackett,  Joseph,  jr., 

1707. 

Sharpas,  Charles, 

Shurmer,  John, 

1708. 

Staples,  John, 

Smith,  John, 

« 

Stevens,  John, 

1737. 

Sloan,  Andrew, 

1712. 

Salisbury,  Humphrey, 

Symes,  Lancaster, 

1715. 

Sebring,  Frederick, 

Smith,  Josiah, 

1719. 

Schermerhorn,  Arnout, 

Steward,  John, 

1721. 

Smith,  William,  jr., 

Smith,  John  S., 

1724. 

Santford,  Cornelius, 

Schultz,  Benjamin, 

1725. 

Schuyler,  Dirck, 

Stevens,  John, 

1726. 

Scott,  John, 

Sebring,  Cornelius, 

1728. 

Schuyler,  Harmanus, 

Snyder,  Jacobus  P., 

« 

Seymour,  John, 

Sayre,  John, 

376 


APPENDIX. 


1737.  Sickles,  Thomas, 

1738.  Smith,  Patrick, 

"      Scandling,  Patrick, 
Schultz,  John, 
Smith,  Peter, 

1739.  Saunders,  John, 


1739.  Sloover,  Jacob, 

"  Sprainger,  Charles, 

"  Scott,  Francis, 

"  Sipkins,  John, 

"  Somersdvck,  Jacob. 


(T 


1695.    Trowbridge,  Caleb.  1732. 
Toose,  Michael,  1734. 
"      Tnder,  John,  jr.,  1735. 
Tuder,  Xicholls, 

1698.  Tiebout,  Tunis,  1737. 
/ "      Tuder,  John,  sen.,  " 

Ten  Eyck.  Dirck, 
"      Ten  Broeck,  Hendricks,  " 
4<      Ten  Eyck,  Conraet,  sen.,  1738. 
"      Ten  Eyck,  Conraet,  jun.,  11 

1699.  Tiebout.  Johannes, 
Turnbull,  Thomas, 

1701.  Thong,  Walter,  1739. 

1702.  Thong,  Benjamin. 

"      Targee,  James,  " 
1708.    Tudor,  Thomas, 
1710.    Teller,  Charles, 
1716.    Ten  Eyck,  Conraet, 
1724.    Teller,  Andrew, 


Tienhoven.  Cornelius 
Tiebout.  John, 
Turck,  Asueris, 
Tittle,  Edward, 
Troup,  Robert, 
Tillou,  Peter, 
Ten  Eyck,  John, 
Ten  Eyck,  Richard, 
Ten  Eyck.  Samuel, 
Thomas.  Xicholas, 
Tiebout,  Albertus, 
Taylor,  Moses, 
Tanner,  John, 
Thompson.  John, 
Ten  Eyck,  Andrew, 
Ten  Eyck,  Jacob, 
Thome,  James, 
Turner,  James. 


(V) 


1698.  Yiele,  Cornelius, 

"  Van  Horne,  Abraham, 

"  Yan  Horne,  John, 

"  Vandewater,  Elias, 

"  Tan  Xostrand,  Jacob, 

"  Yan  Yorst,  Johannes, 

"  Yan  Gelder,  Abraham, 

k  "  Yan  Gelder,  J ohannes, 


Yredenbergh,  Isaac, 

1699.  Vandewater,  AVilliam, 

"  Yandewater,  Cornelius, 

1701.  Yan  Cortland,  Oloff, 

"  Yan  Xaerden,  Johannes  P.. 

"  Yan  Horne,  John, 

"  Yandcrspeigle,  Jacobus, 

1702.  Yan  Laer,  Abraham, 


APPENDIX. 


1713.  Van  Clyff,  Habrant, 

1719.  Yan  Borsum,  Philip, 

1723.  Yerplauck,  Guliau, 

1724.  Yan  Gelder,  Hermanus, 
w  Yauderspeigle,  Henry, 

1724.  Yandam,  Richard, 

1725.  Yan,  Borsum,  Egbert, 
1728.  Yan  Solinger,  Johannes. 

1730.  Yan  Zandt,  Johannes. 

1731.  Yan  Wyck,  Abraham, 

1732.  Yarian,  Isaac, 

1733.  Yandiegrist,  Henry, 

1734.  Yan  Home,  Abraham,  jr., 
■  Yan  Duersen,  Peter, 

1735.  Yauderspeigle,  Lawrence. 
"  Yan  Wyck,  Johannes, 

"  Yan  Gelder,  Henry, 

"  Yan  Hook,  Cornelius, 


1735.  Yan  Duersen,  Gilbert, 
"  Yan  Wagenen,  Garret, 
"  Yan  Duersen,  William, 

1736.  Yan  Gelder,  David, 

1737.  Yauderspeigle,  John. 
"  Yredenburgh,  John, 
"  Yonck,  Cornelius, 

"  Yan  Gelder,  Abraham, 

"  Yan  Yorst,  John, 

"  Yan  Xorden,  Peter, 

1738.  Yande water,  Hendrick, 
Yan  Duersen,  John. 

"  Yan  Boost,  Cornelius, 

1739.  Yan  Dam,  Isaac, 

"  Yan  Home,  George, 

"  Yanderhoven,  Cornelius, 

"  Yan  Wyck,  Theodorus. 


(W) 


1695. 

Willett,  Richard, 

1734. 

Wessells,  Wessell, 

1698. 

Wynkoop,  Benjamin, 

Williamse,  John, 

Walton,  William, 

u 

Waldron,  William, 

Walters,  Robert, 

« 

Waldron,  John,  jr., 

1699. 

Wessells,  Francis, 

1735. 

Wood,  Isaac, 

Weaver,  Thomas, 

Ward,  J oseph, 

1702. 

Waldron,  Johannes, 

(C 

Willett,  Thomas, 

« 

Waldron,  Samuel, 

u 

Wessells,  Lawrence, 

Wooley,  Charles, 

White,  Peter, 

1  722. 

Weaver,  Samuel, 

M 

Waldron,  Peter, 

Weeks,  James, 

M 

Williams.  Richard, 

1723. 

Walton,  John, 

1736. 

Wallace,  J ohn, 

1  724. 

Warner,  Gilbert, 

1737. 

Witts,  George, 

it 

Walter,  John, 

II 

Wyley.  James, 

1725. 

Willemse,  Frederick, 

Waldron,  Daniel, 

1726. 

Wynkoop,  Cornelius, 

« 

Watts,  John, 

Wendovcr,  Thomas, 

«< 

Wortendyke,  Cornelius, 

1731. 

Warren,  Peter, 

II 

Warner,  Thomas, 

378 


APPENDIX. 


1737.  Wilson,  Joseph, 
Walter,  John  F., 

"      Wessells,  Peter, 

1738.  Wood,  William, 
"      Wells,  Obadiah, 

"      Wilson,  Alexander, 


1738.  Ware,  Thomas,  jr., 

"  White,  Anthony, 

"  Wright,  Jonas, 

"  Wyley,  James, 

"  Walton,  William,  jr. 


(Y.  Z.) 

1696.    Young,  Thomas,  1736.    Yelverton,  Anthony, 

1735.    Young,  James,  1723.    Zenger,  John  Peter. 


APPENDIX. 


379 


KEY. 

EXPLANATORY    OF   THE  OLD    FARM    MAP    Of    THE    LOWER  PART    OF  THE 

city.    ( See  Map.) 


The  line  of  high  water  was  the  limit  of  all  the  estate  bounded  by  the 
water.  All  the  land  under  water,  between  the  original  high  and  low 
water  marks,  was  granted  to  the  Corporation  of  the  city  of  New  York 
by  the  charter. 

1.  The  walled  city  of  Xew  Amsterdam.  The  Indian  name  for  the 
extreme  point  of  the  upland  was  Kap-se.  (Benson.) 

1  a.  The  land  lying  just  without  the  gates  of  the  city  was  laid  out  into 
town  lots,  and  granted  to  various  persons. 

1  b.  The  garden  of  Peter  Stoutenburgh. 

1  c.  The  ground  of  John  Van  Gue. 

2  k  2h.  This  plot  of  ground  was,  at  a  very  early  period,  appropriated 
to  the  use  of  the  English  Church,  and  subsequently  granted  to  the  church 
under  the  designation  of  "  The  Rector  and  Inhabitants  of  the  city  of  New 
York,  in  communion  with  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church  of  the  State 
of  New  York."  By  the  charter  of  May  6.  1697.  the  church  was  incor- 
porated by  the  name  of  "  Rector  and  Inhabitants  of  the  city  of  New 
York,  of  the  Protestant  Church  of  England,  as  by  law  established/'  The 
same  religious  denomination  also  acquired  the  title  to  "  The  Burial 
Place."  lying  between  No.  2  and  a  line  a  little  south  of  Thames  street. 

3^4.  A  tract  of  land  conveyed  to  William  Dyre.  afterward  of  Thomas 
Lloyd,  and  a  portion  of  it,  East  Broadway,  more  recently  of  Thomas 
Ellison. 

3s.  The  ground  of  "  Trentzi,  the  widow  of  Christopher  Hoogiand.*' 
1696. 

5.  Mesicrs  Millot. 

6.  Thomas  Dey,  afterward  of  Janakie  Ryers. 

7.  The  Shoemakers'  Pasture,  (the  Dutch  Church  property  is  comprised 
in  this  tract.) 

8.  Yandercliff's  Land. 

9.  Beekman. 

10.  Beekman 's  Pasture. 


380 


APPENDIX. 


11.  The  Common. 

11  a.  "  The  Vineyard." 

11  b.  Waste  laud  granted  to  Corporation  of  New  York  by  its  charter  ; 
part  of  the  Common. 

12.  The  King's  Farm,  granted  to  the  Episcopal  Church,  by  letters 
patent  from  Queen  Anne,  22d  November,  1705. 

12L  The  Negro  Burying-grouud,  or  "  Teller's  property." 

13.  Estate  of  Governor  Jacob  Leisler,  forfeited  in  1691,  upon  convic- 
tion of  his  attainder,  and  afterward  restored  to  his  heirs  by  the  act  of 
Parliament  reversing  the  attainder. 

14.  Greppel  Bosch,  anglice,  a  swamp  or  marsh  covered  with  wood,  to 
this  day  called  *?  The  Swamp/' 

15.  Granted  to  various  persons,  in  lots,  by  patents. 

16.  Cherry  Garden,  formerly  the  property  of  Richard  Sackett.  This 
gentleman,  or  one  of  his  family,  afterward  ?  located"  on  Lake  Ontario, 
and  gave  name  to  the  village  of  Sackett's  Harbor. 

IT.  Webber  &  Loockerman's  patent,  called  also  "  The  Roosevelt 
Farm." 

18.  The  Jane  way  estate. 

19.  Kolk  Hock." 

20.  Kolk,  anglice,  the  deep,  or  the  unfathonied  ;  corrupted  into  Collect. 
Also  known  as  Versh  water,  or  fresh  water. 

20  a.  Powder-house  lot. 

21.  Pond  south  of  the  Powder-house,  called  the  "  Little  Kolch." 

22.  John  Kingston's  estate. 

23.  Dover  estate. 

24.  Delancey. 

25.  The  Dominies'  Hook,  a  tract  of  land,  over  sixty-two  acres,  known 
also  as  the  Dominies'  Bouwerrie,  was  acquired  by  a  ground  brief  from 
Governor  Stuyvesant,  bearing  date  July  4,  1654,  confirmed  by  Governor 
R.  Nichols,  27  March,  1667,  and  was  conveyed  by  the  "  children  and  law- 
ful heirs  of  Armetie  Rolofs,  late  widow  Dom'is  Bogardus,  to  the  Rt. 
H'ble  Coll  Francis  Lovelace,  and  was  afterward  granted  to  the  English 
Church."  The  Church  also  claims  this  as  part  of  their  grant  from 
Queen  Anne. 

26.  Lispenard  meadows. 

27.  Rutger's  farm. 

28.  Romaine. 

29.  Gouverneur's  estate. 

30.  Ives'  estate. 


APPENDIX. 


381 


31.  Laight. 

32.  Byvanck. 

33.  Stouteiiburgh. 

34.  Delancey. 

34.  a  The  laud  on  the  westerly  side  of  Pearl  street,  extending  to  Greppel 
Bosch,  between  Ferry  and  Rose  streets,  belonging  to  Belthazer  Bayard, 
and  was  conveyed  by  him,  in  1683,  to  Theophilus  Elsworth.  In  1741,  it 
was  divided  into  three  parts,  one  of  which  was  set  off  in  severalty  to 
<ieesie,  widow  of  Hendrick  Yandewater,  one  other  to  Theophilus  Els- 
worth. and  the  other  to  Margrittie,  the  widow  of  Johannes  Clopper. 

35  a  b.  Delancey 's  east  and  west  farms.  This  estate  was  forfeited  to 
the  people  by  the  attainder  of  Chief  Justice  James  Delance}T,  during  the 
war  of  the  American  Revolution,  laid  out  into  city  lots,  and  conveyed  by 
the  Commissioners  of  Forfeitures. 

36.  Bayard's  west  and  east  farms. 

37.  Old  Jan's  land,  so  called  from  Anneke  Jans,  afterward  belonging  to 
the  English  Church. 

38.  The  farm  of  Elbert  Herring. 
38  a  b. 

39.  Bleecker's  estate. 

40.  Alderman  Dyckinan's  estate. 

41.  Tucker. 

42.  Tan  Cortland. 

43.  The  Laendert  farm,  (so  called  from  Laendert  Arenden,  one  of  the 
early  proprietors.) 

44.  Brown  and  Eckford. 

45.  Abijah  Hammond. 

46.  Brown  and  Eckford. 

47.  The  Minthorne  farm. 

48.  P.  Stuyvesant. 

49.  Morgan  Lewis,  John  Flack,  and  others. 

50.  P.  Stuyvesant. 

51.  Stuyvesant. 

52.  Stuyvesant,  Peter's  field. 

53.  Richard  Pero. 

54.  Richard  Pero. 

55.  Belonging  to  the  Sailor's  Snug  Harbor. 

56.  The  Brevoort  estate. 

57.  The  Springier  estate. 

58.  Thomas  Burling. 


382 


APPENDIX. 


59.  Samnel  Burling,  afterward  Cowman. 

60.  Samuel  and  Thomas  Burling,  afterward  Cowman. 

61.  Samuel  and  Thomas  Burling. 

62.  Anderson's  place. 

63.  Tiebout  Williams. 

64.  Krom  Messie,  so  called  from  the  resemblance  of  its  outlines  to  the 
shape  of  a  shoemaker's  cutting  knife,  since  corrupted  into  "  Grammercy," 
by  which  name  the  small  inclosure  or  "  Park,"  within  its  limits,  is  still 
known. 

65.  Eose  Hill  farm. 

66.  Estate  of  John  Watts. 

67.  The  estate  of  Sir  Peter  Warren,  called  Greenwich,  "  The  Indian 
name,  according  to  Benson,  of  the  point  of  land  extending  into  the  Hud- 
son, was  Sapokanigan." 

67  a.  Isaac  Yarian's  estate. 
67  b.  Gilbert  Coutant. 
67  c.  Estate  of  Ireland. 

67  d.  Estate  of  George  Clinton  and  J.  J.  Astor,  called  "  Greenwich 
place." 

68.  Estate,  formerly  Yellis  Manderville,  afterward  the  property  of 
George  Clinton  and  J ohn  Jacob  Astor. 

69.  Part  of  the  estate  of  Yellis  Manderville,  conveyed  to  Johu 
Staples. 

70.  Part  of  the  estate  of  Yellis  Manderville,  conveyed  to  Rem 
Rapelye. 

71.  Part  of  the  estate  of  Yellis  Manderville,  conveyed  to  Samuel 
Boyd. 

72.  Part  of  the  estate  of  Yellis  Manderville,  conveyed  to  Bishop 
Moore. 

73.  Estate  of  Bishop  Moore,  late  of  Dr.  Clement  C.  Moore. 

74.  Clarke  estate. 

75.  Boston  Bouwerie,  or,  more  properly,  Bosch  Bouwerie  (woodland.) 
formerly  (1705)  the  property  of  Elbert  Hereman ;  all  west  of  Seventh 
avenue  belonged  latterly  to  the  estate  of  Henry  Eckford. 

76.  Known  as  the  "  Horn  estate,"  originally  patented  (1670)  by  Sir 
Edmond  Andros  to  Solomon  Peters,  a  free  negro,  whose  widow  and  heirs 
conveyed  it  to  John  Horn  and  Cornelius  Webber,  and  held  by  Horn's 
descendants  until  a  very  recent  date. 

77.  Formerly  the  estate  of  Isaac  Varian,  the  northerly  seventeen  and 
half  acres  purchased  by  hira  from  the  executors  of  John  De  Witt,  to 


APPENDIX. 


383 


whom  the  same  was  conveyed  by  Jacob  Horn  in  1751 ;  the  southerly  ten 
acres  purchased  from  Adam  Vanderburgh. 

78.  Estate  of  Samuel  Franklin. 

79.  The  old  Alms-house  lot.  part  of  N.  Y.  Commons. 

80.  Casper  Samler,  who  also  owned  81,  82,  83  and  84i 

81 .  Isaac  Cross  and  others. 

82.  Coulthard. 

83.  Anderson  &  Grenseback. 
84. 

84L  Scheffelin,  part,  and  Samler. 
85. 

86.  Kip's  Bay  farm. 

87.  Murray  Hill  estate. 

88.  Estate  of  John  Thompson. 

89.  John  Slidell  (formerly  President  of  Mechanics'  Bank.) 

90.  Richard  Dikeman  and  others. 

91.  Samuel  Van  Norden. 

92.  Estate  of  James  A.  Stewart.  Stewart  street  divided  it  in  the 
centre,  running  westerly  from  Bloomingdale  road,  parallel  with  the  north- 
erly and  southerly  boundary  lines  of  this  tract.  That  part  of  this  tract 
formerly  fronting  on  Broadway,  together  with  Nos.  97, 98  and  99,  formed 
the  farm  of  Peter  Van  Ordens  ;  that  part  lying  on  Fitz  Roy  Road,  was 
part  of  Jacob  Ordens'  farm. 

93.  John  Slidell. 

94.  Henry  Jackson. 

95.  Peter  Hatterick. 

96.  Aycrigg. 
96i  Shute. 

97.  Freeman. 

98.  Arden  estate. 

98i  Estate  of  Citizen  Genei 

99.  Estate  of  Cornelius  Ray. 

100.  Estate  of  Richard  Harrison,  Esq.,  a  distinguished  lawyer,  some 
fifty  years  since,  late  the  property  of  the  Hon.  David  S.  Jones,  now  de- 
ceased. 

101.  The  property  formerly  of  Decatur,  now,  or  late,  of  James  Boor- 
man,  Esq. 

102.  Late  of  George  C.  Schropel. 

103.  Formerly  of  Thomas  Tibbett  Warner,  afterward  of  Rem  Rapelye. 
103  a.  Late  of  Samuel  Watkins. 


384 


APPENDIX. 


103  b.  Late  of  Isaac  Moses. 
103  c.  Late  of  Chemical  Bank. 

104.  Estate  of  I  Moses. 

105.  Codman. 

106.  John  B.  Murray. 

107.  Glass-house  farm.  Estate  of  George  Rapelye,  formerly  belonging 
to  Sir  Peter  Warren  ;  at  the  northerly  boundary  line  was  the  Great  Kill, 
so  called. 

108.  Samuel  N.  Norton. 

109.  James  Boggs. 

110.  Incleberg. 

111.  ';  Grange,"  the  country  seat  of  John  Murray,  jr. 

112.  Murray  Hill  estate. 
113. 

114.  li  Ogden  Place  farm,*'  partitioned,  in  1838,  among  heirs  of  William 
Ogden,  formerly  part  of  Xew  York  Commons. 
115. 

116.  Incleburgh, 

117. 

118. 

119. 

120.  Estate  of  Thomas  Buchanan. 

121.  Casper  Smith  estate. 

122.  Turtle  Bay  farm,  u  formerly  belonging  to  the  Winthrops,  the 
small  cove  or  bay,  called  formerly  u  Deutel  Bay,"  from  which  the  present 
name  is  corrupted.  li  When  the  head  of  the  cask  was  further  secured  with 
pegs,  tliey  could  say  the  cask  was  '  ge  deutelt.'  The  pegs  were  short,  but  at 
the  base,  broad;  the  bay  narrow  at  its  entrance,  broad  at  the  bottom,-  the 
supposed  resemblance  between  the  bay  and  the  peg,  the  supposed  origin  of 
the  name." 

123. 


APPENDIX. 


LIST  OF  FREEMEN, 

CONTINUED  FROM,  AND  INCLUDING  THE  YEAR  1740.  TO  AND 
INCLUDING  1748. 


Elias  Chardavoyne, 

Jelles  Mandeville, 

John  Bill. 

Jacobus  Van  Orde, 

Thomas  Taylor, 

Isaac  TVebber, 

Thomas  Carter, 

Arnout  Webber, 

Alexander  Willie 

Cornelius  A'S'ebber 

Peter  Burger, 

Hugh  Crawford, 

FTpnrv  "RnnsVw 

Tnlm   A  tlciiiQAn 

John  Kip. 

Samuel  Waldron,  jr. 

.Ta<2pt"hi  a  i  An  to  nip 

.Tnlm  ^"no'pll  ir 

Thomas  Corbett. 

Benjamin  Waldror. 

Jacob  Sickells, 

Jacob  Dyckman,  jr  , 

Thomas  Higby, 

Abraham.Meyer,  jr., 

William  Dean, 

Johannes  Meyer,  jr., 

John  Allen, 

Thomas  Child, 

Isaac  King, 

John  Williams, 

Gabriel  Ludlow, 

Aaron  Bussing, 

Roger  French, 

John  Sickles, 

Bartholomew  Ryan, 

Arent  Myer, 

Hendrick  Van  Geldei, 

Adolph  Meyer, 

Samuel  Hazard,  jr, 

John  Anderson, 

Edward  Wheeler, 

Abraham  Kerse, 

Frederick  Webber, 

John  Kerse. 

Abraham  Anderson, 

Daniel  Horsmandec 

Cornelius  Dyckman, 

Richard  Heather, 

Hendrick  Van  Yleckeren, 

Peter  Galatian, 

Nicholas  Kortright, 

Isaac  Levy, 

Johannes  Bass, 

Michael  Henderson, 

Tunis  Somerdyke, 

William  Chapell. 

25 


386 


APPENDIX. 


William  Drew, 
Thomas  Beer, 
J  ohn  Merritt, 
Thomas  Allen, 
Francis  Becket, 
John  Covenhoven, 
Joshua  Amy, 
Edward  Townsend, 
Duncan  Reed, 
Peter  Knickabaker, 
Jacobus  Van  Alst, 
John  Ryan, 
John  Willse, 
Silvanus  Simmons, 
Gabriel  Sprung, 
William  Whitfield, 
Peter  Van  Brugh, 
Thomas  Alsop, 
Matthew  Houseman. 
Thomas  Alsop,  jr. 
Benjamin  Blagge, 


17  41. 

John  Lamb, 
Moses  Lopez, 
John  French, 
Thomas  Timpson, 
Francis  Roake, 
Benjamin  Kiersted, 
James  Manners, 
Peter  Lassier, 
Abraham  Pit, 
Jacob  Bennet, 
Lewis  Nodine, 
•John  Cocks, 
Adam  Mott, 
Thomas  Dods, 
William  Bowne, 
Johannes  Remsen, 
John  Waldron, 
Barent  Sebring. 
Daniel  Van  Duerse, 
George  Brewster, 
Wendell  Ham. 


i7  42 


Benjamin  Hedger, 
Samuel  Weaver,  jr., 
Thomas  Grant,  jr., 
Benjamin  Pedrick. 
Vincent  Montanie, 
Benjamin  Jackson, 
Samuel  Bowne, 
Adolph  De  Grove, 
Abraham  Bokee 
J  oseph  Paulding, 
Edward  Marriner, 
Robert  McAlpin, 
Richard  Byfield, 
Christopher  Stymess, 


John  Smith, 
Francis  Baldwin, 
Alexander  Forbes, 
Adam  Beekman, 
James  Eckland, 
Peter  Demarest,  jr., 
John  Leake, 
Paul  Francis  Cabe, 
John  Kinniston, 
Peter  Charlton, 
Richard  Smith, 
Cornelius  Copper,  jr., 
Wood  Furman, 
Solomon 


APPENDIX. 


Maynard  Burt. 
Benjamin  Stout. 
John  Stout, 
Edward  Graham, 
George  Thorne, 
Thomas  Hollock, 
Alexander  Stewart, 


James  Rombart, 
John  Brevoort, 
Elias  Brevoort, 
William  Baldwin, 
John  Myer, 
John  Alwyne, 
John  Myer. 
Thomas  Dobsou. 


Simon  Lamberts, 
Richard  Outenbogert, 
Abraham  Forbes, 
Isaac  Blanck, 
Henry  Whitfield. 
Philip  Smith, 
John  Yizien, 
Francis  Wessells, 
Lawrence  Myer, 
Joseph  Simpson, 
Dennis  Hicks, 
Abraham  Outerkirk 
Isaac  Yangelder, 
Francis  Bishop, 
John  Rivers, 
Joseph  Montagnie, 
Henry  Angell, 
George  Willis, 
John  Smith, 
Ari  King,  jr., 
Matthew  Wool, 
Daniel  Raveau, 
Charles  Frazer, 
Thomas  Lennington. 
Isaac  Morris, 
Dillion  Bogert, 
James  Scott, 
James  Napier, 
James  Warner, 


Samuel  Pell, 
William  Bennet, 
John  Dally. 
Abraham  Pells, 
John  Els  worth, 
John  Latham, 
John  Connelly, 
Peter  Bogert, 
William  Pearsee, 
Alexander  Campbell 
Benjamiu  Payne, 
John  Christie, 
Patrick  Phagan. 
John  McGie, 
Peter  Clopper, 
Gerardus  Beekman, 
Anthony  Schuyler, 
John  Peek, 
Gerardus  Phoenix, 
Thomas  Moone, 
Levy,  Samuel, 
George  Xicolls, 
John  Branigen, 
Zacharias  Sickles, 
Isaac  Van  Hook. 
John  Cornelius. 
Abraham  Lott, 
Hugh  Wentworth, 
John  Delamontagnic, 


• 

unmi 

Andrew  Gannon, 

William  WovneL 

S:::.:l  V^l  .Sii*T. 

Abraham  Lave. 

Cornelias  Van  Sise. 

Coline  Tangelder, 

Daniel  Van  Vleckeren, 

John  DelanoT, 

Peter  ColweD, 

Henry  Tan  Maple, 

Abraham  Pinto,' 

William  Tan  Dalsoc, 

John  Halden, 

Lancaster  Graen, 

Enoch  Hunt, 

John  Beekman. 

Peter  Vandewater, 

William  Ellis, 

Jacobus  Tan  Orden, 

Abraham  Delamontagnie, 

Samuel  Brower. 

Aaron  Bussing, 

Robert  White, 

James  Delanoy, 

A'.-raham  Wi^Vr. 

John  Defour, 

Asber  Mott, 

Edward  Laight, 

William  Page, 

Daniel  Bennett,  jr., 

Lambert  Losie, 

Cornelius  Ewontse, 

William  Blake, 

Edward  Willed 

Governor  George  Clinton, 

Abraham  Bargeau, 

1     O.i-    1  TL  .L;  Li.. 

Alrza-irr  Bates. 

1744. 

John  Waghorne, 

Daniel  Bloom, 

PMlip  Cockrem, 

Daniel  Hazard. 

Andrew  Carroll, 

John  CamnbelL 

Cornelius  De  Groat, 

George  Peterson, 

Matthias  Earnest, 

Samuel  BirdsaO, 

Jonas  Melick. 

Martinus  Cregier. 

William  Donaldson, 

George  Dobbins, 

William  Wood, 

Johannes  De  Graff. 

Uhomas  Bond, 

LmeMm  McLean, 

A'-rahai^  Dirie. 

Gregory  Crouch. 

Peter  Fonk. 

Corneliu*  Quackinbush. 

Rejrnier  Hopper, 

Richard  C.  Cooke, 

Anthony  GKn, 

John  Steel. 

P Tn-:ra:. 

Abraham  Abrahams, 

John  Dies, 

Andrew  Gibbs, 

J  .'v.  M  . : 

William  Taylor, 

Isaac  Abr.^ms. 
Jv'a.i  Van  V  .wrick. 
Jean  Benin. 
John  Ouieabourert. 
Casper  Stymets. 
James  Jackson. 


John  Hankm, 
Abraham  Debitor 
James  Man. 
Peter  Lessee. 
Char".  -  a.  . 
F.b*.  v.     *  Lam-;:: 


1 1 4  5 . 


Henry  Bell, 

Jacob  Parcell. 

J ohn  Mnrra. 

John  Angevine. 

Richard  Bidder. 

John  Beekman. 

XT  M  i 

Henry  lures. 

James  L  '-v-^. 

John  Carpenter. 

Aitx-rtos  bush. 

William  Sells, 

John  Aekley. 

Thomas  Wilson, 

Peter  De  Joncoort. 

Daniel  Agar. 

Matthew  Areson. 

Abraham  irere. 

Benjamin  Van  Buskirk. 

Lawrence  Van  Bos  kirk. 

R'.enard  Sibley. 

J anies  Brown,  jr.. 

James  Man. 

David  lirmitn. 

Solomon  Funnan. 

T                 TV—  1_ 

Jasper  Drake. 

Drake  Palmer. 

Peter  Remsen. 

John  Cole. 

David  Da  vies, 

Garret  Davies. 

John  Carman. 

Isaac  Douw. 

George  Coesart. 

James  Wheeler. 

John  Smith, 

Daniel  Schure man- 

Isaac  Stagg. 

Peter  De  Witt. 

Elijah  MuiTer, 

Jacob  Hailett. 

Bartram  Burd. 

William  Creed. 

Nathaniel  Lawrence. 

Lawrence  Van  Wye. 

John  Hollem. 

Benjamin  Daly. 

James  Cos, 

Alexander  Monro. 

Elliott  AUchurch. 

Alexander  Mowatt. 

Stephen  Crossfield. 

Charles  Gardner. 

Daniel  Ruff. 

William  Weeks. 

Samuel  Johnson. 

Joseph  Latham. 

Daniel  Latham. 

Enoch  Vrelandt. 

John  Nicoll, 

Peter  Bergean. 

Thomas  Bowman, 

James  Tolford. 

390 


APPENDIX. 


Thomas  Burnton, 

Thomas  Cope, 

Samuel  Brughman.       .  | 

Joost  Goderus, 

Cornelius  Myer, 

John  Grant, 

John  Griffiths, 

Abraham  Remsen, 

J  ohn  Young, 

William  Cadogan, 

John  Lake, 

Barnaby  Savage, 

Hendrick  Powelse, 

John  Burnet, 

Peter  Giraud, 

John  Carr, 


Joseph  Bowman, 
Samuel  Carter, 
John  Post, 
Benjamin  Watson, 
John  Downs, 
Lawrence  Yanderhoof, 
Joris  Remsen, 
Andrew  Yarick, 
Andrew  Ramsey, 
Bryan  Nevin, 
Cornelius  Tiebout, 
Richard  Trueman, 
Elisha  Parker, 
John  Exeen, 
Charles  Phillips, 
John  Margesen. 


Donald  McCoy, 

Francis  Child,  jr.,  s 

Thomas  Kendall, 

William  Cannon, 

Caleb  Lawrence,  ,: 

Lawrence  Burrus, 

Abraham  Delafoy, 

Malcolm  CampbeiH 

Hugh  Rogers, 

Jacob  Cole, 

Gilbert  King, 

Andrew  Gotier, 

John  Zenger, 

John  Roome,  jr., 

Cornelius  Yan  Clyf£ 

Ticunis  Jacobs, 

John  Quackenbos, 

George  Johnson, 

Samuel  Demaree, 

Jacobus  Yan  Wye, 


1  74  6. 

Edward  Earle, 
John  Lasher,  jr.. 
George  Ridout, 
William  Bonus, 
Charles  Nicoll, 
Alexander  Allaire,  jr.. 
John  Ayscough, 
Jonathan  Hazard, 
John  Bullfinch, 
Charles  Berry, 
Johannes  Man, 
Myer  Myers, 
George  Walgrave, 
Casparus  Herts, 
John  Johnson, 
William  Wilson, 
Charles  Walpole, 
William  Webb, 
Nicholson  Anderson, 
Abraham  Brinckerhoof, 


APPENDIX. 


John  Davenport, 
Thomas  Ludlow, 
Peter  Montanie, 
John  Ellison, 
Matthew  Van  Alstyne, 
Thomas  Leppel, 
Hendrick  Wessells, 
Joseph  Meeks, 
Hamilton  Hueston, 
Albert  Van  Brunt, 
John  Brandt, 
Samuel  Tingley, 
Samuel  Babington, 
Edward  Nicoll, 


Jacob  C.  Foster, 
Abraham  Brower, 
Richard  Wool, 
Nicholas  Bogart, 
John  Estenbrook, 
James  Clarke, 
William  Hayshain, 
Timothy  Sloan, 
John  Doty, 
Matthew  Hopper, 
Charles  Johnson, 
William  Ross, 
Daniel  Dunbibbin, 
John  Ebbets, 
Gilbert  Forbes, 
Jeremiah  Leuw, 
Hans  J.  Huber, 
Isaac  Yerveelen, 
Aaron  Stockholm, 
John  Jeffrey, 
David  Jones, 
William  White, 
Henry  Shaver, 


Henry  Ludlow, 
William  Searle, 
John  Lyons, 
John  Ewoutse, 
Jacobus  Buys, 
Reginald  Machersti, 
William  Anderson, 
John  Van  Gelder, 
William  Peters, 
John  Waddell, 
Joseph  Griswold, 
John  Cross, 
Adrian  Man, 
Johannes  Hansen. 

1  7  4  7. 

Luke  Mathewman,  " 
Francis  Davison, 
James  Sample, 
Jonathan  Wheeler, 
Simon  Roberts, 
Jacob  Smout, 
William  Kingsland, 
Benjamin  Luqueer, 
Johannes  Covenhoven, 
Francis  Manny. 
Ari  Brinckerhoof, 
John  Mc  Clean, 
Duncan  Brow, 
Yolkcrt  Vanhoore, 
Joseph  Forbes, 
Thomas  Emmans, 
Ulrick  Brouwer, 
John  Amerman, 
Thomas  Pearse, 
Anthony  Dobbins, 
Johannes  Douw, 
James  Nash, 
Abraham  Cuyler, 


392 


APPENDIX. 


Henry  Shaddine, 
James  Welch, 
Joseph  Tompkins, 
Thomas  Ackerson, 
Alexander  Griggs, 
Cardan  Proctor, 
Philip  Philipse, 
Abraham  Eight, 
Aftu  Burtis, 
John  Price, 
Peter  Keteltas, 
Humphrey  Davenport, 
Abraham  Emott, 
John  Lee, 
Hugh  Mulligan, 
Francis  Davis, 
Robert  Elliott, 
Edward  Annely, 


John  Tuder, 
Elijah  Hofferman, 
Andries  Tenbrook, 
William  Nicholson, 
David  Brower, 
JohD  McEven, 
Richard  Jeffery, 
Thomas  Willis, 
John  Kindell, 
James  Carr, 
Matthew  Oakee, 
Isaac  Hay, 
Jacob  Van  Wormer, 
Henry  Suydam, 
Joseph  Veal. 
Bartholomew  Crannell, 
Peter  Teats, 
Gulian  Varck, 
Ralph  Thurman,  jr., 


Hugh  Gill, 
Moses  Garrison, 
Joseph  Seaman, 
John  De  Gray, 
Daniel  Dunscomb,  jr., 
Peter  Ridout, 
John  McEvers,  jr., 
Archibald  McEwen, 
Christopher  Myer, 
John  Van  Cortlandt, 
William  Slow, 
Jacob  Bendt, 
John  McQuary, 
Abraham  De  Foreest, 
Alexander  McCoy, 
Abraham  Brazier, 
Elias  De  Grucher, 
Thomas  Fferdon, 

1  7  4  8. 

Anthony  Rutgers, 
Henry  Bryant, 
Joseph  Williams, 
John  Milligan, 
Malcolm  McEwen, 
Johan  Jury, 
Thomas  Heysham, 
Robert  Carr, 
Ralph  Steel, 
Martinus  Weytman, 
Jonathan  Ogden, 
Lawrence  Yan  Boskirk, 
Jacob  Buys, 
Hendrick  Remsen, 
John  Waters, 
Gideon  Carstaing, 
Hugh  Williams, 
Jacob  Roome, 
William  Dobbs, 


« 


APPENDIX. 


William  Pentinimer, 
Roger  Magraw 
John  Burgiss, 
Andrew  Hoyer, 
John  Christee, 

His  Ex.  Gov.  Shirley,  (Mass.) 
Johannes  Durie, 
Gilbert  Ask, 

Robert  James  Livingston, 
Jacobus  Bleecker, 
John  Turck, 
Teunis  Tiebout,  jr., 
James  Tucker, 
George  Marschalck, 
Jacobus  Rosevelt, 
Abraham  Yan  Wyck,  jr., 
Henry  Beekman, 
Henry  Cregier, 
Wiert  Banta, 
Isaac  Bertrand, 
Francis  Hendricks, 
James  Stephens, 
James  Downs, 
William  Kippin, 
John  Lawson, 
William  Allison, 
Philip  Hogan, 
Adam  Phafer, 
Simon  Franks, 
John  Marsh alk,  jr., 
John  Williams, 
Matthew  Morris, 
Robert  Northhouse, 
Abraham  Bussing, 
John  Abrahams, 


Joseph  Smith, 
John  Parcell,  jr., 
Jacob  Gardmier, 
Christopher  Godlieb, 
James  Gordon, 
James  Col  wells, 
Isaac  Ryckman, 
Samuel  Ryckman, 
Nicholas  Stuyvesant, 
John  Welsch, 
Jacob  Roosevelt,  jr., 
Garret  De  Graf, 
Lawrence  Lawrence, 
Isaac  Rosevelt, 
Gerard  us  Duy  chink, 
Edward  Williams, 
Jacob  King, 
William  Yandewater, 
Garret  De  Graius, 
William  Heyer, 
James  Johnson, 
Peter  Hyer, 
John  George, 
William  Savory, 
Thomas  Bevin, 
William  Kelley, 
William  Lee, 
Thomas  Sparham, 
Baltus  li  ver. 
William  Livingston, 
John  Forrest, 
Jacobus  Myer, 
John  Mayfield, 
John  Crum, 
Joseph  Hildreth. 


394 


APPENDIX. 


NAMES  OF  ATTORNEYS 

PRACTICING  IN  THE  CITY  OF  NEW  YORK,  BETWEEN  THE  YEAR  1695,  AND 
THE  REVOLUTIONARY  WAR. 

1697.  David  Jamison,  Gent. 

1698.  James  Emott,  Gent.,  Attorney  at  Law. 

1701.  Thomas  Weaver,  Esq. 

1702.  John  Bridges,  LL.D.,  in  suit  of  Governor  (Jornbury. 
"  Robert  Milwood, 

1708.  May  Bickley, 

"  Jacob  Regnier, 

"  Roger  Mompesson,  Chief  Justice. 

1718.  Tobias  Boel. 

1728.  Joseph  Murray, 

"  John  Chambers. 

1730.  Abraham  Lodge, 

"  Richard  Nicholls, 

"  James  Alexander, 
William  Smith. 

1740.  Daniel  llorsuianden,  Recorder. 

1  1743.  Lancaster  Graen, 

1745.  Elisha  Parker, 
"  John  Burnet, 

"  Samuel  Clowes. 

1746.  William  Searle. 

1747.  John  McEvers,  jr., 

"  John  Yan  Cortlandt. 

1748.  Bartholomew  Grannell. 
"  William  Livingston. 

1749.  John  Alsop. 

1751.  Augustus  Yan  Cortlandt, 

"  Lambert  Moore. 

1763.  Whitehead  Hicks. 

1768.  Benjamin  Kissani. 


APPENDIX. 


395 


1768.  Benjamin  Hehne, 

"  Rudolphus  Ritzema, 

"  John  McKesson. 

1769.  Richard  Harrison, 

"  Philip  Livingston,  jr., 

"  Thomas  Jones, 

"  Philip  J.  Livingston, 

"  John  William  Smith, 

"  John  D.  Crimshire, 

w  David  Matthews, 

"  Samuel  Jones. 


396 


APPENDIX 


NAMES  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS 

PRACTICING  IN  THE   CITY,  BETWEEN   THE   YEAR    1695    AND    THE  REVOLU- 
TIONARY WAR. 

1695.  John  Miller,  Chirurgeon, 

"  Lewis  Giton. 

1698.  Hugh  Farqukar, 
"  Cornelius  Yiele, 
"  Jacobus  Kiersted, 
"  John  Nerberry, 
"  Jacob  Provoost, 
"  Hartman  Wessells, 

Hans  Kierstede. 

1699,  Peter  Bassett, 

1702.  Philip  Rokeby,  Governor's  Physician, 
"  Thomas  Flynn,  Chirurgeon, 
"  David  Law, 
"  Giles  GardiDeau. 

1703.  James  Targee,  Apothecary. 
1708.  Peter  Buretel,  Chirurgeon. 

1714.  Robert  Drake,  Barber  Surgeon. 

1715.  John  Dupuy,  Chirurgeon, 
"  Gerardus  Beekman,  " 
"  Richard  Bishop,  Barber  Surgeon. 

1723.  Jacob  Moene,  Chirurgeon. 

1724.  William  Beekman,  " 
1728.  Johannes  Van  Solingen,  Chirurgeon. 
1732.  Archibald  Fisher,  Chirurgeon. 
1742.  William  Blake,  Surgeon. 

1745.  William  Bonus,  " 

1746.  John  Ayscough,  Physician. 

1747.  John  Milligan,  Doctor  of  Physick. 

1748.  William  Allison,  Surgeon. 


APPENDIX. 


1748  Thomas  Sparhain,  Surgeon. 

1749.  Kichard  Stillwell,  Physician. 
"  Alexander  Connolly.  " 

1750.  Josiah  Patterson,  Surgeon, 

"  Joseph  Hiuchman,  Physician. 

1756.  Thomas  Parsell,  Surgeon, 

1757.  Thomas  Walter, 

1761.  Beujamin  Lindner,  Physician 

1765.  John  Miller,  Surgeon, 

"  Englebert  Kemmera,  Surgeon 

1769.  Melachy  Treat,  ' 
Donald  McClean, 

"  Philip  Kenning,  " 

"  John  Stiles,  Physician. 

1770.  Isaac  Guion,  " 


398 


APPENDIX. 


NAMES  OF  SCHOOLMASTERS, 

TEACHING  IN  THE  CITY,    BETWEEN    THE    YEAR    1659    AND    THE  REVOLU- 
TIONARY WAR. 


1695. 

David  Vilant. 

1736. 

John  Cavelier. 

1698. 

Alexander  Paxton, 

1737. 

Charles  Henley. 

Johannes  Schanck. 

1740. 

Thomas  Allen. 

1701. 

Robert  Parkinson. 

1742. 

Edward  Marriner. 

1702. 

J ohn  Selwood, 

1744. 

Abraham  Delanoy. 

u 

Peter  Bontecon. 

1746. 

Malcolm  Campbell. 

1703. 

Dan  Twaites, 

1747. 

Charles  J ohnson, 

John  Stevens. 

it 

Archibald  McEwen. 

1715. 

John  Conrad  Codwise. 

1748. 

Joseph  Hildreth. 

1721. 

George  Browning, 

1751. 

Huybert  Tan  Wagener, 

it 

William  Glover. 

John  Nathan  Hutchins. 

1723. 

John  Walton. 

1753. 

Garret  Noel. 

1724. 

Jonathan  Sherer. 

1765. 

Henry  Peckwell. 

1725. 

Peter  Finch. 

1768, 

John  Young. 

1728. 

Edward  Gatehouse. 

1770. 

Stephen  Yau  Yoorhis. 

1735. 

Peter  Stoutenburgh 

1770. 

Jacob  Tyler. 

Daniel  Shatford. 

1774. 

James  Gilleland. 

INDEX. 


Page 

Arrival  of  Colonists   24 

Attorneys  practicing  in  the  city,  between  the  year  1695  and  the  Revolution. .  394 

Bakery,  Company's   34 

Battery  commenced    214 

"     extended   285 

  298 

Beekman's  Swamp   2S4 

Bowling  Green   286 

Bouwery,  the  Governor's  Farm   69 

Broad  street,  its  origin,  (see  Streets.)   36 

Broadway  established  as  a  road,  (see  Streets.)  -   30 

"       first  grant  of  lots  on,  in  1643    32 

"       its  condition  prior  to  1647   33 

"        extent  of,  in  early  part  of  last  century   279 

Buildings,  public,  erected  in  Governor  Van  Twdler's  time   29 

"       great  increase  of,  owing  to  the  flour  monopoly   181 

"       number  of,  in  the  city,  in  1700   217 

Burial-ground,  first  establishment  of     29 

"         "      its  locality   29 

"         "      description  of   100 

  127 

demolished  in  1677   181 

Canadian  expedition  of  1711   254 

Cattle,  herding  of  67,  68 

number  killed  in  1678  and  1694   180 

Church,  the  first  building  in  use  for   25 

the  "  Old  Kirke"   86 

Church-yard,  (see  Burial-ground.) 

Trinity,  erected  in  1696   213 

"         Garden  street  church  (Dutch,)  erected   213 

Churches  in  the  city  in  1756,  with  descriptive  notices   299 

Church  members  of  Dutch  congregation,  in  1686    331 

City  gate,  at  Pearl  and  Wall  streets   75 


400 


INDEX. 


City  gate  at  Broadway  

City  Charter  of  1686   184 

City  Hall,  or  Stadt  huys,  the  first  edifice  so  called   53 

in  1664  81,  83 

"        erected  in  Wall  street,  (1700)   213 

"        old  one,  in  Coenties  slip,  sold   213 

City,  first  settlement  of  the  island   20 

"     commencement  of  settlement  under  the  Weft  India  Company.   24 

commencement  of  the  fort   25 

"     its  early  progress   2? 

"     the  first  grant  of  town  lots   32 

"     organization  of  municipal  institutions   52 

"     magistracy  established   53 

*'     defences,  erection  of  the  first  wall   57 

"     surveyed  and  streets  named,  in  1656   63 

"     condition  of,  in  1656   63 

"     general  condition  of,  at  the  close  of  the  Dutch  rule,  in  1664   71 

"     surrender  of,  to  the  English,  in  1664   156 

M     government  changed  from  Dutch  to  English  forms   163 

"     events  in,  from  1664  to  1673  163  to  167 

"     recapture  of,  by  the  Dutch,  in  1673   168 

"     events  in,  during  the  last  period  of  the  Dutch  authority  168  to  176 

"     final  delivery  of,  to  the  English   176 

"     wards  first  established   182 

"     monopoly  of  Hour  trade  granted  to  the  inhabitants,  and  great  increase 

of  prosperity     180 

"     improvements  in  Governor  Dongan's  time   184 

"     improvements,  1690  to  1700   211 

"     appearance  of  houses   215 

"     progress  of,  in  the  early  part  of  the  last  century   277 

"     appearance  of,  in  1748    28S 

"     description  of,  in  1756  (   296 

Colonists,  act  of  freedoms  and  exemptions  in  favor  of   25 

Commons,  description  of   281 

Company — the  United  New  Netherland  Company  organized   22 

"        the  West  India  Company  organized   23 

Corlaer's  Hook,  slaughter  of  Indians  at   44 

Currency  in  1756   305 

Dutch  lose  the  city  in  1664   156 

"     recapture  the  city  in  1673   168 

Dock,  public,  (1695)   217 

Election  of  J 701....  :   248 

English  claim  the  country,  at  its  first  settlement   21 

"      capture  the  city,  in  1664    156 


INDEX.  401 

Page 

Fair  for  cattle,  established  annually   66 

Farms  belonging  to  West  India  Company   69 

Farm  of  Damen,  along  Wall  street,  sold  in  lots   184 

Farm  map  of  the  island,  and  key  (De  Witt's)   379 

Fashions  of  1756   302 

Ferry,  the  original  ferry  landing   31 

Fort  staked  out  by  Kryn  Frederigeh   25 

**     a  new  one  commenced  in  1633   27 

Freemen  of  the  city,  admitted  between  16S3  and  1740   366 

"     M         "            "      1740  and  1748    385 

Fresh  Water  Pond,  (sec  Kalch-hook.)   283 

Garden  of  the  West  India  Company,  location  of   103 

Governor  Mrarat    150 

Van  Twiller  '.   152 

**      Kieft   153 

"       Stnyvesant   154 

*      Nichols   160 

"      Lovelace   167 

Andros   181 

"       Dongan.   1S2 

"      Sloughter   201 

Fletcher   210 

"      Bellamont   253 

"      Cornbury   253 

"      Lovelace   253 

Hunter   253 

"       Burnet   256 

"      Montgomerie   261 

Cosby   263 

Greenwich,  Indian  name  of   69 

Hamilton,  Counsellor   267 

Harlem  T   68 

Houses,  description  of,  in  1748   292 

Improvements  in  time  of  Governor  Andros   181 

"             "          "             Dongan   184 

1690  to  1700   211 

Indians,  their  habitations  ,   8 

"      dress  of   9 

"       their  physical  condition   9 

"       their  employments    10 

their  food   10 

"       their  customs  of  eating   12 

"       their  customs  of  burial   13 

**       their  customs  of  warfare   14 

**       their  language   17 

"      their  reccept ion  of  Hudson   19 

26 


402 


INDEX. 


Page 

Indians,  different  tribes  residing  near  this  island   22 

"      war  with  the  Dutch,  in  1642   39 

"       slaughter  of,  at  Corlear's  Hook  and  Pavonia   45 

"      truce  concluded  with,  in  1643    46 

"       continue  the  war   47 

"      defeated,  and  end  of  the  war  50,  51 

"       assault  the  city,  in  1655    60 

inhabitants,  names  of  principal,  (1635.)   313 

tax  list  of,  1635   315  7 

"         of  the  city,  1703  ,   344 

"         1674,  and  estimates  of  then-  property   319 

Kalch-hook,  its  origiu   11 

further  account  of   283 

Kidd's  Piracies   221 

Lamps  first  put  out  in  the  streets,  1697   214 

Lands,  rise  in  value  of   181 

Leisler's  government,  16S9   188 

Lots,  the  first  grants  of,  to  settlers     32 

"     price  of,  1720    278 

Manhattan  Island,  its  discovery  and  settlement   18 

Market,  first  establishment  of   66 

Markets,  1695    216 

"      at  a  subsequent  period   288 

"      abundant  supply  of   298 

Barnes  of  ancient  localities     307 

Negro  plot,  in  1741    268 

New  Netherland  named   22 

New  York,  name  of,  given,  in  1664   163 

Newspapers  in  1748  ,   295 

Oysters,  abundance  of   289 

Park,  account  of   281 

Pavement  first  laid  in  the  streets,  1658    64 

Physicians  and  Surgeons  practicing  in  the  city,  between  the  year  1695  and 

the  Revolution   396 

Pirates   222 

Political  excitement  of  1701   248 

Political  events  arising  out  of  dispute  between  Van  Dam  and  Cosby   253 

Privateering   220 

Roads,  earliest  established   30 

Revolution  of  1689  •   188 


INDEX. 


403 


Page 

Schoolmasters  teaching  in  the  city,  between  the  year  1695  and  the  Revolution  398 

Sexton  of  the  city  in  times  of  the  Dutch   127 

Settlement  first  made  on  Manhattan  Island   20 

"      condition  of  the  early  colony   22 

Ship  New  Netherland,  and  other  vessels,  arrive   21 

Shipping  in  1678  and  1694    :   180 

list  of  vessels,  1684   187 

.    "       1701   217 

Shoemakers'  Pasture   278 

Slave  Trade   221 

Social  customs  of  New  York   303 

Streets  established,  by  surve}T,  in  1656   63 

"       names  of  those  first  established   64 

"      first  paved  in  165S    64 

•'      name  of,  in  1674   ;   177 

w       laid  out  as  far  as  Maiden  lane   212 

first  lighted  in  1697    214 

"       naturo  of  pavements   216 

"       laid  out  above  Maiden  lane   278 

"       appearance  of,  in  1748   291 

"      Beurs  straat   332 

Beaver    "   37,  124,  126,  327,  335 

Beaver  graft  124,179 

Borger  Joris'  Path  36.  77 

Bridge  &5,  64,  121,  180,  330,  336 

"       Brugh  straat  121,180 

Broad     «   36,  113, 181,  327,  328,  337 

Broadway  32,  33,  103,  104,  193,  322,  323,  331 

"      Brouwer  straat   115 

"      Chambers   281 

Cortland   280 

Dey   280 

"      Greenwich   287 

"      Hanover  square   77,  221 

Heere  Graft  108,  179.  327 

"      Heere  straat   100 

High  street  ,  179,325 

"       Hoogh  straat  75,  77 

"      Maiden's  Path,  or  Lane  212,  278 

Marketfield  37,  96,  126,  168, 179,  327,  233 

"      Marckvelt  Steegie. .    126 

MiU  street  lane  179,326 

"      Murray   281 

New   335 

Pearl  34,  37,  65,  85,  89, 178,  179,  322,  336 

Prince  Graft  118,  113,  169,  327 

"      Prince  straat   126 


404 


APPENDIX. 


Page 

Street — Robinson   281 

Sheep  Pasture   328 

Smith  128,  179,  326 

"       Smith  street  lane   179 

Smith's  Valley  31,  71,  177,  319 

"       South  William   326 

Stone  35,  64,  77, 115,  179,  325,  329,  336 

Vesey   280 

Wall  105,  179,  184, 324,  334 

"       Wanen   281 

Washington   287 

Water  side  85, 177,  320,  333 

"       Water  street  186,211 

Whitehall  34,  93,  285,  321,  322 

William  128,  326 

Winekel  120.  180 

Surrender  of  the  city  to  the  English  in  1664    156 

Swamp,  Beekman's   284 

Tax  laid  to  defray  cost  of  city  defences,  1655    59 

Tavern  erected  in  1612   30 

Traders,  their  early  visits  to  Hudson's  river   20 

Trade,  Indian,  manner  of  conducting   2:57 

Trade  of  city,  1748   294 

Trees  in  streets   292 

Dry,  John,  execution  of   274 

Vandarn,  Rip,  Lieutenant-Governor   263 

VanderclifFs  Farm   279 

Wall  of  palisades  and  earth,  erected  on  line  of  Wall  street  56,  64 

"    condition  of,  in  1688   185 

War,  between  the  Indians  and  Dutch  in  1642    39 

"    between  England  and  Holland   57 

"    with  Swedes  on  Delaware  river   60 

Wards,  first  established  in  the  city   182 

Watch   215 

Water  Gate  on  Pearl  street   75 

Wells,  public,  first  established  in  1677   1S1 

"     description  of   216 

West  India  Company,  organized   23 

"       "         "        act  of  freedoms  and  exemptions  ,   25 

Wharf,  location  of  the  first   37 

"       extended  ,   65 

"      or  siding  of  boards  along  Pearl  street  65,  82 

Zenger,  trial  of   265 

"     his  New  York  Weekly  Journal   265 


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